打压植骨联合钛网治疗髋关节翻修术中髋臼缺损疗效的中长期随访

[目的]观察打压植骨联合钛网治疗髋关节翻修术中髋臼缺损的中长期疗效。[方法]2005年1月~2008年12月间,对24例需行髋关节翻修患者采用打压植骨联合钛网重建髋臼缺损,男7例,女17例,平均年龄67岁(58~75岁),初次置换距翻修手术平均8.1年(3~16年),髋臼缺损按Paprosky分型:ⅡC型15例,ⅢA型9例,翻修均选用同种异体骨及骨水泥假体,术后及随访时进行X线评估及Harris评分。[结果]24例患者术后平均随访7.1年(5~9年),术后早期均未见感染、脱位、假体周围骨折等并发症。截止至末次随访除1例再次翻修外均未发生假体松动及再行翻修治疗。患者Harris评分由术前平均38分(12~56分)增至末次随访时的86分(81~92分)。[结论]对于Paprosky分型ⅡC及ⅢA型髋臼骨缺损,打压植骨结合钛网固定技术可获得较满意的中长期疗效。     

颗粒打压植骨联合金属钛网用于中度 髋臼缺损髋翻修的早期研究

目的：对应用颗粒松质骨打压植骨联合金属钛网于伴有中度髋臼骨缺损的全髋关节翻修术中髋臼重建方法进行早期临床效果分析;比较该方法用于不同类型骨缺损的效果差异。 研究对象及方法：整理筛选我院2008年7月-2015年3月间金属钛网联合颗粒骨打压植骨技术行髋臼骨缺损重建的19例（19例髋,男8,女11）。骨缺损采用Paprosky分型：IIB型7例,IIC型11例,IIIA型1例。术后定期复查髋部X线,并于复查时行髋关节恢复情况的评估。 研究结果：19例均获得临床及影像结果的完整随访,平均随访时长4.7年。除去一例行再次翻修,所有患者髋臼旋转中心均得到了良好重建;移植骨状况良好,和宿主骨不同程度的整合;影像学资料未见明显假体松动。HHS评分由翻修前平均47.51分提高至末次随访时平均90.3分。术后假体4.7年以再次翻修为研究终点的生存率为94.7%。SF-36生活质量评分得到了提高。IIB和IIC型之间对比无统计学差异。 研究结论：金属钛网联合颗粒松质骨打压植骨用于伴有骨缺损的髋关节翻修,适用于Paprosky IIB和IIC型髋臼缺损,两者疗效相当,早期临床效果良好。 关键词：全髋关节翻修术;金属钛网;髋臼缺损;颗粒打压植骨     

颗粒骨打压植骨技术在治疗髋臼骨缺损中的应用

目的介绍颗粒状松质骨打压植骨技术对髋臼骨缺损的重建方法。方法应用该技术对23例髋臼侧假体翻修患者及4例陈旧性髋臼骨折行人工全髋关节置换患者进行植骨,植骨块来源于深低温冰箱梯度降温后的冷冻干燥骨。术后进行临床评估及X线评估。结果术后平均随访3．1年,Harris评分平均提高36分,无1例假体需要再次翻修,有3例在X线上出现髋臼侧透亮带。结论打压植骨技术可以有效治疗髋臼骨缺损,应注重对颗粒松质骨的制备,植骨床的准备及对植骨块的紧密打压和固定。     

植骨技术结合金属网杯重建髋臼骨缺损在全髋关节置换术中的应用

 目的 评估植骨技术结合金属网杯重建髋臼骨缺损在全髋关节置换术中的应用价值。方法 2008年1月至2011年11月,采用植骨技术结合金属网杯重建全髋关节置换术中髋臼骨缺损32例(32髋),男23例,女9例;年龄51~76岁,平均66岁。初次全髋关节置换6例,翻修26例。PaproskyⅡB型骨缺损12例,采用打压植骨结合钛网重建;ⅡC型骨缺损13例,采用打压植骨结合钛网重建7例、打压植骨结合金属加强杯重建6例;ⅢA型骨缺损7例,采用结构植骨+打压植骨结合带翼金属加强杯重建6例、双层打压植骨结合钛网及金属加强杯重建1例。疗效通过影像学Gill金属网杯松动评定标准和Harris髋关节评分进行评估。结果 全部病例获得随访,随访时间12~25个月,平均22个月。术后12个月Harris髋关节评分由术前(44.00±11.71)分提高至(78.41±9.32)分;优24例、良4例、可4例,优良率87.5%。3例出现髋臼旋转中心轻度移位,1例发生脱位,其余28例未发生固定物松动、下沉及植骨吸收。结论 根据髋臼缺损Paprosky分型选择钛网或金属加强杯结合打压植骨或结构性植骨技术,可以重建髋臼骨缺损,从而提高髋臼杯的稳定性。     

加强杯联合植骨技术修复翻修术中巨大髋臼骨缺损

[目的]介绍加强杯联合植骨技术在髋关节翻修手术中巨大髋臼骨缺损的修复应用。[方法]回顾分析2002—2007年，8例在翻修术中存在严重髋臼骨缺损患者，按D’Antonio分类：ⅡB型1例，ⅡC型2例，Ⅲ型5例；加强杯联合颗粒打压植骨3例，加强杯联合颗粒骨植骨＋结构性植骨5例；术后进行临床评估及X线评估。[结果]术后平均随访时间2．7年（6—49个月），未出现假体失败而需要再次翻修病例，植骨组织未见明显骨吸收。Harris评分系统评估患者髋关节功能，术后平均提高47分。[结论]采用颗粒骨打压植骨技术修复腔隙性骨缺损，结构性植骨恢复髋臼后方结构的完整，提高局部骨量，增加假体的骨性接触面，同时利用加强杯固定植骨组织，稳定假体，该方法可有效修复髋臼侧的巨大骨缺损。     

辐照深冻异体骨打压植骨在髋臼翻修中的应用

目的 研究辐照深冻异体骨用于髋臼翻修中严重骨缺损的打压植骨重建的临床效果.方法 2006年2月至2009年1月髋关节翻修术中共有20例21髋应用打压植骨技术结合金属网重建严重髋臼侧骨缺损,18例19髋获得随访.患者翻修时平均年龄为64.4岁(43～81岁).采用Paprosky分型,本组患者均有髋臼骨缺损,其中PaproskyⅡB型4髋,PaproskyⅡC型8髋,PaproskyⅢA型5髋,PaproskyⅢB型2髋.手术用金属网修复髋臼节段性缺损,采用辐照深冻同种异体颗粒骨打压植骨结合骨水泥臼杯完成髋臼翻修.患者术后定期进行影像学和临床评估,观察手术前后髋关节Harris评分变化,假体移位松动及异体骨骨整合情况,及术中、术后并发症等.术前Harris评分平均42.5分(31～56分).术前疼痛评分平均14.4分(10～20分).结果 患者平均随访时间22.4个月(12～48个月).术后Harris评分提高到88.6分(82～96分).术后疼痛评分提高至平均42.3分(40～44分).并发症:术后感染1例,经清创愈合.股神经损伤1例,术后1年随访时已恢复正常.1例患者术后出现股骨近端外侧皮质吸收,大粗隆骨折.有1例Paprosky ⅢB型患者出现金属网及髋臼杯明显移位等影像学松动表现,其余18髋的髋臼假体稳定,未发现臼杯在垂直和水平方向大于1 mm的移位,也未发现髋臼假体外展角的改变;植骨层和宿主骨床可见连续骨小梁通过、移植骨与周围骨床骨密度趋向一致等骨整合表现.结论 金属网与打压植骨及骨水泥髋臼技术联合应用能有效地完成髋臼的生物学翻修.辐照深冻异体骨用于打压植骨能与周围骨床很好的整合.     

打压植骨结合金属网重建髋臼严重骨缺损

目的 评价打压植骨结合金属网重建严重骨缺损髋臼的中期临床效果,分析Paprosky骨缺损分型在评价骨缺损时的重要性.方法 1998年12月至2007年12月采用打压植骨技术结合使用金属网片和(或)金属网杯进行严重髋臼缺损重建63例(67髋),所有患者均为AAOS Ⅲ型混合型缺损.其中58例患者(61髋)获得了完整随访,平均63个月.Paprosky Ⅱ B 19例(20髋),Paprosky Ⅱ C 27例(28髋),Paprosky Ⅲ A 12例(13髋).术前Harris髋关节评分平均41.7分(21～52分).术后随访时进行临床疗效、影像学及并发症等评估.结果 58例(61髋)患者Harris髋关节评分术后平均89.2分(81～98分),术后优良率达93%,除3例发生聚乙烯髋臼从网杯中脱出外,其余55例患者髋臼无影像学松动.1例使用金属网杯患者髋臼旋转中心未能恢复正常.3例术后脱位患者,其中2例手法复位,1例切开复位,均获成功.术后发生感染1例(1.6%),经二期翻修打压植骨成功治愈.结论 异体骨打压植骨配合金属网是处理严重髋臼骨缺损的理想技术.建议在使用打压植骨技术对严重髋臼缺损重建时,采用AAOS分型结合Paprosky分型方法对缺损的严重程度进行评价.金属网杯不适用于严重髋臼骨缺损的打压植骨重建.     

异体骨移植修复髋关节翻修术中骨缺损的中期随访

[目的]探讨在髋关节翻修中采用异体骨修复骨缺损的中期疗效.[方法]对2000～2005年间采用异体骨修复髋关节翻修术中骨缺损而获得随访的22例22髋进行回顾性分析,其中男13例,女9例;年龄45～80岁,平均65.5岁.根据AAOS分型:髋臼缺损I型5髋,II型14髋,III型3髋;股骨缺损I型3髋,II型12髋,III型2髋,5髋无明显缺损.骨缺损重建方法:髋臼侧结构性植骨5髋;颗粒骨植骨12髋;钛网联合颗粒骨植骨5髋.股骨侧结构性植骨3髋;颗粒骨植骨12髋;钛网联合颗粒骨植骨2髋;5髋没有植骨.根据Harris评分和X线对其临床效果进行评估.[结果]术后平均随访61个月,Harris评分由翻修前平均45分增加至术后86分.1例出现伤口渗液;1例仍轻度疼痛.未见假体移位及透亮带,没有再翻修病例.[结论]全髋翻修中,根据骨缺损类型,选用相应异体骨修复骨缺损,中期随访效果满意.     

颗粒骨打压植骨结合非骨水泥臼固定在髋臼翻修中的应用

目的 探讨颗粒骨打压植骨结合非骨水泥臼在髋臼翻修中的临床应用.方法 应用颗粒骨打压植骨结合非骨水泥臼技术重建髋臼骨缺损10例,术中使用异体颗粒骨直径4～6 mm,髋臼假体均为生物型髋臼,上2或3枚螺钉固定,内衬均为高交联聚乙烯.结果 切口均一期愈合,无感染、脱位等并发症发生.随访9～28个月,平均19.5个月,X线片上髋臼骨床、颗粒骨及假体界面未见明显透亮带存在,原骨缺损区修复良好.Harris评分术前平均38.1分,术后平均85.5分.结论 颗粒骨打压植骨结合非骨水泥臼固定方法可有效修复髋关节翻修中髋臼AAOSⅡ、Ⅲ型骨缺损,恢复骨量,并能提供良好的早期稳定性.     

颗粒打压植骨联合金属钛网应用于中度髋臼缺损髋翻修的早期研究

目的 分析颗粒松质骨打压植骨联合金属钛网应用于伴有中度髋臼骨缺损的全髋关节翻修术的早期临床效果，并比较该方法用于不同类型骨缺损的效果差异。方法 回顾性分析我院2008年7月至2015年3月采用金属钛网联合颗粒骨打压植骨技术行髋臼骨缺损翻修重建的19例（19髋）病人的临床资料，其中男8例，女11例。骨缺损采用Paprosky分型：ⅡB型7例，ⅡC型11例，ⅢA型1例。通过术后定期复查的髋部X线片评估术后的移植骨整合情况、假体稳定性及髋关节旋转中心的位置；分析比较病人手术前后各时间点的改良髋关节Harris评分（hip Harris score, HHS）及SF-36生活质量评分；采用Kaplan-Meier法对假体进行生存分析；比较ⅡB和ⅡC型骨缺损病人在上述指标方面的差异。结果 19例病人随访10~76个月，平均随访时间为4.7年。19例病人的移植骨状况良好，和宿主骨不同程度整合；1例病人因假体周围感染致假体松动行再次翻修；所有病人髋臼旋转中心均得到了良好重建；HHS评分由术前的（47.51±5.91）分提高至末次随访时的（90.30±5.53）分，差异有统计学意义（t=17.005，P=0.010）；SF-36生活质量评分术后也得到了显著提高；术后4.7年以再次翻修为研究终点的假体生存率为94.7%。ⅡB和ⅡC型骨缺损病人在上述指标的差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）。结论 金属钛网联合颗粒松质骨打压植骨用于伴有骨缺损的髋关节翻修，早期临床效果良好，且对于Paprosky ⅡB和ⅡC型髋臼缺损的疗效相当。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.