HPLC法同时测定当归药材中6种成分的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法同时测定当归药材中阿魏酸、阿魏酸松柏酯、Z 型和 E 型藁本内酯及 Z 型和 E 型3-丁烯基苯酞的含量。方法:采用 Zorbax ODS C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为1%醋酸(A)-乙腈(B),梯度洗脱(0min,10%B;7 min,33%B;55 min,33%B),流速1.0 mL·min~(-1);检测波长为324 nm(阿魏酸、阿魏酸松柏酯和 Z/E 型藁本内酯)和260 nm(Z 型和 E 型3-丁烯基苯酞)。结果:阿魏酸、阿魏酸松柏酯、Z-藁本内酯、Z 型和 E 型3-丁烯基苯酞的线性范围分别为3.31～139.50 μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),38.00～380.00 μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9995),2.11～445.00 μg·mL~(-1)(r=1.000),3.32～136.18 μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),1.94～16.32 μg·mL~(-1)(r:0.9995);加样回收率分别为101.8%(RSD=2.5%),105.3%(RSD=3.2%),98.5%(RSD=1.6%),105.3%(RSD=2.4%),105.8%(RSD=1.9%)。结论:该方法准确、简便,具有良好的重复性和稳定性,有利于提高当归药材的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定注射用丹红（粉针剂）中4种有效成分

目的:同时测定注射用丹红(粉针剂)中丹参素、原儿茶醛、羟基红花黄色素 A 和丹酚酸 B 的含量。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱:Luna C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:0.05%磷酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B),梯度洗脱程序为:0～80min,A:100%→67%,B:0%→33%;流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1);检测波长:280 nm。结果:建立了同时测定注射用丹红(粉针剂)中4种成分含量的方法。丹参素、原儿茶醛、羟基红花黄色素 A 和丹酚酸 B 的线性范围分别为56.3～338μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997),7.92～47.2μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9996),16.4～98.2μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997),32.0～193μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999);平均回收率(n=9)分别为99.7%,99.3%,99.2%,98.8%。结论:该方法简便、准确,重复性好,为注射用丹红(粉针剂)的质量控制提供了定量方法。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定冬菊利咽合剂中6种成分的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定冬菊利咽合剂中绿原酸、隐绿原酸、木犀草苷、异绿原酸A、甘草苷和甘草酸铵的含量。方法采用Agilent TC-C_(18)(2)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相乙腈-0.1%磷酸,梯度洗脱;流速1.0 mL·min~(-1);检测波长334 nm;柱温30℃。结果绿原酸、隐绿原酸、甘草苷、木犀草苷、异绿原酸A、甘草酸铵分别在4.289～85.78μg·m L~(-1)(r=0.9995)、3.430～68.60μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9996)、7.215～144.30μg·m L~(-1)(r=0.9999)、4.146～82.92μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997)、3.723～74.46μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)、18.73～374.60μg·m L~(-1)(r=0.9999)内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均加样回收率均在98.7%～101.5%,RSD均在1.1%～2.5%。结论该方法简便准确,重复性与稳定性好,可用于冬菊利咽合剂的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定白带净丸中的3'-羟基葛根素、葛根素、尿囊素、川续断皂苷Ⅵ和茯苓酸的含量

目的建立同时测定白带净丸中3'-羟基葛根素、葛根素、尿囊素、川续断皂苷Ⅵ和茯苓酸的HPLC法。方法采用Dikma-C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈(A)-0.5%磷酸溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.9 mL·min~(-1),柱温30℃,进样量为10μL。结果 3'-羟基葛根素、葛根素、尿囊素、川续断皂苷Ⅵ和茯苓酸的线性范围分别为:6.14~122.80μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9993),7.59~151.80μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9991),4.15~83.00μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),8.13~162.60μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9994),5.35~107.00μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997);平均回收率及RSD均符合药典规定。结论所建方法重复性好,专属性强,可用于白带净丸的质量控制。     

RP—HPLC法同时测定紫草中紫草素、异丁酰紫草素和β，β-二甲基丙烯酰紫草素的含量

目的:建立同时测定紫草中紫草素、异丁酰紫草素和β,β-二甲基丙烯酰紫草素含量的方法。方法:采用 RP-HPLC法,Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为含0.5%冰醋酸及0.3%三乙胺的乙腈溶液(A)和含0.5%冰醋酸及0.3%三乙胺的水溶液(B),梯度洗脱,洗脱程序为:0 min(67%A),5 min(70%A),15 min(75%A),30 min(75%A);流速1.0 mL·min~(-1);检测波长516 nm,柱温30 ℃。结果:紫草素、异丁酰紫草素和β,β-二甲基丙烯酰紫草素浓度分别在1.2～12.2μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)、2.5～24.8μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998)、11.3～112.8μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998)范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(n=5)。方法回收率(n=9)分别为100.3%,98.6%,98.4%。结论:该方法简便、快速、准确,重复性好,可用于紫草中紫草素、异丁酰紫草素和β,β-二甲基丙烯酰紫草素含量的同时测定。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定大黄碳酸氢钠片中5种成分的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定大黄碳酸氢钠片中5种成分的含量。方法采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱;以乙腈(A)-0.1%磷酸溶液(B)为流动相梯度洗脱,检测波长为254 nm;柱温为30℃;流速1.0 mL·min~(-1)。结果芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚分别在3.488～34.875μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9996)、3.010～30.100μg·m L~(-1)(r=0.9997)、4.566～45.660μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9996)、3.236～32.357μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9996)、1.867～18.671μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9981)与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,加样回收率分别为96.8%、98.3%、99.7%、101.4%、103.2%,RSD分别为2.4%、2.5%、1.9%、1.8%、0.76%。结论该实验方法准确性可靠、重复性和稳定性良好,专属性强,可作为大黄碳酸氢钠片含量测定的质控方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定酚氨咖敏胶囊的溶出度

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定酚氨咖敏胶囊中4种组分的溶出度。方法采用Waters XTerra C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇为流动相A,0.02 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾溶液-三乙胺(100∶0.02)为流动相B,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),柱温30℃,检测波长215 nm。采用篮法,100 r·min~(-1),测定不同溶出介质中酚氨咖敏胶囊的溶出度。结果酚氨咖敏胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚、氨基比林、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏的分离度符合要求;线性范围分别为74.98～1199.76μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998)、50.35～805.59μg·m L~(-1)(r=1.0000)、15.12～241.92μg·m L~(-1)(r=1.0000)和1.02～16.36μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999);平均回收率(n=6)分别为99.8%、99.5%、99.6%和99.1%。样品均一性好,在60 min时4个组分溶出度均> 85%。结论本方法简便、快速、准确,适用于酚氨咖敏胶囊的溶出度测定。     

基于高效液相色谱波长切换法对茵陈五苓糖浆中6种成分的质量控制研究

目的建立HPLC波长切换法同时测定茵陈五苓糖浆中滨蒿内酯、金丝桃苷、异槲皮苷、苍术素、24-乙酰泽泻醇A和23-乙酰泽泻醇B含量。方法采用Diamonsil C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相,进行梯度洗脱;流速0.9 mL·min~(-1);检测波长:345 nm(滨蒿内酯、金丝桃苷、异槲皮苷和苍术素)、208 nm(24-乙酰泽泻醇A和23-乙酰泽泻醇B);柱温30℃。结果滨蒿内酯、金丝桃苷、异槲皮苷、苍术素、24-乙酰泽泻醇A和23-乙酰泽泻醇B的线性范围分别为17.63~440.75μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9993)、4.89~122.25μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998)、2.47~61.75μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9996)、9.66~241.50μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9991)、1.95~48.75μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)、3.37~84.25μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9995),平均加样回收率均大于95%,RSDs<2.2%。结论本实验建立的茵陈五苓糖浆的多成分测定方法可靠,重复性好,可用于茵陈五苓糖浆的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱分离柱后化学发光法同时测定菟丝子中黄酮类成分

目的:建立高效液相色谱分离柱后化学发光法测定菟丝子中芦丁、山柰素、槲皮素和异鼠李素含量。方法:基于在氢氧化钠碱性介质中铁氰化钾可以直接氧化芦丁、山柰素、槲皮素和异鼠李素产生化学发光。色谱柱:Hypersil ODS(5μm,4.6 mm×150 mm),流动相:乙醇-乙腈-水-磷酸(21:22:55:2),流速:1mL·min~(-1),柱温:25℃。结果:芦丁、山柰素、槲皮素和异鼠李素浓度分别在0.2～5μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9990),0.1～15μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9991),0.1～100μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9994),0.3～200μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998)范围内,与峰面积有良好的线性关系;检测限(S/N=3)分别为0.02,0.08,0.08,0.03μg·mL~(-1)。结论:水法简便、快速、有效,灵敏度高,首次用于菟丝子中黄酮类成分的测定,取得了很好的结果。     

高效液相色谱法测定头孢地尼薄膜衣片中的特定杂质

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定头孢地尼薄膜衣片中杂质A和杂质B的含量。方法采用Kromasil 100-5-C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以0.25%四甲基氢氧化铵水溶液(用磷酸调pH至5.5),每1000 mL中加入0.1 mol·L~(-1)乙二胺四乙酸二钠水溶液0.4 mL为流动相A;0.25%四甲基氢氧化铵水溶液(用磷酸调pH至5.5)-乙腈-甲醇(500∶300∶200),每1000 mL中加入0.1 mol·L~(-1)乙二胺四乙酸二钠水溶液0.4 mL为流动相B;按照梯度:0～2 min 5%B,25～42 min 25%～50%B,42～43 min 50%～5%B,43～60 min 5%B进行洗脱。柱温为40℃,流速为1 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为254 nm,进样量为20μL。结果头孢地尼与其降解产物分离度良好。杂质A和杂质B分别在2.10～21.0μg·m L~(-1)和0.121～6.06μg·m L~(-1)与峰面积线性关系良好,线性方程分别为Y=2.147×10~4X-4.507×10~3(r=0.9999,n=7)和Y=2.954×10~4X-473.77(r=0.9999,n=7)。杂质A和杂质B的回收率范围分别为110.86%～118.48%和98.00%～102.33%。结论该方法准确度、灵敏度、耐用性良好,可用于头孢地尼薄膜衣片中杂质A和杂质B的定量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.