固相萃取反相HPLC法测定人血浆中的匹多莫得

目的:建立灵敏、准确的人血浆中匹多莫得血浆药物浓度的测定方法。方法:以SiO_2固相萃取小柱提取纯化血样。血浆样品经酸化后上样吸附,碱性水溶液洗脱后直接进样。采用反相液相色谱-紫外检测法测定匹多莫得浓度,流动相:乙腈-水-二乙胺-磷酸(4:96:0.2:0.3);色谱柱:LUNA 5 μmC_(18)(2),250mm×4.6mm;流速:1.0mL·min~(-1);柱温:50℃;检测波长:21O nm;进样量20μL。结果:线性范围:0.1～10.0μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.999 5);血浆中最低检测限为0.1μg·mL~(-1)(S/N>3);高、中、低 3个浓度(8.0,4.0,0.4 μg·mL~(-1))的平均提取回收率(n=5)分别为:(92.21±1.5)％,(83.56±3.5)％,(93.27±5.1)％;日内RSD分别为1.6％,4.2％,5.4％(n=5);日间RSD分别为8.6％,6.9％,6.1％(n=5)。结论:本法操作简便,结果准确、重现性好,能满足药物动力学和生物等效性研究的需要。     

盐酸曲美他嗪择时渗透泵控释片的制备及含量测定

目的：建立盐酸曲美他嗪择时渗透泵控释片中盐酸曲美他嗪的高效液相色谱含量测定方法。方法：采用Dikma Diamonsil C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,以0.02 mol·L-1乙酸铵（含0.5%三乙胺）-甲醇（50：50）为流动相,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为232 nm.进样量20μl。结果：在此色谱条件下,盐酸曲美他嗪浓度与峰面积在6.016.8μg·ml-1内线性关系良好,r=0.999 5,平均回收率为99.6%,RSD为1.04%（n=9）。结论：本方法灵敏度高,快速准确,可用于盐酸曲美他嗪择时控释片的质量控制。     

盐酸曲美他嗪片在健康人体内的药代动力学研究及生物等效性评价

目的:建立人血浆中盐酸曲美他嗪浓度的LC-MS/MS法,并用于盐酸曲美他嗪片的药代动力学和生物等效性研究。方法:采用自身双交叉试验设计,20名男性受试者随机分成2组,分别单剂量口服20 mg受试制剂或参比制剂,0～24 h间隔采集血样。以LC-MS/MS内标法(盐酸丁咯地尔)测定盐酸曲美他嗪血药浓度,采用Inertsil ODS-2色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-含0.1%甲酸、0.2%醋酸铵的水溶液(55∶45,v/v);多反应监测[M+H]+离子通道分别为m/z 267→181(曲美他嗪)和m/z 308→237(丁咯地尔)。DAS 2.1计算药代动力学参数。结果:建立的LC-MS/MS法在0.5～200μg.L-1范围内线性关系良好,最低检测限为0.05μg.L-1,批内及批间精密度RSD均小于15%。受试制剂与参比制剂的Tmax分别为(1.8±0.7)h和(1.8±0.8)h,Cmax分别为(60.1±10.7)μg.L-1和(59.6±10.5)μg.L-1,t1/2分别为(6.1±1.1)h和(6.1±1.0)h,AUC0-24 h分别为(518±126)h.μg.L-1和(518±120)h.μg.L-1。结论:建立的LC-MS/MS法准确可靠,可用于盐酸曲美他嗪片的药代动力学和生物等效性评价。     

盐酸曲美他嗪胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的 评价国产盐酸曲美他嗪胶囊和进口盐酸曲美他嗪包衣片的人体生物等效性.方法 20名健康男性受试者按两制剂两周期的交叉试验设计单剂量口服20 mg的参比制剂和受试制剂后,采用LE-MS法测定血浆中盐酸曲美他嗪的浓度,使用DAS 1.0软件计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性统计分析.结果 参比制剂和受试制剂的ρmax分别为(55.9±9.2)和(56.4±12.2)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(2.5±0.8)和(2.7±0.9)h;AUC0→24h分别为(493.8±82.8)和(489.8±108.4)μg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(513.7±88.6)和(510.1±116.8)μg·h·L-1;t1/2分别为(4.8±0.4)和(4.7±0.4)h.双单侧t检验结果显示受试制剂的ρmax、AUC0→24h的90%置信区间分别为参比制剂相应参数的92.0%～108.4%和91.5%～105.3%,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(99.6±16.5)%(以AUC0→24h计算).结论 国产盐酸曲美他啶胶囊与其进口包衣片具有生物等效性.     

RP—HPLC法测定人血浆中兰索拉唑浓度

目的:建立 RP-HPLC 法测定人血浆中兰索拉唑浓度。方法:1 mL 血浆样品以奥美拉唑为内标,加入0.5 mL Na_2HPO_4溶液(0.5 mol·L~(-1),pH 9.05)碱化,用5 mL 乙醚-二氯甲烷(7:3,v/v)混合液振荡萃取,分取有机相空气流下吹干。残渣用200μL甲醇-0.1 mol·L~(-1)碳酸钠(50:50,v/v)混合液溶解,40 μL进样。采用 NUCLEOSIL C_(18)分析柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以0.025 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钠-乙腈(60:40,v/v)为流动相,流速为1 mL·min~(-1),柱温为30℃,于285 nm 波长下检测。结果:兰索拉唑在20～2400μg·L~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9996),最低检测浓度为20μg·L~(-1)。血浆中低、中、高3种浓度的萃取回收率(n=5)分别为69.9%,64.0%,58.8%;RSD(n=5)分别为7.94%,5.33%,5.39%;方法回收率(n=5)分别为98.6%,106.3%,101.9%;日内和日间精密度均小于10%。结论:该法操作简单,灵敏,准确,重现性好,适用于该药的临床药代动力学研究。     

盐酸曲美他嗪缓释片在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性研究北大核心CSCD

目的评价盐酸曲美他嗪缓释片仿制药与原研药在中国健康受试者空腹和餐后条件下给药的生物等效性与安全性。方法按单中心、随机、开放、单剂量、两制剂、两序列、双周期、交叉研究设计,共纳入47例(空腹试验23例,餐后试验24例)成年男性和女性受试者随机交叉给药,分别单次口服受试制剂或参比制剂35 mg,用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中曲美他嗪的浓度,用Win Nonlin 6.4软件按非房室模型计算药代动力学参数,并进行生物等效性评价。结果空腹组盐酸曲美他嗪缓释片受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数如下:C_(max)分别为(65.62±13.92)和(66.39±15.15)μg·L^(-1),t_(max)分别为(3.96±1.15)和(4.26±1.21)h,AUC_(0-t)分别为(909.43±219.81)和(920.65±230.09)μg·L^(-1)·h,AUC_(0-∞)分别为(921.57±226.17)和(933.35±236.56)μg·L^(-1)·h;餐后组盐酸曲美他嗪缓释片受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数如下:C_(max)分别为(69.78±14.65)和(65.99±13.73)μg·L^(-1),t_(max)分别为(4.83±0.82)和(4.71±1.00)h,AUC_(0-t)分别为(766.54±165.62)和(793.50±163.67)μg·L^(-1)·h,AUC_(0-∞)分别为(774.17±167.43)和(802.04±166.02)μg·L^(-1)·h。在空腹和餐后条件下,受试制剂和参比制剂主要药代动力学参数90%置信区间均在80.00%125.00%。结论空腹与餐后单次口服盐酸曲美他嗪缓释片仿制药与原研药在中国健康受试者体内均有生物等效性。     

HPLC测定利舒康胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的:建立利舒康胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的高效液相色谱测定方法。方法:采用HYPERSILBDS C_(18)柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,10μm);流动相:乙腈-0.1 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾-0.025 mol·L~(-1)十二烷基磺酸钠(50:25:25)。流速1.0 ml·min~(-1);检测波长为345 nm。结果:平均回收率为98.9%,RSD为0.96%,方法重现性的RSD为1.33%(n=5)。盐酸小檗碱线性范围为0.194～0.972μg(r=0.9996)。结论:本法操作简便,结果准确,可用于利舒康胶囊的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法测定盐酸曲美他嗪缓释片的含量

目的:建立测定盐酸曲美他嗪缓释片含量的方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Diamonsil?C18,流动相为庚烷磺酸钠溶液(取无水庚烷磺酸钠5.05 g,加磷酸3 ml,加水稀释至2 000 ml)-甲醇-乙腈(55∶36∶9,V/V/V),流速为1.0 ml/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为210 nm,进样量为20μl。结果:盐酸曲美他嗪检测质量浓度在0.02².0 mg/ml范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性良好(r=0.999 9);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD≤0.2%;平均加样回收率为100.08%,RSD=0.2%(n=9)。结论:该方法操作简单、重复性好、专属性强,可用于控制盐酸曲美他嗪缓释片的质量。     

盐酸曲美他嗪片的生物等效性研究

目的:研究盐酸曲美他嗪片的人体生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:22名男性健康受试者,随机双交叉口服剂量为20mg的受试制剂和参比制剂,采用LC-MS法测定血浆中盐酸曲美他嗪的浓度,使用DAS2.1.1软件对各药代动力学参数进行计算,同时对其生物等效性进行统计分析。结果:22名健康受试者服用20mg盐酸曲美他嗪片受试制剂和参比制剂的Cmax分别为(42.64±17.00)ng/ml和(41.32±19.66)ng/ml,Tmax分别为(2.2±1.5)h和(2.7±1.7)h,AUC0-t分别为(418.1±177.4)ng·h/ml和(397.8±147.1)ng·h/ml,AUC0-∞分别为(428.5±181.1)ng·h/ml和(407.9±150.5)ng·h/ml,t1/2分别为(5.9±1.6)h和(5.6±1.3)h。受试制剂中曲美他嗪Cmax的90%置信区间为参比制剂的100.1%～111.1%,AUC0-t的90%置信区间为参比制剂的97.0%～111.9%,AUC0-∞的90%置信区间为参比制剂的96.9%～111.9%。以AUC0-t计算,受试制剂中曲美他嗪的相对生物利用度为(105.9±18.6)%。结论:两制剂具有生物等效性。     

盐酸曲美他嗪片在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性研究

目的 评价2种盐酸曲美他嗪片在中国健康受试者体内的生物等效性及安全性。方法 采用单中心、单剂量、随机、开放、两制剂、两周期、两序列交叉试验设计。空腹试验入组20例健康受试者,餐后试验入组28例健康受试者,每周期单次空腹或餐后口服盐酸曲美他嗪片受试或参比制剂20 mg,用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)检测人血浆中曲美他嗪的浓度,非房室模型法计算药代动力学参数,(1-2α)置信区间法进行生物等效性评价。结果 空腹试验曲美他嗪受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数：C_max分别为(52.38±13.99)和(55.04±18.45)ng·mL^-1,AUC_0-t分别为(490.40±127.60)和(474.41±125.76)ng·h·mL^-1,AUC_0-∞分别为(507.47±137.40)和(489.47±134.74)ng·h·mL^-1。餐后试验曲美他嗪受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数：C_max分别为(60.27±12...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.