浊度法测定硫酸奈替米星及其制剂

目的:建立浊度法测定硫酸奈替米星及其制剂的含量方法,并进行方法学验证.方法:二剂量法:将金黄色葡萄球菌(CMCC(B)26 003)制备的菌悬液,接种于抗生素检定Ⅲ号培养基中,取9 mL培养液和1 mL不同浓度的硫酸奈替米星溶液于比色管中,37℃培养4 h左右,530 mn在线测定.结果:浊度与奈替米星浓度的10g值在0.16～2.5 μ·mL-1的范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.997 3);测得注射用硫酸奈替米星的平均回收率为101.1%(RSD=1.47%);硫酸奈替米星注射液的平均回收率为101.2%(RSD=2.14%).结论:方法准确,灵敏、省时.     

离子对RP-HPLC法测定人血清中硫酸奈替米星的浓度

目的:建立以离子对反相高效液相色谱法测定人血清中硫酸奈替米星浓度的方法。方法:色谱柱为LunaC18,流动相为乙腈-水(15:85,pH2.0,含10mmol.L-1庚烷基硫酸钠),流速为0.8mL.min-1,柱温为40℃,检测波长为205nm。结果:奈替米星血药浓度在2～20mg.L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9976);方法回收率为93.66%～96.05%,日内、日间RSD均<10%。结论:本方法灵敏度较高,结果准确可靠,操作简便,适用于奈替米星血药浓度的临床监测。     

硫酸奈替米星葡萄糖注射液中葡萄糖对硫酸奈替米星效价测定的影响

硫酸奈替米星葡萄糖注射液 (ＮｅｔｉｌｍｉｃｉｎＳｕｌｆａｔｅａｎｄＧｌｕｃｏｓｅＩｎｊｅｃｔｉｏｎ)是含有硫酸奈替米星及葡萄糖的复方制剂。其中硫酸奈替米星的含量我们采用了《中国药典》2 0 0 0年版二部收载的硫酸奈替米星效价方法进行测定。由于制剂中葡萄糖的存在 ,故本文考察了在本品的效价测定中葡萄糖是否影响硫酸奈替米星的测定结果。1 仪器与试药ＺＹ— 30 0Ａ　　抑菌圈面积测量仪奈替米星标准品　批号为 0 35 5— 2 0 0 0 0 1,效价为 5 72ｕ/ｍｇ ,由中国药品生物制品检定所提供。培养基 :　Ｉ号 ｐＨ7 8　中国药品生物…     

硫酸奈替米星薄层试验方法的改进

目的:改进2000年版<中国药典(二部)>中硫酸奈替米星有关物质薄层试验方法.方法:将硫酸奈替米星配成每1 mL含75 mg的溶液,以1,2,3,4μL点样,考察其薄层试验结果,并将显色时间20 min和5 min进行比较.结果:以点样2μL(150μg)、加热5 min进行薄层试验,斑点清晰,背景浅.结论:硫酸奈替米星薄层试验药典法改进后可用于质量控制.     

衍生化分光光度法测定滴鼻液中的硫酸奈替米星

目的 采用衍生化分光光度法测定滴鼻液中的硫酸奈替米星. 方法在pH10～11条件下,根据硫酸奈替米星可与邻苯二甲醛发生衍生化反应,生成稳定的衍生物,并可在紫外区形成强吸收这一特性,选择331 nm测定其含量. 结果硫酸奈替米星0.12～0.32 mg·ml-1与吸光度成良好的线性关系,平均回收率99.64%,RSD＝0.802%(r＝0.9996),制剂中其他成分无干扰.结论 所建方法简便、准确、专属性强、重复性好,适用于滴鼻液中硫酸奈替米星的测定.     

盐酸山莨菪碱注射液与硫酸奈替米星注射液的配伍稳定性考察

目的考察盐酸山莨菪碱注射液(下称654-2)与硫酸奈替米星注射液(下称奈替米星)在5%葡萄糖注射液(下称5%GS)中的配伍稳定性。方法观察配伍液外观、测定配伍液pH值、紫外吸收光谱、采用双波长紫外分光光度法测定奈替米星含量。结果30℃时,654-2与奈替米星配伍6h内,外观不变,pH值未见明显改变,紫外吸收图谱几无改变,奈替米星含量稳定。结论654-2可与奈替米星配伍。     

硫酸奈替米星注射液细菌内毒素定量法(动态比浊法)的研究

目的应用动态比浊法鲎试验定量测定硫酸奈替米星注射液中的细菌内毒素含量.方法对样品中定量添加标准内毒素进行干扰预试验,从回收率判断供试液对鲎试验有无干扰作用.结果加入标准内毒素5.00、0.500、0.0500Eu*ml-1,将硫酸奈替米星制备成浓度为5000μ*ml-1,样品中定量添加标准内毒素,回收率均为50%～200%,认为供试液对试验无干扰作用,可用于样品检查.结论动态比浊法可以测定硫酸奈替米星的细菌内毒素含量.     

HPLC-ELSD法分析硫酸奈替米星与硫酸西索米星的含量与有关物质

目的:建立一种硫酸奈替米星与硫酸西索米星的含量及有关物质分析方法,为开辟氨基糖甙类抗生素含量测定及有关物质的分析方法提供新思路.方法:应用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法分析硫酸奈替米星与硫酸西索米星的含量及有关物质.色谱条件:C18 Lurna色谱柱,规格:250mm×4.6mm,5μm;流动相:0.1mol.L-1三氟醋酸水溶液-0.1%(V/V)甲酸水溶液-甲醇(360:540:100)(硫酸奈替米星适用)0.1mol.L-1三氟醋酸水溶液-0.1%(V/V)甲酸水溶液-甲醇(372:558:70)(硫酸西索米星适用);检测器条件:漂移管温度为50℃,雾化气体(空气)压力为3.0bar.结果:硫酸奈替米星与硫酸西索米星样品中主成分与有关物质分别在各自色谱条件下均分离良好.结论:本方法操作简单,方法的准确性、重现性均能很好地满足质量控制的要求,为开辟氨基糖甙类抗生素含量测定及有关物质的仪器分析方法提供了一定借鉴.     

高效液相色谱法测定硫酸奈替米星注射液中奈替米星的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定硫酸奈替米星注射液中奈替米星的含量.方法 色谱柱为HyPersil BDS C18（4.6×250mm,5μm）;流动相为含0.05mol·L-1三氟醋酸-甲醇（80：20）;流速为1.0mL·min-1;检测波长为205nm;柱温30℃.结果 奈替米星与其他有关物质分离度良好,进样量在10.15μg～50.75μg的范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0.9996）;平均回收率为99.61%,RSD为1.00%（n=9）,辅料对检测无影响.与效价法比较,两者方法无显著性差异.结论 该法快捷简便,结果准确,重现性好,可用于硫酸奈替米星注射液中奈替米星的含量测定.     

HPLC法考察硫酸奈替米星注射液中依地酸二钠的含量

目的采用高效液相色谱法考察硫酸奈替米星注射液中依地酸二钠的含量。方法以Agilent Zorbax-C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)为色谱柱;以(四丁基氯化铵2.4 g+醋酸钠4 g+990 mL水溶解,冰醋酸调pH至4.0,加水稀释至1 L)为A相,B相为乙腈-A相(6∶4),流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为350 nm。结果依地酸二钠线性范围为15~62.5μg·mL~(-1),相关系数为0.999 9;平均回收率为102.5%,RSD为1.19%(n=6)。16批次硫酸奈替米星注射液中的依地酸二钠含量均符合规定。本方法与滴定方法测得3批依地酸二钠原料含量无显著差异。结论该方法专属性强,重复性好,适用于硫酸奈替米星注射液中依地酸二钠的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.