产前应用糖皮质激素预防足月择期剖宫产儿呼吸窘迫综合征系统评价和Meta分析

目的：系统评价产前应用糖皮质激素（GC）预防足月择期剖宫产新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）的有效性和安全性。 方法：计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane图书馆、ClinicalTrials.gov、中国生物医学文献服务系统（CBM）、万方数据库、中国知网（CNKI）和维普期刊数据库（VIP）,纳入足月妊娠择期剖宫产的孕妇产前给予GC预防新生儿RDS的RCT,试验组产前给予GC治疗（药物种类、剂量、给药途径、疗程不作限制）,对照组给予安慰剂或为空白对照。采用主题词与自由词相结合的方式进行检索,检索时间均为建库至2018年4月19日。主要结局指标为新生儿RDS发生率和新生儿病死率,次要指标为新生儿暂时性呼吸增快（TTN）发生率、新生儿呼吸困难发生率、因呼吸困难入住NICU率、新生儿败血症发生率、产妇感染率及不良反应发生率。按照Cochrane手册推荐的RCT的偏倚风险评估工具评价纳入文献的偏倚风险。采用RevMan5.3软件进行Meta分析。 结果：共纳入4篇RCT文献3 893例单胎新生儿。4篇文献质量中等。Meta分析显示,试验组和对照组新生儿RDS发生率差异有统计学意义（OR=0.45,95%CI：0.24～0.83）,新生儿病死率差异无统计学意义;试验组和对照组TTN发生率（OR=0.41,95%CI：0.29～0.59）、新生儿因呼吸困难入住NICU率（OR=0.42,95%CI：0.29～0.63）和新生儿呼吸困难发生率（OR=0.34,95%CI：0.22～0.53）差异均有统计学意义。1篇文献报告了新生儿败血症发生率和产妇感染率,两组差异均无统计学意义。产前应用GC,并未引起母亲严重的不良反应率。 结论：基于现有临床证据,产前使用1疗程的GC可以降低足月单胎择期剖宫产儿RDS风险。     

足月儿呼吸窘迫综合征高危因素及防治

近年来,随着择期剖宫产率等因素增加,足月儿呼吸窘迫的发生率也呈上升趋势,已引起广泛关注.本文从母婴两方面重点综述了发生足月儿呼吸窘迫综合征的高危因素及相关机制.发现选择性剖宫产、胎龄、胎儿性别以及某些妊娠合并症均能影响足月儿呼吸窘迫综合征的发病率.并指出一旦呼吸困难加重,要及时使用呼吸支持和尽早使用肺泡表面活性物质,各种综合措施联合使用可减少足月儿呼吸窘迫综合征的病死率.     

足月新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征危险因素及肺表面活性物质疗效评估

目的探讨足月新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）的危险因素,观察肺表面活性物质（PS）的疗效,为足月儿RDS的防治提供依据。方法选取2007年1月至2011年12月郑州大学第三附属医院NICU收治的足月儿RDS为RDS组,以同期入院的非RDS足月儿为对照组,对两组性别、胎龄、分娩方式、宫内窘迫、出生窒息、母亲妊高症、糖尿病、胎膜早破进行单因素方差分析和Logistic多因素回归分析;并以RDS组中是否给予PS治疗分为应用PS亚组和未应用PS亚组,评估PS的疗效。结果RDS组和对照组各106例进入分析。 ①RDS组发病时间为生后5 min至18 h,平均（4.9±3.4）h,其中生后6 h内发病87例（82.1%）,~12 h 16例（15.1%）,>12 h 3例（2.8%）;X线胸片分级Ⅰ级28例（26.4%）,Ⅱ级36例（34.0%）,Ⅲ级23例（21.7%）,Ⅳ级19例（17.9%）;②Logistic回归分析显示男性(OR=10.35, 95%CI:1.94~15.26)、胎龄<39周(OR=6.59,95%CI:2.33~36.51)、剖宫产(OR=7.26,95%CI:11.61~23.22)、择期剖宫产(OR=13.14,95%CI:3.55~21.84)和出生窒息(OR=4.33,95%CI: 2.74~27.39)是足月儿RDS的危险因素;③应用PS亚组72例,未应用PS亚组34例。机械通气发生率、机械通气天数、氧疗时间、住院天数和呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率应用PS亚组均显著低于未应用PS亚组（P<0.05）;两亚组气胸、肺出血、持续性肺动脉高压和动脉导管未闭发生率差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论男性、胎龄<39周、剖宫产尤其是无医学指征的择期剖宫产、出生窒息是足月儿RDS的危险因素,PS治疗足月儿RDS疗效较好。     

Early neonatal mortality in Caxias do Sul: a cohort study

OBJECTIVES: To establish the profile of neonates in Caxias do Sul city, and to study early neonatal mortality, its causes and related variables.METHODS: This cohort study enrolled 5,545 newborns, which were followed up to 7 days after birth. The probability of early neonatal mortality was calculated and multiple logistic regression was performed to relate all studied variables to the outcome of early neonatal death.RESULTS: The observed probability of early neonatal mortality was 7.44 per thousand live births. The incidence of premature births and low birth weight was 9.4% and 8.1%, respectively. Fifty five percent of the neonates were born through cesarean section, which were related to socioeconomic and educational level. Previous history of neonatal mortality, maternal age > 35 years, gestational age, Apgar score < 7, male sex and low birth weight were related to early neonatal death. The main cause of death was hyaline membrane disease, followed by congenital cardiopaties, extreme preterm and abruptio placentae.CONCLUSION: Even though the observed probability of early neonatal mortality was low, some deaths may have been avoided if better prenatal and delivery care, as well as newborn assistance had been offered.     

The neonatal respiratory outcome in relation to timing of elective cesarean section at 38 versus 39 week gestation: A single center based study

BackgroundCesarean delivery per se is a risk factor of respiratory morbidity in term neonates and its timing is an adding factor of increased rates of respiratory complications.ObjectiveWe aimed to identify the association between elective cesarean delivery at 38 versus 39 week gestation and neonatal respiratory morbidity.Materials and methodsWe selected 200 pregnant women who underwent elective cesarean delivery at 38 or 39 week gestation at the Kasr El-Aini hospital. Mothers were subjected to ultrasound examination. Neonates with respiratory distress were subjected to laboratory investigations and chest X-ray.ResultsWe found no association between the development of any type of respiratory distress and maternal age or parity. The prevalence of respiratory morbidity was 25% in group A compared to 11% in group B (p = 0.01) and risk estimation showed that delivery at 38 weeks carries 2.7 time risk of having a newborn suffering from respiratory morbidity (95% CI: 1.2–5.8). TTN was observed in 11% of group A compared to 7% of newborns of group B (p = 0.6). RDS developed in 3 cases of group A, while none of group B developed RDS (p = 0.1). The rate of NICU admission, mechanical ventilation in the 1st 24 h and long hospital stay were insignificantly higher in group A (p>0.05). There were no neonatal deaths in both groups.ConclusionElective cesarean delivery at 39 week gestation is associated with a better neonatal respiratory outcome. Further studies are recommended to identify the best time of elective cesarean delivery associated with the least neonatal and maternal morbidity.     

Clinical features of neonates treated in the intensive care unit for respiratory distress

The aim of this study was to determine the indications for hospitalization, clinical features, and risk factors in neonates treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) for respiratory distress. Patients who were treated in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for respiratory distress between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2008 were included in the study. The indications for hospitalization, duration of hospitalization, clinical features, risk factors, maternal age, number of pregnancies, duration of antibiotic treatment, and mortality rate were retrospectively obtained from hospital records and evaluated. The medical records of 240 neonates treated in the ICU during a one-year period were evaluated. Of the neonates, 64.6% were boys, 20.4% were premature, and 71.7% were born by cesarean section. The most frequent indication for hospitalization was tachypnea of the newborn (76.7%). Meconium aspiration syndrome and respiratory distress syndrome were also among the frequent indications for admission to the NICU. Recognition of risk factors for respiratory distress in neonates is crucial for development of prevention and early treatment strategies, and correct timing of elective cesarean sections is important for reduction in morbidity and mortality.     

Levels of total and free tryptophan in maternal and in umbilical blood of infants born by vaginal delivery and by elective cesarean section

The variations of total and free tryptophan levels in samples of maternal and umbilical blood obtained on the occasion of elective cesarean section have been compared with similar samples taken from vaginal deliveries. In the neonates studied the umbilical blood levels of total and free tryptophan have been found to be higher than in the blood of the respective mothers, while the percentage of free tryptophan is comparable. In addition, the umbilical blood levels of both fractions of tryptophan appeared to be higher in newborn infants after spontaneous delivery than in those after elective cesarean section. These data show an active transport of tryptophan through the placental barrier that seems to be favored by spontaneous delivery.     

Early postnatal changes in the perfusion index in term newborns with subclinical chorioamnionitis

BACKGROUND: Chorioamnionitis (HCA) in term newborns is often subclinical and associated with neonatal morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of the pulse oximetry perfusion index (PI) in the early prediction of subclinical HCA in term newborns. METHODS: PI cut-off values were first identified in 51 term newborns with HCA and 115 matched controls, retrospectively categorised on the basis of placental histology (study phase 1). The PI thresholds obtained were subsequently tested on an unselected case series of 329 prospectively recruited, term newborns (study phase 2). PI was evaluated during the first five minutes after delivery. Initial illness severity and short term clinical outcomes were determined. RESULTS: In study phase 1, newborns with HCA had lower PI one and five minutes (p<0.0001) after delivery, lower one minute Apgar score (p = 0.017), lower cord blood base excess (p = 0.0001), together with higher rates of admission to neonatal intensive care unit (p = 0.0001) and endotracheal intubation (p = 0.017), and higher SNAP-PE (p<0.0001) and NTISS (p<0.0001) scores than those without HCA. In the prospective validation phase of the study, the PI cut-off values generated (one minute < or =1.74, five minutes < or =2.18) showed 100% sensitivity, 99.4% specificity, 93.7% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value in identifying subclinical HCA. Early identification of HCA was associated with a decreased rate of admission to intensive care (p = 0.012), as well as lower initial illness severity (p< or =0.0001) and therapeutic intensity (p = 0.0006) than the newborns with HCA in phase 1. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that early PI monitoring is helpful in identifying HCA in term newborns.     

Effect of placenta previa on neonatal respiratory disorders and amniotic lamellar body counts at 36–38 weeks of gestation

Background

Pregnancies with placenta previa are significantly associated with preterm delivery and cesarean section. Therefore particular attention should be paid to the incidence of neonatal respiratory disorders in pregnancies with placenta previa.

Aims

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between placenta previa and neonatal respiratory disorders, including respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), and to evaluate the impact of placenta previa on the amniotic lamellar body count (LBC) values.

Methods

We analyzed the data from 186 registered elective cesarean cases without fetal or maternal complications at 36–38 weeks of gestation. Amniotic fluid samples were analyzed immediately without centrifugation, and the LBC was measured using a platelet channel on the Sysmex XE-2100.

Results

RDS was present in four neonates (2.2%) and TTN in 12 neonates (6.5%). The rate of TTN was significantly higher and the LBC values were significantly lower in the placenta previa group than in the control group (P = 0.002 and P = 0.024). The adjusted odds ratio for neonatal TTN was 7.20 (95% confidence interval: 6.58–7.88) among females with placenta previa. In placenta previa, warning bleeding was a significant factor protecting against neonatal respiratory disorders (P = 0.046).

Conclusions

Placenta previa in itself is a risk factor for neonatal TTN. When an elective cesarean section is performed in cases with uncomplicated placenta previa, special care should be taken to monitor for neonatal TTN even at 36–38 weeks of gestation.     

The influence of timing of elective cesarean section on neonatal resuscitation risk.

OBJECTIVE: Cesarean section has negative effects on the physiologic responses to birth, including the development of lung volumes, pulmonary vascular resistance, and biochemical responses. The objective of this study was to examine the association between the timing of delivery between 37 and 42 wks gestation and neonatal resuscitation risk in elective cesarean section. DESIGN: Observational, cohort study. SETTING: Maternity Department of Padua University, Italy. SUBJECTS: All pregnant women who delivered by elective cesarean section at term during a 3-yr period were identified from a perinatal database and compared retrospectively with pregnant women who delivered vaginally and matched for week of gestation. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Comparative neonatal resuscitation risk (odds ratio, OR; confidence interval, CI) was analyzed. During this time, 1,284 (13%) elective cesarean section deliveries occurred at or after 37 wks of gestation. Forty-four (3.4%) newborns delivered by elective cesarean section and 18 (1.4%) newborns vaginally delivered needed positive pressure ventilation resuscitation by laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube. Positive pressure ventilation resuscitation risk was significantly higher in the infant group delivered by elective cesarean section compared with vaginal delivery (OR, 2.05; CI, 1.25-5.67; p < .01) and involved both laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube resuscitation maneuvers (OR, 2.77 CI, 1.26-5.8; p < .01 and OR, 2.9; CI, 1.02-7.81; p < .01, respectively). In the period of weeks 37(+0) to 38(+6), positive pressure ventilation resuscitation risk and single laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube resuscitation maneuver risk were significantly greatly increased (OR, 4.25; CI, 1.46-16.12; p < .01; OR, 2.25; CI, 1.46-6.12; p < .01; and OR, 11.3; CI, 2.15-16.0; p < .01, respectively). After 38(+6) weeks, there was no significant difference in positive pressure ventilation resuscitation risk. CONCLUSIONS: Elective cesarean section at term, in an obstetric population without prenatally identified risk factors, remains associated with increased resuscitation risk with related implications for the neonate compared with vaginal delivery. A significant reduction in neonatal resuscitation risk would be obtained by waiting until week 39(+0) before performing elective cesarean section.     

Early dynamic changes in pulse oximetry signals in preterm newborns with histologic chorioamnionitis.

OBJECTIVE: No reliable clinical markers of histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA), a major and often subclinical cause of prematurity leading to high neonatal morbidity and mortality, are available to date. Increasing evidence indicates myocardial dysfunctions in affected fetuses and newborns. We sought to assess the value of nonlinear dynamics from pulse oximetry signals in identifying affected newborns. DESIGN: Prospective case-control study. SETTING: Tertiary level neonatal intensive care unit, Brindisi Hospital. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTION: Pulse oximetry-derived signals (pulse rate, oxygen saturation, and perfusion index), recorded within the first 1.5 hrs of life, were analyzed for 110 very low-birth-weight infants, of whom 54 had histopathological evidence of HCA. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Four different time series parameters were determined for nonlinear dynamical (NLD) analysis. Significantly decreased Lempel-Ziv, Lyapunov largest exponent, and correlation dimension, with significantly increased Hurst values for heart rate and perfusion index (p < .00001), were observed in newborns with HCA. Heart rate Lempel-Ziv 相似文献   

Restricted versus Standard Maintenance Fluid Volume in Management of Transient Tachypnea of Newborn: A Clinical Trial

Objective: The incidence of Transient Tachypnea of Newborn (TTN) is higher in infants born by cesarean section than with  vaginal delivery. Treatment of transient tachypnea of newborn is supportive. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of restricted fluid volume intake on the course of respiratory distress in patients with TTN. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental clinical trial of 83 neonates diagnosed with TTN admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit in south west Iran. In this study the effect of restriction of maintenance fluid volume in the course of respiratory distress in newborns with transient tachypnea was assessed. Findings: In the standard fluid volume intake group 18 (42.8%) cases needed nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) and one (2.38%) case mechanical ventilation, and in restricted fluid volume intake group 13 (32.5%) cases needed NCPAP and two (5%) cases mechanical ventilation. 54.82% of cases were supported with oxyhood in the standard fluid volume and 62.5% in the restricted fluid volume intake group. Differences in duration of the needed NCPAP and oxygen hood between the two groups were significant. Fluid restriction had no adverse effect on the urine specific gravity or weight loss of the studied newborns. Conclusion: Limited fluid administered to newborns with transient tachypnea of newborn is safe and resulted in shorter duration of respiratory support.Key Words: Transient Tachypnea of Newborn, Specific Gravity, Fluid, Newborns, Cesarean Section     

Neonatal consequences of benzodiazepines used during the last month of pregnancy]

INTRODUCTION: Since benzodiazepines (BZD) are largely prescribed during pregnancy, the Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (RPVC) of Tours regularly deals with questions about the risk of their administration to pregnant women and the monitoring of the newborns exposed in utero to these drugs. During the third trimester, we recommend a switch in the BZD maternal treatment to oxazepam, which has an intermediary half-life and no active metabolite, and a hospitalisation of the newborn in order to monitor his respiratory rate. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the neonatal consequences of BZD used at the end of pregnancy and to analysed if our recommendations were taken into account and if they were appropriate. METHODS: From 1989 to the end of 2002, we studied the files in which women had received a BZD during the 30 days prior to delivery. We analysed maternal treatments, the outcome of pregnancy and the development of the newborn, the therapeutically attitude recommended and whether or not it was respected. RESULTS: A total of 73 files were selected. Seventy neonates were born to 73 women. The newborns were hospitalised (73%) and they developed adverse reactions possibly related to the use of BZD (51,5%) : an impregnation syndrome (42%) characterized by hypotonia and hypoventilation, and a withdrawal syndrome (20%) with tremulations as the main symptom. CONCLUSION: Considering the most frequent neonatal manifestations, hospitalization and the respiratory monitoring recommended by the RPVC seemed adequate. However, the switch to oxazepam was seldom done and its advantages should be pointed out.     

Neonatal respiratory morbidity risk and mode of delivery at term: influence of timing of elective caesarean delivery

AIM: To establish whether the timing of delivery between 37 + 0 and 41 + 6 wk gestation influences neonatal respiratory outcome in elective caesarean delivery, following uncomplicated pregnancy, thus providing information that can be used to aid planning of elective delivery at term. METHODS: All pregnant women who were delivered by elective caesarean delivery at term during a 3-y period were identified from a perinatal database and compared retrospectively with pregnant women matched for week of gestation, who were vaginally delivered. Maternal characteristics, neonatal outcome, incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) were analysed. During this time, 1284 elective caesarean section deliveries occurred at or after 37 + 0 wk of gestation. RESULTS: Neonatal respiratory morbidity risk (odds ratio, OR), including RDS and TTN, was significantly higher in the infant group delivered by elective caesarean delivery compared with vaginal delivery (OR 2.6; 95% CI: 1.35-5.9; p < 0.01). While TTN risk in caesarean delivery was not increased (OR 1.19; 95% CI: 0.58-2.4; p > 0.05), the RDS risk was significantly increased (OR 5.85; 95% CI: 2.27-32.4; p < 0.01). This RDS risk is greatly increased in weeks 37 + 0 to 38 + 6 (OR 12.9; 95% CI: 3.57-35.53; p < 0.01). After 39 + 0 wk, there was no significant difference in RDS risk. CONCLUSIONS: Infants born by elective caesarean delivery at term are at increased risk for developing respiratory disorders compared with those born by vaginal delivery. A significant reduction in neonatal RDS would be obtained if elective caesarean delivery were performed after 39 + 0 gestational weeks of pregnancy.     

Neonatal myasthenia gravis]

BACKGROUND: Myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease of young women, is due to the dysfunction of neuromuscular transmission. The newborn of a myasthenic mother inconstantly presents a transitory neonatal myasthenic syndrome. Maternal aggravation, or even myasthenic crisis with respiratory failure, can occur in the first three months post-partum. CASE REPORT: Mrs. S., para two without appreciable medical history, delivered normally a boy weighing 4 kg with an Apgar score of 10/10. At 3 h of life the newborn was admitted to the neonatal care unit for grunting and axial hypotonia. Diagnoses of maternal-fetal infection and fetal distress were excluded. The dissociated pattern of neurological disorders (refusal to drink, axial hypotonia, hypomimia, but good contact and normal alertness) led to search for neuromuscular causes or poison. Myasthenia gravis was then considered and confirmed by maternal electromyography, allowing the diagnosis of transient neonatal myasthenia gravis and early diagnosis and treatment of the maternal myasthenic crisis in a specialized care unit. The outcome of both mother and child was favorable under treatment. CONCLUSION: Lack of maternal myasthenia gravis history should not result in excluding the diagnosis of transitory neonatal myasthenia gravis when evocative neonatal neurological signs are present. The symptomatology in the newborn may indeed reveal maternal myasthenia gravis, allowing an early diagnosis in both the mother and the newborn.     

Serum growth-promoting activity measured as [3H]thymidine incorporation into human activated lymphocytes and serum transferrin levels in newborns and mothers

Serum growth-promoting activity measured as [3H]thymidine incorporation into human activated lymphocytes and serum transferrin levels were measured during the perinatal period in newborns and mothers. Both thymidine activity (TA) and transferrin levels were significantly increased at the time of delivery in mothers compared to control women, and there was a progressive return to control levels in the first 5 postpartum days. A significant correlation was found between TA and placental weight. In the newborns, TA was low in cord blood after vaginal delivery but not in the cord blood from babies born by cesarean section. In premature newborns, TA was lower than in full term newborns. In all newborns during the first 24 postnatal hours, there was an increase in TA with levels rising above adult control values: levels in cord blood were positively correlated with birth weight but not with thymidine activity. These data afford complementary insights into the humoral controls of growth in newborn infants.     

吸毒孕妇所生新生儿临床结局分析

目的 分析吸毒孕妇围生儿的临床结局.方法 回顾性分析105例吸毒孕妇所生新生儿的临床资料,包括早产儿、低体重儿、新生儿窒息、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(neonatal respiratory distress syndrome,NRDS)、颅内出血、先天畸形及死亡,并与50例健康孕妇所生的新生儿(对照组)进行比较,同时观察新生儿戒断综合征的发生情况.结果 105例吸毒孕妇中,自然分娩80例,剖宫产25例.早产56例(53.3％),平均出生体重(2 534±1 234)g,新生儿窒息25例(23.8％),NRDS 18例(17.1％),颅内出血16例(15.2％),先天畸形3例(2.9％).吸毒孕妇所生新生儿胎龄及出生体重低于对照组,吸毒孕妇围生儿发生早产、低体重儿、新生儿窒息、NRDS及颅内出血的比例高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与吸毒时间≤2年者比较,吸毒时间＞2年者所生新生儿早产、低体重儿、新生儿窒息、NRDS的比例更高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).静脉注射吸毒孕妇发生早产、低体重儿、新生儿窒息、NRDS的比例高于口服吸毒者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).吸毒组新生儿红细胞、白细胞、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸转氨酶高于对照组,血小板及白蛋白低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).共30例新生儿出现新生儿戒断综合征表现.105例新生儿中治愈99例,死亡6例,死亡原因包括3例NRDS合并肺部感染,1例严重颅内出血,1例窒息,1例多器官功能衰竭.结论 吸毒会导致新生儿早产增加,窒息及NRDS的比例升高.妊娠晚期吸毒会导致新生儿戒断综合征.     

儿童支气管哮喘与母孕期及新生儿期相关影响因素分析

目的 分析儿童支气管哮喘在母孕期及新生儿期的影响因素,为早期防治儿童哮喘提供依据。方法 选择306例哮喘患儿(哮喘组)和250例正常儿童(对照组),对所有儿童母孕期和新生儿期的临床资料进行调查。结果 单因素分析显示哮喘组与对照组在孕期使用抗生素、新生儿期使用抗生素、新生儿期服用益生菌、早产、剖宫产、低出生体重、母乳喂养方面比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,孕期使用抗生素(OR=3.908,95%CI:1.277~11.962)、新生儿期使用抗生素(OR=24.154,95%CI:7.864~74.183)、早产(OR=8.535,95%CI:2.733~26.652)及剖宫产(OR=4.588,95%CI:2.887~7.291)为儿童哮喘的独立危险因素;而新生儿期服用益生菌(OR=0.014,95%CI:0.004~0.046)及母乳喂养6个月(OR=0.161,95%CI:0.103~0.253)为儿童哮喘的保护因素。结论 孕期减少抗生素的使用、减少剖宫产、新生儿期避免滥用抗生素、尽量母乳喂养、尽早添加益生菌可对儿童哮喘起到一定的早期预防作用。     

Natural killer cell activity and delivery: possible influence of cortisol and anesthetic agents. A study on newborn cord blood

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the method of delivery, the level of cord blood lidocaine, and the cortisol concentration on the cord blood natural killer (NK) activity in the full-term healthy newborn. We studied healthy newborns delivered by elective cesarean section without labor under general anesthesia (n = 24), delivered by cesarean section under epidural anesthesia (n = 21), and delivered vaginally with uncomplicated labor (n = 19). The NK cell activity was significantly lower in newborns delivered by cesarean section under epidural anesthesia than it was in the general anesthesia group, while it was similar to the levels found in vaginally delivered newborns. The cortisol concentration was highest in the vaginal delivery group (589.2 +/- 200 mmol/l) and lowest in the general anesthesia group (199.2 +/- 81.9 mmol/l). The mean serum lidocaine concentration was 414.1 +/- 370 microgram/l in the epidural anesthesia group and undetectable in the other groups. In conclusion, our data suggest that the cord blood NK activity was significantly influenced by the method of delivery. This effect could be related to anesthetics given to the mother for general or epidural anesthesia or to the endocrine-metabolic variations observed after different degrees of delivery-related stress. The NK cells being a first-line defense mechanism against viral infections, the results of this study suggest an association with the occurrence of early perinatal infections, especially in preterm infants.     

Relationship between placental perfusion and endocrine parameters of pregnants in cases of intrauterine growth retardation

The placental perfusion index (PPI) measured I-27 days before delivery was compared with maternal urinary and serum oestriol (OT) and serum human chorial somatomammotropine (HCS) levels in the mothers of 24 newborns born with intrauterine growth retardation. No significant correlation between placental perfusion and the above endocrine parameters was found. Placental perfusion was not reduced in every case of intrauterine growth retardation. Mathematical analysis has shown that hit accuracy can be increased by the use of more endocrine parameters in pathological pregnancy.