国人肝段在冠状断层上的划分

目的：为肝内微小病变精确定位诊断和外科治疗提供冠状断层解剖学依据。方法：采用30例上腹部连续冠状断层标本、20例肝内门静脉和肝静脉解剖正常的薄层MSCT断层图像及其三维重建图像,在冠状断层上对其门静脉肝段进行精确划分。结果：经胆囊、门静脉左支及肝左静脉的冠状断面上,肝中静脉主干是划分右前上叶和左前下叶的识别标志,门静脉左支角部是左前下叶的段间裂识别标志,亦是右前上叶和左前下叶的亚段间裂识别标志。经肝门静脉主干的冠状断面上,门静脉右前支主干是右前上叶的段间裂识别标志,该层面以前为右前上叶的腹侧段,该层面以后则为右前上叶的背侧段。经网膜孔的冠状断面上、下腔静脉的右缘是划分尾状叶和右半肝的识别标志,门静脉右后支主干是划分右前上叶背侧段和右后下叶下段的标志,经下腔静脉和肝右静脉的冠状面上,肝右静脉主干是划分右前上叶的背侧段和右后下叶上段的标志;门静脉右后支主干是右后下叶的段间裂识别标志。结论：国人门静脉肝段在冠状断面上的精确划分,不仅有利于肝内微小病变的精确定位,且有利于探索新的和更加安全的外科术式。     

右半肝内门静脉的断层影像解剖学研究

目的 探讨右半肝内门静脉的走行、分布规律及门静脉肝裂和肝静脉的关系,进而为肝段的划分提供断层解剖学依据. 方法使用30例上腹部连续断层标本(10例横断面、20例冠状面)以及20例多层螺旋CT图像和三维图像,探讨右半肝内门静脉的分支类型和常见变异以及肝内门静脉和肝静脉之间的关系. 结果 50例标本和图像中,右半肝内门静脉均可分为前上和后下两组分支.76%(38150)的门静脉右前支的分支向后分布至肝右静脉后方的部分区域.40%(20/50)的门静脉右后支的起始部向尾侧发出的第一分支分布至肝右静脉前的部分区域.门静脉右前支的分布区域,越过肝中静脉偏向左侧,在15例无门静脉右支主干的标本和图像中尤其明显.肝右前叶无明显横裂存在.门静脉的亚段分型有显著的个体差异,且无优势分支类型. 结论右半肝可分为右前上叶和右后下叶,两叶之间为一弯曲的"裂隙".肝右前上叶有一恒定的纵裂存在.肝右静脉不是右叶间裂的准确定位标志,尤其在其上份和下份.肝中静脉不是正中裂的准确识别标志,尤其在门静脉右支主干缺如的人群中.     

肝左内叶及右前叶肝段超声解剖

目的:为发生于肝左内叶和右前叶的肝占位性疾病治疗提供超声解剖资料。方法:随机选取健康成人61例(男42,女19),利用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪经腹途径获取各断面超声声像图,并观察测量。结果:Ⅳa亚段内门静脉分支仅见1种类型;Ⅳb亚段内门静脉分支见2种类型,分别占62.30%、37.70%;右前叶门静脉分支见3种类型:a型占75.41%,b型占16.39%,c型占8.20%;左内叶两亚段间有48例可见肝静脉属支走行,占78.69%,其中肝中静脉属支占95.83%,肝左静脉属支占4.17%;右前叶两亚段间有54例可见肝静脉属支走行,占88.52%,其中肝中静脉属支占92.59%,肝右静脉属支占7.41%。结论:在超声水平,进一步证明右前叶两亚段间及左内叶两亚段间存在肝静脉属支,并可作为相邻两亚段间分界的解剖学标志。     

肝裂的定位与肝段的划分

目的：精确定位肝裂与肝段,为肝脏病变的诊断和治疗提供解剖学依据。方法：用过氯乙烯分色灌注肝静脉和门静脉。固定灌注后的肝脏,再用雕刻法移去肝组织,保留肝静脉和门静脉,并对其进行详细地解剖学观察。结果：3条肝静脉的位置可精确定位3条肝裂。门静脉左、右支可精确定位1条段间裂。肝裂和段问裂将肝脏分成5叶8段。结论：肝裂和段间裂确定了肝叶和肝段的精确定位与划分,对肝脏病变的诊断和治疗非常重要。     

Couinaud肝段在横断面上的划分

为给ＭＲ图像精定位肝内占位性病变提供断面解剖学依据，利用２０例腹部连续横断面标本，研究了肝段在横断面上的划分。正中裂为下腔静脉中点至肝中静脉或胆囊窝中份的连线；在叶间裂的上份为下腔静脉中点至镰状韧带的连线，门静脉左支脐部和肝圆韧带裂是其中、下份的天然标志；肝左静脉位一左段间裂中；右叶间裂为下腔静脉中点至肝右静脉的连结；肝门或门静脉右支可作为右段间裂的标志；背裂为下腔静脉缘至门静脉或静脉韧带裂右端的     

肝脏IVa、IVb亚段间分界的临床影像解剖学研究

目的通过研究在体肝脏的CT重建图像,确定肝脏左内侧叶IVa、IVb亚段间的分界及走行在两亚段之间的肝静脉属支。方法采用容积再现(volume rendering,VR)和最大密度投影(maximum intensity projection,MIP)两种方法,对49例在体肝脏CT扫描图像进行肝内血管的三维重建,寻找肝脏左内侧叶IVa、IVb两亚段间分界及走行在段间裂内的肝静脉属支及其汇入部位。结果在VR和NIP两种重建图像上,作为两亚段分界标志的肝静脉属支出现率分别为14.29%和87.75%,因此采用MIP法重建出的三维图像对于寻找肝内细小血管分支更适用。该支肝静脉属支的汇入部位可分为以下3种情况:①汇入肝中静脉主干有24例,占55.81%;②汇入肝中静脉左根有16例,占37.21%;③汇入肝左静脉有3例,占6.98%。结论通过CT三维重建图像可以确定肝脏IVa、IVb两亚段间分界,并且走行在该分界位置的肝静脉属支可作为两亚段间的分界标志,结果为临床上涉及肝脏左内侧叶IVa、IVb亚段的肝脏外科手术提供形态学依据。     

肝段在冠状断面上的划分：断层标本与磁共振图像对照研究

为给ＭＲ图像精确定位肝内占位性病变提供断面面解剖学依据，利用１０套成人肝连续冠状断层标本、３套躯干部连续冠状断层标本、４１例胎肝管道铸型及２３例正常肝ＭＲ冠状图像，研究了肝段在连续冠状断面上的划分。正中裂的产有部为肝中静脉至胆囊窝中点的连线，后部的为肝中静脉至门裂为肝左静脉至肝左缘中点的连线；右叶间裂依几呈冠状位的肝右静脉确定；右段间裂主要依门静脉分支来确定；背裂的前部为肝中静脉注入下腔静脉处至门     

肝段在矢状断面上的划分：断层标本与磁共振图像对照研究

目的：为ＭＲ矢状图像精确定位肝内占位性病变提供断层解剖学依据。方法：对照观察３８例腹部连续矢状断层标本、４１例胎肝管道铸型和８例活体腹部ＭＲ矢状图像，探讨肝段在矢状断面上的划分。结果：依肝左静脉可区分段Ⅱ和段Ⅲ，门静脉左支矢状部是段Ⅱ、段Ⅲ与段Ⅳ间的天然良界，段Ⅰ位于静脉韧带裂后方或／和下腔静脉前方，肝中静脉与肝门或胆囊窝的连线可用以区分段Ⅳ与段Ⅴ、段Ⅷ，依肝右静脉、胆囊窝和门静脉右支及其分支可区分出段Ⅴ、段Ⅷ、段Ⅵ、段Ⅶ。结论：依肝静脉、门静脉和肝的自然沟裂，在ＭＲ矢状图像上可精确划分肝段     

256排螺旋CT三维重建右半肝门静脉和肝静脉及其解剖关系的临床应用研究

目的 应用256排螺旋CT行上腹部血管造影,描述右半肝门静脉与肝静脉的CT表现、两者解剖关系和肝分段的再定义,探讨其临床意义。方法 随机收集100例受检者CT平扫及三期增强扫描图像,观察三维重建后右半肝门静脉分支、肝静脉属支的分布情况,并对相关数据进行统计学分析。结果 门静脉分布情况：S5段分为4型,A型66%,B型10%,C型8%,D型16%;S6段分为6型,A型56%,B型15%,C型4%,D型17%,E型4%,F型4%;S7段分为3型,A型73%,B型23%,C型4%;S8段分为5型,A型67%,B型3%,C型2%,D型8%,E型20%。肝静脉分布情况：肝左静脉、肝中静脉、肝右静脉分别汇入下腔静脉有45%,肝左静脉与肝中静脉形成共干汇入下腔静脉有55%;36%出现肝右下后静脉,11%肝右静脉细小,由发达的肝中静脉代偿性引流右半肝;15%肝中静脉主干位于门静脉主干分叉处上方,41%肝中静脉位于Rex-Cantlie线右侧。肝静脉与门静脉解剖关系分为4型,以A型最多,占64%,D型最少,占3%。结论 右半肝肝静脉和门静脉解剖形态复杂多样,门静脉主干变异时肝静脉与门静脉空间分布也随之发...     

左半肝段的解剖观察及临床意义

目的观察左中肝外侧叶的分段情况及肝动脉、门静脉在左半肝的走行,分支和分布规律、为临床开展左半肝活体肝移植提供应用解剖学资料。方法解剖经福尔马林固定灌注红色乳胶的尸体肝脏标本30例,观察左半肝动脉、门静脉的走行、分支和分布规律,并测量有关数据;在15个肝脏铸型标本(6例全管道综合灌注、9例经门静和肝静脉分别进行单一管道灌注),进一步对比观察左半肝左外侧叶、段的内部结构特点。结果左半肝由左叶间裂分成左外叶和左内叶,左外叶以左外间裂分为外叶上段和下段:肝左动脉起始外径为(0.351±0.23)cm,于长(3.64±1.30)cm,左外叶动脉起始肝左动脉2l例(占70%),起始其它动脉9例(占30%);门静脉左干起始外径(1.1±0.12)cm,干长(2.10±0.240)cm;门静脉左干从门静脉主干发出后向左横行,发出分支分布于左内叶、左外叶上、下段。结论左外叶上段比左外叶下段小,分别占全肝的5%～7%和8%～10%左右,适合1～3个月和6～12月龄患儿肝脏移植。在活体肝脏移植时,外科医生熟悉肝动脉、门静脉的解剖结构和变异情况,在供肝的切取,选用适宜的重建方式,设计合理的手术方法有重要的临床意义。     

Reconfirmation of the right medial division of the portal venous system of liver

With the development of hepatic surgery and radiology, an increasing amount of researchers have reported discrepancies between the real distribution of the hepatic portal vein branches and Couinaud's segmentation, especially for further division of the right medial division. The present study investigated 25 cadaveric liver dissections and 30 three-dimensional reconstruction images of intrahepatic vessels. The ramifications, course, distribution and quantity of the portal branches were analyzed. An oblique fissure that had few vessels was found among third-order branches of the hepatic portal vein of the right medial division. The right medial division could be redivided into the ventral subsegment and dorsal subsegment by this oblique fissure. A hepatic vein coursed in the oblique fissure between the ventral subsegment and dorsal subsegment. The hepatic vein could serve as an anatomical landmark of the inter-subsegmental plane. This new method of identifying further division of the right medial division is a novel concept providing further information on conventional segmental anatomy.     

基于肝内肝门静脉解剖的肝脏右前叶分段新概念

目的根据肝内肝门静脉的走形分布,提出肝脏分段的新概念,为影像学和肝脏外科提供资料。方法采用60例正常的活体肝移植供肝影像资料,研究右前叶肝内肝门静脉的走形和分布以及肝静脉及其属支的回流范围,10例Mevis三维软件重建图像,探讨两者之间的关系。结果 Couinaud分段中的Ⅷ段门脉支可大致分为腹侧支和背侧支,最多可达4支;约90%的背侧支越过肝右静脉分布到Couinaud分段中的VII段。V段的门脉分支大多来自右前叶或Ⅷ段门脉的腹侧支。因此,可将右前叶分为腹侧段:Couinaud分段中的Ⅷ段的腹侧段(S8v)和V段(S5)背侧段:Couinaud分段中的Ⅷ段的背侧段(S8d)两个部分。结论新的划分方法不仅有利于肝内病变的精确定位,而且便于肝脏外科实施新的、更安全的术式。     

Right ligamentum teres joining to the right branch of the portal vein

Ligamentum teres joining to the right branch of the portal vein in a 79-year-old Japanese male cadaver was noted during student dissection at Kumamoto University in 2004. The ligamentum teres entered the liver along the left side of the gallbladder fossa. The quadrate lobe was not distinguished from the left lobe in the visceral surface. When the liver parenchyma was removed by tearing off to expose the branches of the portal and hepatic veins, it was clarified that the ligamentum teres unusually joined to the bifurcation of the upper anterior and lower anterior branches of the right branch of the portal vein. The ligamentum teres is the remnant of the umbilical vein working throughout fetal life. Initially a pair of the umbilical veins entered the sinus venosus. During the fourth and fifth weeks they connect to the hepatic sinusoids, which become the portal and hepatic veins, and the parts entering the sinus venosus of both umbilical veins disappear. By the eighth week, as all remainder of the right umbilical vein disappears, the left umbilical vein is the only one to carry blood from the placenta to the liver. It results in the ligamentum teres joining to the left branch of the portal vein. However, in the present case it is thought that the right umbilical vein remained instead of the left one for some reason, and it then became the right ligamentum teres joining to the right branch of the portal vein.     

左外叶活体肝移植的解剖学研究

目的：模拟左外叶活体肝移植门静脉、肝动脉和胆管的切取方法。方法：解剖正常人肝脏标本30具，观察肝脏铸型标本30具，测量门静脉、肝动脉及胆管长度、管径及属支或分支分布情况。结果：左外叶门静脉的血供来自门静脉左支，主要为左外叶上段门静脉支、左外叶下段门静脉支；动脉主要来源于肝固有动脉、肝左动脉、肝中动脉，偶有迷走动脉支；胆道引流属支有左外叶上段胆管支、左外叶下段胆管支。结论：左外叶解剖变异较多，活体取肝前应仔细研究其结构特点，设计合理的切取模式；对门静脉、肝动脉和胆管支需行必要的整形，以便与受体相应的管道进行吻合。     

Anatomy of the intrahepatic ramification of the portal vein in the right hemiliver

The ramification of the portal vein in the right hemiliver was studied by anatomic dissection in 36 formalin-fixed human livers. In 28/36 (77.8%) cases, the portal vein bifurcated into a right branch and a left branch and the right branch bifurcated into anterior and posterior segmental branches. The anterior segmental branch terminated in the anterosuperior subsegment (S(8)) in two types: bifurcated when it divided into anterior P(8) and posterior P(8 )branches towards the respective regions of S(8) (24/28 cases) and monopodal when it had a single pedicle (4/28 cases). The maximum anteroinferior subsegmental branch (P(5 )maximum) originated either from the anterior segmental branch (16/28 cases) or from the anterior P(8) branch (12/28 cases). The posterior segmental branch vascularized the posteroinferior (S(6)) and the posterosuperior (S(7)) subsegments, and was terminated in three types: fan-shaped (16/28), bifurcated (9/28) and tripodal (3/28). In 4/36 (11.1%) cases the portal vein bifurcated into a right branch and a left branch but the posterior segmental branch was not present. In 4/36 (11.1%) the right branch of the portal vein was not present. These anatomical variations are explained separately and finally all cases are considered as a whole.     

Clinical anatomy related to the hepatic veins for right lobe living donor liver transplantation

The complexity of liver reconstruction has limited partial right lobe living donor liver transplantation. It is largely due to the difficulty of dealing with the middle hepatic vein. We sought to define the anatomic features of hepatic veins. Forty‐one fresh adult livers, 43 formalin‐fixed adult cadaver livers, and 91 adult liver corrosion casts were used for the study. We determined the number of branches, the maximum diameter, the whole length, the extrahepatic length of the hepatic veins, and the deviation of the middle hepatic vein from the main portal fissure. Nakamura and Tsuzuki's classification of hepatic vein types was used. Type A, B, and C accounted for 59.4, 27.8, and 12.8% of all specimens in this study, respectively. The middle and left hepatic veins formed a common trunk in 60.3% of the specimens, and the length of the common trunk was 1.12 ± 0.62 cm. The degree of deviation to the right of the middle hepatic vein from the main portal fissure was 14.11° ± 12.65°. The frequency of hepatic vein types and the degree of deviation to the right of the middle hepatic vein in this study is markedly different from that reported in other literature. The anatomic features of the hepatic veins in this study suggest that right lobe living donor liver transplantation is more suitable for Chinese. Clin. Anat. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A study of the accessory hepatic vein to segments VI and VII with a morphological reconsideration of the human liver

Introduction The liver is supplied by the common hepatic artery from the celiac trunk and by the portal vein from the gastrointestine. This double blood supply to the liver by the hepatic artery and the portal vein produced a complicated structure in the liver. For the blood outflow, we can see right, intermediate and left hepatic veins, and irregular veins: the accessory hepatic veins. These veins drain the blood in the liver into the inferior vena cava. In this study, we studied the layout of the accessory hepatic vein draining segments 6 and 7 in the human livers and attempted to reconsider the structure of the liver by the layout of the accessory hepatic vein. Methods Sixty livers were subjected in this study. They were prepared by using forceps to trace the layout of the blood vessels inside the livers. We carefully examined the relation between the layouts of the accessory vein to the segments 6 and 7 and of the portal vein. The confluence patterns of the accessory hepatic vein into the inferior vena cava were also examined to find the character of the vein. The relation between the accessory hepatic vein and standard hepatic veins was also studied. Results We found 2.2 accessory hepatic veins in one liver on average in our study. The vein was always within the area of segments 6 and 7, and did not surpass the boundary. We found at most five accessory hepatic veins in a liver in two cases. The accessory hepatic vein to the segments 6 and 7 always had its stem on the dorsal side to the portal vein. Different from the stem, the periphery of the accessory hepatic vein freely distributed with the peripheral branches of the portal vein. The area distributed by the accessory vein was also always dorsal part within the segments 6 and 7. The vein was small usually, but was big in few cases. When the vein was big, the area became solely drained by the accessory vein, because the standard hepatic veins (right and intermediate hepatic veins) did not reach the area, and we did not find any communication between the accessory vein and the standard veins. As the remaining region in the segments 6 and 7 became smaller, the draining right standard hepatic vein became shorter and smaller. Discussion The region drained by the accessory hepatic vein excluded the standard hepatic veins. Therefore, there are two different draining venous networks in the area of segments 6 and 7 classified by Couinaud. Conclusion The accessory hepatic vein draining segments 6 and 7 distributed somewhere dorsal side in the segments 6 and 7. The area where the accessory vein distributed was the region where standard hepatic veins did not reach. This would suggest that the region drained by the accessory hepatic vein makes an isolated segment in the liver in the segments 6 and 7 by the Couinaud’s Classification. The area might have a unique blood circulation system.