１８９例Ⅱ期胃癌患者的预后因素及辅助化疗价值

目的　分析Ⅱ期胃癌患者的临床预后因素,探讨辅助化疗能否对这部分患者带来生存获益,并寻找合理的治疗形式。方法　收集并回顾性分析１９９５年５月至２００５年１１月在中山大学肿瘤防治中心确诊为Ⅱ期胃癌并行根治性手术的患者,术后观察或接受辅助化疗。最终可供分析的有１８９例,统计并分析患者的临床资料。结果　本中心Ⅱ期胃癌患者的５年生存率为６９.３％。单因素和多因素分析显示,术前体重下降程度、肿瘤大小、淋巴结清扫术式、肿瘤浆膜外侵犯或脉管浸润是Ⅱ期胃癌５年生存率的独立预后因素,术后接受辅助化疗的患者预后较好。进一步分析,使用氟尿嘧啶类单药与联合方案的患者无明显生存差异。接受化疗６～８个疗程者５年生存率明显优于未化疗或化疗不足３个疗程者。结论　Ⅱ期胃癌患者术前体重改变程度、淋巴结清扫术式、肿瘤浆膜外侵犯或脉管浸润是５年生存率的独立影响因素,辅助化疗对该期患者有生存获益,建议患者接受６～８个疗程的辅助化疗。     

淋巴结清扫范围对进展期胃癌患者预后的影响研究

目的探讨不同淋巴结清扫方案对进展期胃癌患者预后的影响。方法选取267例进展期胃癌患者,所有患者均接受D1或D2淋巴结清扫术。分析淋巴结转移与进展期胃癌患者临床特征的关系,并对不同淋巴结清扫术后胃癌患者的生存情况进行分析。结果不同性别、年龄、肿瘤部位进展期胃癌患者的淋巴结转移率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同肿瘤最大径、Borrmann分型、TNM分期、分化程度进展期胃癌患者的淋巴结转移率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。行D2淋巴结清扫术的进展期胃癌患者的中位生存时间为55.0个月(95%CI:51.1～58.9),明显长于行D1淋巴结清扫术患者的28.5个月(95%CI:21.3～34.7)(P<0.01)。结论肿瘤最大径、Borrmann分型、TNM分期及分化程度可能影响进展期胃癌患者的淋巴结转移情况,而D2淋巴结清扫术后进展期胃癌患者能获得更长的生存期。     

淋巴结转移率对结直肠癌患者预后评估的价值

目的 探讨淋巴结转移率(MLR)在结直肠癌患者预后评估中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾303例手术治疗的结直肠癌患者的临床资料,分析MLR和淋巴结转移数目与清扫淋巴结总数的相关性,以及影响结直肠癌患者预后的因素,探讨MLR预测结直肠癌患者术后5年生存情况的准确性,并与淋巴结转移数目的 预测结果 进行比较.结果 MLR与清扫淋巴结总数无相关性(r=-0.099,P＞0.05),而淋巴结转移数目与清扫淋巴结总数有相关性(r=0.107,P＜0.05).Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,即使受检淋巴结总数＜12枚,MLR仍影响患者术后生存时间(X2=42.878,P＜0.01).rN0、rN1、rN2和rN3期患者的5年生存率分别为90.9%、68.9%、54.7%和39.4%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).多因素分析显示,肿瘤大小和rN分期是影响结直肠癌患者预后的独立危险因素.通过比较相对危险度,独立危险因素与预后的密切程度依次为rN分期＞肿瘤大小.MLR和淋巴结转移数目预测结直肠癌患者术后5年生存的ROC曲线下面积比较,差异无统计学意义.结论 结直肠癌患者的MLR与清扫淋巴结总数不相关;MLR是结直肠癌患者预后的主要独立危险因素;MLR预测结直肠癌患者术后5年生存情况的准确性与淋巴结转移数目的 预测能力相同.     

胸段食管癌清扫淋巴结数对生存率的影响

长期以来,胸段食管癌以清扫全胸段食管淋巴结、隆突下、左右支气管旁淋巴结和胃贲门旁和胃左淋巴结的二野清扫为标准式而普遍应用.在不同医院或外科医师之间存在技术水平上的差别,清扫纵隔淋巴结的彻底程度上也存在差异.如何界定清扫的彻底程度是一个相当困难的问题,因其影响对术后辅助治疗的选择,尤其是淋巴结数少的情况下导致临床分期降期,放弃了恰恰需要进行术后放射的病例,对于预后的影响是不言而喻的.我们回顾分析101例食管癌手术病例,就纵隔淋巴结及胃周淋巴结清扫彻底程度的差异对生存率影响进行探讨,现报告如下.     

早期非小细胞肺癌淋巴结转移规律与清扫方式研究进展

目前,肺癌已是全球范围内发病率及死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤,非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）约占肺癌80%。手术治疗在早期NSCLC治疗中占主导地位,而淋巴结分期及手术中清扫程度直接影响着患者术后生活质量及患者的预后。解剖性肺叶切除加系统性淋巴结清扫一直以来被认为是NSCLC的标准手术方式,但对早期NSCLC患者纵隔淋巴结清扫程度问题上一直存在较大争议,精确评估区域淋巴结的转移及淋巴结清扫的程度是影响患者围手术期并发症和预后的重要因素。对于早期肺癌行肺叶特异性或选择性淋巴结清扫已逐渐为国内外学者接受,并可能成为临床I期NSCLC患者标准淋巴结清扫方式。     

原发性乳腺癌水平Ⅰ与水平Ⅲ腋窝淋巴结清扫随机对照研究的10年随访结果

淋巴结（LN）转移和肿瘤大小与乳腺癌患者的生存密切相关。一直以来，淋巴结受累的程度和数目是重要的预后因素，指导着临床选择更可能从辅助治疗中获益的患者。乳腺癌区域淋巴结包括腋窝（Ax）和乳房内淋巴结。以前，清扫乳房内淋巴结和腋窝淋巴结的扩大根治术是乳腺癌的标准手术方式之一，但是几项随机对照研究表明乳房内淋巴结清扫不能提高术后生存率，因此现在大多数乳腺外科医师只清扫腋窝淋巴结。     

早期宫颈腺癌术后的预后分析

目的:研究早期（Ⅰb-Ⅱa期）经根治性子宫切除+盆腔淋巴结清扫术后宫颈腺癌患者的预后因素及治疗结果。方法:收集2005年至2009年经手术治疗的早期（Ⅰb-Ⅱa期）宫颈腺癌96例患者的临床病理特征,分析与患者5年生存率有关的临床病理因素,Cox回归分析影响患者预后的因素。结果:肿瘤类型、临床分期、淋巴结转移、脉管瘤栓及其治疗方法与宫颈癌的5年生存率有关（P＜0.050)。单因素分析结果显示肿瘤类型、临床分期、淋巴结有无转移、脉管有无瘤栓与预后有关。多因素分析显示对宫颈腺癌患者生存有影响的因素是淋巴结有无转移和患者术后化疗次数。结论:淋巴结转移和患者术后的化疗次数是影响早期宫颈腺癌术后患者独立的危险因素,术后正规、及时足量的辅助化疗可以改善患者预后和生存质量。     

经腹与经胸进行贲门癌切除治疗对老年贲门癌患者预后的影响分析

目的观察老年贲门癌采用经腹贲门癌切除术与经胸贲门癌切除术治疗疗效及对患者预后的影响。方法将94例贲门癌患者按照手术路径不同分为对照组与观察组,各47例。对照组采用经胸贲门癌切除术治疗;观察组采用经腹贲门癌切除术治疗。比较2组清扫淋巴结数目、术后并发症、术后1、3、5年生存率。结果观察组清扫淋巴结数目为(11±6)个,明显高于对照组(7±3)个;且观察组术后并发症明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。2组患者术后1、3、5年生存率、淋巴结阴性3、5年生存率及淋巴结阳性5年生存率比较,无统计学意义(P>0.05);而淋巴结阳性3年生存率试验组明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论临床采用经腹贲门癌切除术治疗,患者术后生存率虽与经胸路径切除术治疗无明显差异,但采用经腹贲门癌切除术可提高淋巴结清除,减少术后并发症,因此更具有安全性,值得推广应用。     

序贯三切口及选择性淋巴结清扫治疗食管癌1162例临床效果分析

目的 探讨食管癌外科治疗的手术方式、淋巴结清扫范围、术后综合治疗模式.方法 对1998年1月至2007年12月间收治的不同部位的食管癌1162例采用序贯的腹、胸、颈三切口的手术径路行食管肿瘤切除,应用术前影像、超声定位下穿刺细胞学检查和术中颈部淋巴结抽样活组织快速病理检查三步筛选方法行选择性一期三野淋巴结清扫,一期规范胸腹二野清扫和二期第三野颈部淋巴结清扫.同时,术后积极实施综合治疗.观察总的临床疗效和长期生存.结果 1162例食管癌手术中,手术切除率100％.根治性切除97.6％（1134/1162）.围手术期并发症发生率16.4％（191/1162）,吻合口瘘发生率为0.6％（7/1162）,术后30 d内死亡5例.全组淋巴结转移率52.6 ％（611/1162）,淋巴结转移度12.1％（3 092/25 564）.全组实施一期三野淋巴结清扫348例,阳性准确率为94.8％（330/348）,实施一期二野清扫814例,实施二期第三野颈部淋巴结清扫89例.三野清扫术后并发症明显高于二野清扫（23.6％比13.4％）（χ^2=18.37,P＜ 0.001）,但两者的1、3、5年生存率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.一期三野清扫和二期第三野清扫患者1、3、5年生存率差异亦无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.但不同的淋巴结转移程度预后差异有统计学意义（χ^2=35.57,P＜ 0.001）,不同的分期决定着患者的预后.本组术后综合治疗实施率为87.2％,手术加术后综合治疗者总的1、3、5年生存率分别为92.1％、69.2％、49.6％.结论 序贯三切口切除食管肿瘤及应用三步筛选法选择性淋巴结清扫具有根治彻底、术后并发症少、患者生存质量高、长期生存率较好等优点,是食管癌外科治疗值得临床广泛应用的一种方法.术后积极的综合治疗是今后食管癌治疗的发展方向.     

改善功能外观的颈部淋巴结清扫术在甲状腺乳头状癌治疗中的应用

甲状腺乳头状癌患者颈淋巴结转移率较高,因此颈部淋巴结清扫术是治疗该类患者的重要组成部分。由于甲状腺乳头状癌恶性程度较低且预后较好,患者对术后功能外观要求较高,故颈部淋巴结清扫术方式也在逐步改良。低位弧形领式切口保留颈丛的改良选择性颈部淋巴结清扫术,因其切口与颈部横行皮纹重合,可改善术后患者功能外观而逐渐应用于临床。现就彻底性、安全性两方面探讨改善功能外观的甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结清扫新术式。     

贲门癌切除术后生存10年以上病例分析

目的 探讨影响贲门癌切除术后长期生存的因素。方法 对５８４例贲门癌切除术后生存１０年病例进行回顾性分析。结果 本组１０年生存率为１７．１％。肿瘤的病理分期、分化程度、大体类型、瘤体大小对１０年生存率的影响均有显著性，有无淋巴结转移对１０年生存率的影响有非常显著性。伴有切端癌残留、癌栓形成、肿瘤浸润浆膜、手术切除性质、以及性别、年龄、病程等对１０年生存率影响无显著性，结论 贲门癌的早期发现、早期诊断     

Prognostic factors in patients with advanced gastric cancer with macroscopic invasion to adjacent organs treated with radical surgery

Background. The prognosis of patients with gastric cancer with invasion to adjacent organs is poor. The prognostic factors of patients with advanced gastric cancer with macroscopic invasion to adjacent organs (T4) who were treated with radical surgery was determined in the present study. Methods. A total of 86 consecutive patients with advanced gastric cancer who underwent radical (potentially curable) gastrectomy with combined resection of other organs for macroscopic invasion to adjacent organs during surgery, were investigated. The organs invaded macroscopically were the pancreas in 43 patients, mesocolon in 29, liver in 7, transverse colon in 5, adrenal gland in 3, spleen in 1, diaphragm in 1, and other organs in 5. The prognostic factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results. The cumulative 5-year survival rate of the patients treated by radical surgery with the combined resection of invaded organs was 35.0%. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that location of the tumor, lymph node metastasis, histological depth of invasion, and extent of lymph node dissection were significant prognostic factors in advanced gastric cancer patients treated by radical surgery with combined resection of adjacent organs for macroscopic invasion. Conclusion. For patients with macroscopic T4 gastric cancer located in the middle- or lower-third of the stomach, aggressive resection of invaded adjacent organs with extended lymph node dissection should be performed to improve long-term outcome. Received: July 21, 2000 / Accepted: November 28, 2000     

Clinicopathologic characteristics and prognostic factors in 10 783 patients with gastric cancer

Background. Although the results of gastric cancer treatment have markedly improved, this disease remains the most common cause of cancer death in Korea. Methods. Clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed for 10 783 consecutive patients who underwent operation for gastric cancer at the Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, from 1970 to 1996. We also evaluated survival and prognostic factors for 9262 consecutive patients operated from 1981 to 1996. The clinicopathologic variables for evaluating prognostic values were classified as patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related factors. The prognostic significance of treatment modality [surgery alone, surgery + chemotherapy, surgery + immunotherapy + chemotherapy (immunochemosurgery)] was evaluated in patients with stage III gastric cancer (according to the International Union Against Cancer TNM classification of 1987). For the assessment of lymph node metastasis, both the number of involved lymph nodes and the ratio of involved to resected lymph nodes were analyzed, as a quantitative system. Results. The mean age of the 10 783 patients was 53.5 years and the male-to-female ratio was 2.07 : 1. Resection was performed in 9058 patients (84.0% resection rate). The 5-year survival rates were 55.9% for all patients and 64.8% for patients who received curative resection. Age, sex, preoperative hemoglobin and albumin levels, type of operation, curability of operation, tumor location, Borrmann type, tumor size, histologic differentiation, Lauren's classification, perineural invasion, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, depth of invasion, number of involved lymph nodes, ratio of involved to resected lymph nodes, and distant metastasis had prognostic significance on univariate analysis. Radical lymph node dissection, with more than 25 resected lymph nodes improved survival in patients with stage II and IIIa disease. As postoperative adjuvant therapy, immunochemotherapy was most effective in patients with stage III disease. Patients with identical numbers of lymph nodes -either the number of involved lymph nodes or the number of resected lymph nodes- were divided according to their ratios of involved-to-resected lymph nodes. In each numeric group, there were significant survival differences according to the ratio of involved-to-resected lymph nodes. However, patients who had the same involved-to-resected lymph node ratio did not show significant differences in survival rate according to either the number of involved or the number of resected lymph nodes. On multivariate analysis, curability of operation, depth of invasion, and ratio of involved to resected lymph nodes were independent significant prognostic factors. Conclusions. Curative resection, depth of invasion, and lymph node metastasis were the most significant prognostic factors in gastric cancer. With regard to the status of lymph node metastasis, the ratio of involved to resected lymph nodes had a more precise and comprehensive prognostic value than only the number of involved or resected lymph nodes. Early detection and curative resection with radical lymph node dissection, followed by immunochemotherapy, particularly in patients with stage III gastric cancer should be the standard treatment in principle, for patients with gastric cancer. Received for publication on Apr. 13, 1998; accepted on Oct. 22, 1998     

Prognostic factors for patients with node‐negative gastric cancer: Can extended lymph node dissection have a survival benefit?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: For the patients with node-negative gastric cancer, there is no agreement on which clinicopathological factors influence the final results except T stage. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic factors, and to reveal whether the extent of lymph node dissection is associated with survival benefit for these patients. METHODS: Clinicopathological data of 506 patients with node-negative gastric cancer were studied. We divided the patients into D1 and D2 groups and carried out univariate and multivariate survival analyses. RESULTS: On the univariate analysis, the factors influencing survival were age, tumor size, Borrmann type, resection type, and the T stage. However, multivariate analysis with the Cox proportional hazard model disclosed age and the T stage to be significant variables. The extent of lymphadenectomy was revealed to be the independent prognostic factors for survival only for the patients with T3 stage. CONCLUSIONS: For the patients with clinically node-negative gastric cancer, an extended D2 lymph node dissection for the patients with T1 and T2 stage has no survival benefits. Although it might have some benefit for T3 stage by multivariate analysis, we should ascertain its value through a large randomized prospective study.     

食管癌患者术后生存十年以上回顾分析

目的：探讨影响食管癌切除术后长期生存因素。方法：对1975－1989年538例食管癌切除术后至1999年底生存10年以上的96例患者进行了回顾性分析。结果：本组十年生存率为17．84％。分析结果表明,影响十年生存率的主要因素是肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移程度（P＜0．001）;肿瘤根治程度、术后放疗（P＜0．01）;年龄、肿瘤分化程度、肿瘤生长方式为显著性因素（P＜0．05）;而性别、肿瘤组织类型对十年生存率影响无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论：食管癌的早期发现、早期诊断是提高十年生存率的前提,早期治疗及术中根治切除并行扩大淋巴结清扫、术后放疗是提高十年生存率的关键。     

非小细胞肺癌患者术后单纯区域淋巴结复发的治疗及预后影响因素分析

背景与目的:术后局部淋巴结复发是非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)治疗失败的主要原因之一。本研究旨在探讨NSCLC患者术后单纯区域淋巴结复发的治疗选择和预后影响因素。方法:收集2000年—2009年143例NSCLC术后单纯区域淋巴结复发的患者,回顾性分析临床、病理因素以及不同治疗方式对复发后生存的影响。结果:126例患者发生同侧胸腔区域淋巴结复发,17例发生对侧胸腔区域淋巴结复发;复发后51例患者接受了放化疗联合治疗,27例单纯放疗,59例单纯化疗;单因素、多因素分析显示复发时患者PS评分、复发部位、复发病灶数目以及手术至复发的间隔时间均为独立预后因素;在64例术后1年以上复发患者中,放化疗联合治疗中位生存期为62个月,而单纯放疗或单纯化疗的中位生存期仅为24个月,放化疗联合治疗与单纯放疗和单纯化疗患者生存曲线差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:复发时患者PS评分高、同侧胸腔外淋巴结复发、多个复发病灶以及术后1年以内复发患者预后不佳,对于手术后1年以上复发患者采用放化疗联合治疗能获得更长的生存期。     

Radical surgery for gallbladder cancer: a worthwhile operation?

AIMS: Extended operations are the only chance of a cure for patients with advanced gallbladder carcinoma, but there is no consensus about which subset of patients can benefit. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the results of surgical resection with special reference to the prognostic factors and to long-term survival. METHODS: A retrospective review of 70 patients with a diagnosis of gallbladder cancer treated from 1985-1998 was performed: 33 patients had a curative resection and were included in this study. For stage I disease, simple cholecystectomy was considered curative; in most of the other cases, cholecystectomy was associated with lymph node dissection and liver resection. RESULTS: Hospital mortality and morbidity were 6% and 33%, respectively. Curative resection was associated with an actuarial 5-year survival of 27.4%. Survival of pT1-2 patients was significantly better than that of pT3 (P=0.04) or pT4 patients (P=0.002). Patients with lymph node spread had a poorer prognosis (P=0.06) but four were alive and disease-free with a median survival of 22 months. CONCLUSIONS: Depth of the tumour and lymph node metastases are important prognostic factors. Patients with pT3-4 tumours or regional lymph node spread should be considered for curative resection because long-term survival is possible.     

123例贲门癌外科治疗的临床分析

背景与目的：贲门癌的发病率逐年增高,对其研究逐渐深入,但在临床上还有很多争论。本文总结我们在贲门癌临床外科治疗中的经验。方法：123例手术治疗的贲门癌患者：经胸手术组72例,经腹手术组40例,胸腹联合手术组11例,分析术前检查（腹部B超、胸腹CT、内镜和上消化道造影）、手术入路、淋巴结清扫和术后病理情况。结果：腹部B超对浆膜受侵、淋巴结转移、下段食管受侵、肝转移病变外侵腹水的判断与术后病理的符合率分别达到了71．2％、62．2％、47．8％、100％,胸腹CT则为78．6％、72．7％、51．9％、100％,内镜指示肿瘤距门齿的长度,上消化道造影则显示肿瘤与膈肌的关系。手术切除率94．3％（116／123）．116例切除病例中,贲门腺癌108例,占93．1％,腺鳞癌、鳞癌、不典型类癌、类癌各2例,占6．9％,84例腹腔淋巴结转移（72．4％）,6例胸腔淋巴结转移（7．1％）,40例（34．5％）下段食管受侵。结论：术前腹部B超和胸腹CT检查对判断肿瘤切除有极大帮助。内镜和上消化道造影有助于判断是否开胸。淋巴结转移以腹腔为主。三种手术途径各有优劣,没有任何一种占绝对优势,要依托Siewert分型,因病而定、因人而异。     

Result of 11,946 gastric cancer treatment with immunochemosurgery

Although the therapeutic results of gastric cancer have markedly improved, it still remains the most common of cancer deaths in Korea. Annually more than 700, and all together 11,946, gastric cancer patients were surgically treated from 1970 to 1998 at Seoul National University Hospital. Stage III gastric cancer is already a systemic disease, Radical surgery alone cannot cure the patient, and about 35% recurred within 2-3 years. To improve the prognosis of advanced gastric cancer, systemic treatment such as immunotherapy and chemotherapy is required in the early postoperative period to kill the micrometastatic or remaining cancer cells after curative resection. We evaluated the survival rate and prognostic factors for 9,262 consecutive patients from 1981 to 1996. The clinicopathologic variables used for evaluating prognostic values were classified into patient, -tumor- and treatment-related factors. The prognostic significance of treatment modality was evaluated in stage III gastric cancer. The five-year survival rates were 55.9% for overall patients and 64.8% for patients who received curative resection. Radical lymph node dissection was found to produce survival gains in patients with stage II and IIIa. For postoperative adjuvant therapy, immunochemotherapy was most effective in patients with stage III. In multivariate analysis, curability of operation, depth of invasion, and ratio of involved-to-resected lymph nodes were the significant prognostic factors. Consequently, early detection and real curative resection with radical lymph node dissection, followed by immunochemotherapy (particularly in patients with stage III gastric cancer) should be recommended as a standard treatment principle for patients with gastric cancer.     

食管胃结合部腺癌的手术治疗

There are a variety of surgical treatments of advanced esophagogastric junction cancer, type Ⅰ、Ⅱ mainly by transthoracic approach, part of the type Ⅱ by transabdominal approach, type Ⅲ mainly by left thoracoabdominal approach (LTA) or transabdominal. Intraoperative lymph node dissection is one of the most important factors which affect the postoperative survival rate. The cardia right lymph node (NO.1), the cardia left lymph node (NO.2), gastric lesser curvature (NO.3) and left gastric artery side (NO.7) should do regular cleaning.