Dietary factors and body mass index in a group of Iranian adolescents: Tehran lipid and glucose study--2

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of overweight and obesity in an adolescent population in Tehran and to determine possible association with energy and nutrient intake and distribution of energy over the day. METHOD: A cross-sectional study on 177 boys and 244 girls between 10-19 years old was performed. Overweight and obesity were defined by using recommended body mass index (BMI) cut-off values for adolescents. Total energy intake, percent of energy derived from protein, carbohydrate and fat and percent of energy supplied by each meal and snack were assessed by means of two 24-hour dietary recalls. RESULTS: Prevalence of overweight and obesity was 10.7 and 5.1 in boys and 18.4 and 2.8 in girls, respectively. The composition of diet was not different between overweight/obese and normal weight subjects. BMI was related with breakfast energy percentage in girls (r = -0.18, p < 0.01), with total energy intake in boys (r = 0.23, p < 0.01), and with lunch energy percentage in both sexes. In boys (r = 0.16, p < 0.05) and in girls (r = 0.22, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: High prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents was seen. In boys some relationship between total energy intake, distribution of energy over the day and BMI was seen. In girls BMI was only related with distribution of energy over the day.     

京津冀地区不同营养状况中小学生身体素质和生理功能比较

  目的  了解京津冀地区不同营养状况儿童青少年身体素质和生理功能水平及其相关性,为儿童青少年体质健康促进和干预提供参考和帮助。  方法  2019年9—12月,以班级为单位采用分层整群抽样方法,在京津冀地区对4 424名7~18岁中小学生进行营养状况、身体素质和生理功能指标测试。  结果  中小学生消瘦、正常、超重肥胖检出率分别为7.93%,67.36%,24.71%。不同营养状况男生心率、收缩压、舒张压、肺活量体重指数、握力体重指数、斜身引体/引体向上、立定跳远、50 m跑、1 000 m跑、体能指数水平相比较,差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为9.6,55.2,118.6,332.5,122.8,15.6,49.5,47.5,12.6,113.5,P值均＜0.01);不同营养状况女生心率、收缩压、舒张压、肺活量体重指数、握力体重指数、1 min仰卧起坐、立定跳远、50 m跑、800 m跑、体能指数水平相比较,差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为33.9,24.5,46.5,262.5,102.6,32.5,27.5,33.6,27.6,51.6,P值均＜0.01)。男生体质量指数与收缩压、舒张压、50 m跑、1 000 m跑呈正相关(r值分别为0.27,0.31,0.14,0.16),与心率、肺活量体重指数、握力体重指数、斜身引体/引体向上、立定跳远、体能指数呈负相关(r值分别为-0.07,-0.62,-0.41,-0.21,-0.35,-0.29)(P值均＜0.05);女生体质量指数与收缩压、舒张压、800 m跑呈正相关(r值分别为0.21,0.27,0.22),与心率、肺活量体重指数、握力体重指数、体能指数呈负相关(r值分别为-0.12,-0.49,-0.32,-0.18)(P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  京津冀地区儿童青少年营养状况与身体素质和生理功能存在相关,超重肥胖者身体素质和生理功能较低。应有效控制超重肥胖的发生,以更好促进身体素质和生理功能发展。     

Distribution of total serum homocysteine and its association with parental history and cardiovascular risk factors at ages 12-16 years: the Third National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey

PURPOSE: To describe the distribution and to assess the association of serum total homocysteine (tHcy) concentration with variables associated with insulin resistance syndrome in adolescent boys and girls. METHODS: In the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, adolescents aged 12 to 16 years (n = 941) had parental medical history ascertained and glycated hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), body fat distribution, HDL cholesterol, and serum tHcy concentrations were measured. RESULTS: Cumulative distribution of serum tHcy in boys was shifted to the right compared with that in girls. A parental history of high blood pressure or stroke before age 50 was significantly positively associated with the subjects' log serum tHcy after adjustment for confounders (beta 0.156, p = 0.003). Log serum tHcy was significantly positively associated with systolic blood pressure in boys after adjustment for confounders (beta = 0.21, p = 0.03). Log serum tHcy was not significantly associated with glycated hemoglobin percent or most other risk factors other than age. Log serum tHcy concentration showed borderline significant (r = -0.15, p = 0.044) inverse association with BMI in girls. CONCLUSION: tHcy was associated with parental history of high blood pressure or stroke before age 50 and with systolic blood pressure in adolescent boys.     

Cardiovascular disease risk factors in 6-7-year-old Danish children: the Copenhagen School Child Intervention Study

OBJECTIVE: To describe population values in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as blood lipids, fasting insulin and glucose and blood pressure in this young age group, and calculate associations to fitness and fatness. METHODS: Participants were 369 boys (6.8 +/- 0.4 years) and 327 girls (6.7 +/- 0.4 years) from preschool classes in Copenhagen. Peak VO2, blood pressure (BP), fat content and anthropometry were determined. A fasting blood sample was analysed for insulin, glucose and blood lipids. Physical activity was measured using accelerometry. RESULTS: Mean BMI, BP and blood lipids were not different between sexes. Fat percentage assessed from skinfolds was higher (21.5% vs. 16.5%) in girls than in boys (P < 0.001). Peak VO2 and physical activity were higher in boys than in girls (8% and 9%, respectively). Peak VO2 associated to fatness independent of body weight (r = 0.41; P < 0.001). Among the CVD risk factors, fitness was associated to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (r = 0.14; P < 0.01) and physical activity (r = 0.12; P < 0.01). Fatness assessed by skinfold was associated to blood pressure (r = 0.19-0.28; P < 0.001), to fasting glucose (r = 0.11, P < 0.05) and insulin (r = 0.17; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Mean BP in 6-7-year-old Danish children has decreased since 1979 and BMI has increased modestly since 1986/1987. The lipid profile was similar compared with data from 1973 and 1978 in Danish children. Weak relationships were found between CVD risk factors, fitness and fatness.     

兰州市中小学生睡眠时间和血压的关系

探讨兰州市7~18岁中小学生睡眠时间和血压的关系,为预防青少年高血压提供参考.方法 采用分层随机整群抽样的方法,选取兰州市4 200名中小学生进行身高、体重和血压测量,并调查睡眠时间.采用t检验和多元线性回归分析睡眠时间和血压之间的关系.结果 男生收缩压和舒张压均高于女生,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为11.115,4.402,P值均<0.01);在7~12,13~15,16~18岁3个年龄组中,无论男女,睡眠时间充足学生的收缩压和舒张压均低于睡眠时间不足的学生,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).在调整了身高、体重、体质量指数等因素的多元线性回归模型中,中小学生的睡眠时间与收缩压、舒张压的关联均有统计学意义(JP值均<0.05).结论 兰州市中小学生睡眠时间和血压之间存在关联性,保证学生睡眠时间可能有助于儿童青少年高血压的预防.     

Diet, alcohol, body mass, and social factors in relation to blood pressure: the Caerphilly Heart Study.

Data for 387 men who had completed seven-day weighed dietary records as part of the Caerphilly Heart Study were examined for relations of alcohol, diet, body mass index (BMI), and other variables to blood pressure. These included age, smoking, exercise, and social class. For men not on antihypertensive treatment (n = 356) regression analysis showed that age (p less than 0.001), BMI (p less than 0.05), and alcohol intake (p less than 0.01) were significantly related to systolic blood pressure, and BMI (p less than 0.001) and alcohol intake (p less than 0.01) to diastolic blood pressure. In addition, protein intake (p less than 0.05) was significantly and inversely related to the risk of being hypertensive, but other dietary variables were not related to blood pressure. For men on antihypertensive treatment (n = 31) significant inverse correlations were observed between diastolic blood pressure and the intakes of potassium (p less than 0.01), fibre (p less than 0.001), polyunsaturated fat (p less than 0.01), and a number of other dietary variables. Reasons for these differences are discussed.     

Kennedy Space Center Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction Program evaluation

This program evaluation examined the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Reduction Program which aims to identify CVD risk factors and reduce these risk factors through health education phone counseling. High risk participants (those having two or more elevated lipid values) are identified from monthly voluntary CVD screenings and counseled. Phone counseling consists of reviewing lab values with the participant, discussing dietary fat intake frequency using an intake questionnaire, and promoting the increase in exercise frequency. The participants are followed-up at two-months and five-months for relevant metrics including blood pressure, weight, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, dietary fat intake, and exercise frequency. Data for three years of the KSC CVD Program included 366 participants, average age of 49 years, 75% male, and 25% female. For those with complete two and five month follow-up data, significant baseline to two-month follow-up comparisons included decreases in systolic blood pressure (p = 0.03); diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.002); total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and dietary fat intake (all three at p < 0.0001) as well as a significant increase in exercise frequency (p = 0.04). Significant baseline to five-month follow-up comparisons included decreases in triglycerides (p = 0.05); and total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and dietary intake (all three at p < 0.0001). These program evaluation results indicate that providing brief phone health education counseling and information at the worksite to high risk CVD participants may impact CVD risk factors.     

乌鲁木齐市儿童青少年血压状况分析

目的 了解乌鲁木齐市儿童青少年血压与体重指数 (BMI)的相关性,为该地区儿童青少年血压偏高的预防提供依据。方法 2016年9－10月本着方便抽样的原则在乌鲁木齐市分别选取15所高中、初中和小学的41 028名儿童青少年,进行身高、体重和血压的测试,并对结果进行分析。结果 乌鲁木齐市儿童青少年血压偏高检出率为12.75%,男生(13.77%)高于女生(10.92%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=75.31,P＜0.01)。儿童青少年肥胖和超重的学生高收缩压、高舒张压、血压偏高的检出率均高于正常组学生,差异有统计学意义(χ²=758.8、114.2、623.0,P＜0.01)。结论 乌鲁木齐市儿童青少年的血压状况不容乐观,超重肥胖是导致儿童青少年血压偏高的主要原因,今后应对超重肥胖儿童青少年的血压引起足够重视和关注。     

Dietary quality-adherence to the dietary guidelines in Tehranian adolescents: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

The aim of this study was to determine the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score and its relation take of nutrients and the number of servings from each food group consumed by adolescents residing in district 13 of Tehran. This study, conducted within the framework of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), was a part of a dietary intake assessment carried out in 443 families, including 465 adolescents, aged 10-18 years, according to the Food Guide Pyramid and dietary guidelines on individuals residing in district 13 of Tehran. In this study, dietary intake was assessed with two-day 24-hour recalls. HEI was calculated based on nine components. The score range of each component was 0 to 10, the sum score of this index therefore being 90. The HEI score was categorized into three groups: less than 45 (poor diet), between 45-72 (needs improvement) and more than 72 (good diet). The mean score of HEI was 64.9 +/- 9.6 in boys and 64.8 +/- 9.4 in girls. The results showed that the number of servings of food groups in those with good diet was significantly higher than the two other groups (p < 0.05). In contrast the percent of saturated fat intake and cholesterol consumption in those with HEI > or = 72 was lower than the other groups (p < 0.05). The approximate number of food items consumed and the total nutrient intake by adolescents with HEI score > or = 72 was significantly higher than the others (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the number of servings of grains group (r = 0.1), vegetables (r = 0.4), fruits (r = 0.4), dairy (r = 0.3), meat (r = 0.1), and HEI (p < 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between fat intake (r = -0.2, p < 0.001), percent of saturated fatty acids (r = -0.2, p < 0.05), cholesterol consumption (r = -0.4, p < 0.05), and the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (P/S) in diet (r = 0.2, p < 0.05), and HEI score. Seventy-four, 23, and 3% of diets were categorized into "needs improvement", "good", and "poor", respectively. In conclusion, the diets of most Tehranian adolescents need improvement, demonstrating the need for nutrition education in this age group.     

宁夏地区2005和2014年7~17岁回族儿童血压比较

了解宁夏7~17岁回族儿童2005和2014年高血压及血压值变化情况,为宁夏回族儿童心脑血管疾病的早期预防提供基础资料.方法 利用2005和2014年宁夏中小学生体质与健康调研数据,提取回族儿童血压资料,对高血压及血压值进行分析.结果 2014年宁夏7~ 17岁回族儿童高血压检出率为15.2%,比2005年增加了11.4百分点,差异有统计学意义(x2=380.53,P<0.05),增速最大的年龄段为17岁组,增加了16.2百分点.舒张压从2005年的(65.8±8.3) mmHg增长至2014年的(69.0±9.8) mmHg,收缩压从(98.6+ 11.6) mmHg增至(107.4±11.9) mmHg,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-36.33,-18.02,P值均<0.01),并且血压值随年龄的增加而增加.男生高血压检出率从2005年的3.4%增加至2014年的14.2%,女生从4.2%增加至16.2%,9年间分别增加了10.8和12.0百分点,虽然2个年份高血压检出率均为女生高于男生,但差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).城市儿童高血压检出率从2005年的5.1%增至2014年的15.7%;乡村儿童从3.3%增加到14.9%,分别增加了10.6和11.6百分点,乡村儿童的高血压检出率增速虽高于城市儿童,但差异无统计学意义(x2=1.19,P=0.271).肥胖儿童高血压检出率2005为15.3%,2014为42.1%,均明显高于体重正常组(x2=29.48,392.38,P值均<0.01).结论 宁夏7~ 17岁回族儿童高血压检出率从2005年至2014年出现明显的增加趋势,可通过控制儿童肥胖超重遏制儿童高血压的增长.     

Biobehavioral factors are associated with obesity in Puerto Rican children

The purpose of this case-control study was to identify predictors of obesity among Puerto Rican children from Hartford, CT. The study included 53 prepubertal children, 31 girls and 22 boys, between 7 and 10 y of age. Children were classified as obese [n = 29, body mass index (BMI) >/= 85th percentile] or controls (n = 24, BMI < 85th percentile). Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that frequency of fruit juice consumption [odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI); 4.02, 1.48-10.95], hours of daily TV viewing (1.86, 1.02-3.42), maternal BMI (1.39, 1.10-1.77) and lower dairy product intake (0.41, 0.19-0.93) were associated with obesity. Television viewing was correlated (P < 0.05) with lower physical activity in girls, and with higher snacking frequency and sweets consumption in boys. Obese children were more likely than controls to have higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures and to have experienced more ear infections and diarrhea during the previous year. Results provide evidence of the multifactorial nature of childhood obesity in this community.     

Blood pressure in schoolchildren in northwest India.

Blood pressure was determined among 2,453 schoolchildren aged between 7 and 16 years in the northwest Indian town of Chandigarh to establish the norms. The percentiles were calculated for each age group in both sexes. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure had a positive correlation with age, weight, height, and body surface area (r = 0.112-0.178, p less than 0.01). There was no difference in the systolic and diastolic pressures of boys compared with girls of corresponding age. The upper limits of normal (90th percentile) systolic/diastolic pressure were 113/74, 119/76, and 126/79 in children aged 7-9 years, children aged 10-12 years, and adolescents aged 13-16 years, respectively. The lower limits of hypertension (95th percentile) for systolic/diastolic pressure were 119/80, 124/81, and 132/82 in each of these groups, respectively. The 99th percentile values indicative of severe hypertension for systolic/diastolic pressure in these groups were 128/88, 135/88, and 149/89, respectively. The 90th percentile of height and weight shown in the percentile table should be taken into consideration whenever blood pressure exceeds the 90th percentile for age and sex while planning the management of an individual.     

Concurrent determinants of blood pressure among adolescents: the 11-year follow-up of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study

The aim of this study was to evaluate concurrent risk factors for high blood pressure in adolescents. This is a prospective cohort study including 4,452 adolescents born in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in 1993. Blood pressure was measured before and after the interview, and the mean value was used in the analyses. Mean systolic blood pressure was 101.9mmHg (SD = 12.3) and mean diastolic pressure was 63.4mmHg (SD = 9.9). Adolescents with black skin had higher blood pressure than those with white skin. Mean systolic pressure among subjects in the top quartile of body mass index (BMI) was 11.6mmHg higher than among those in the lowest quartile. Mean systolic pressure among postmenarcheal girls was 5.4mmHg higher than among premenarcheal girls. Similar trends were found for diastolic arterial pressure. Our findings suggest that blood pressure control must begin already in childhood and adolescence.     

Bone mass status of school-aged children in Taiwan assessed by quantitative ultrasound: the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan Elementary School Children (NAHSIT Children 2001-2002)

Bone health status in childhood and adolescence may be important factors influencing the attainment of peak bone mass. The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan Elementary School Children 2000-2001 was carried out to evaluate the overall nutrition and health status of school children aged between 6 and 13 years. The survey was conducted using a multi-stage complex sampling scheme. Townships and city districts in Taiwan were classified into 13 strata. Bone mass measured as broadband ultrasound attenuation was taken at heel by quantitative ultrasound bone densitometry. A total of 1164 boys and 1016 girls who had complete physical examination data with ultrasound bone scan were included in the current analysis. There were no apparent differences in BUA across all strata for both genders. In both boys and girls, age, height, body weight, BMI, and intake frequencies of vegetables and fruits/juices were significantly related to BUA. Results of multivariate regression showed that age (beta=1.36, p=0.0002) and body weight (beta=0.40, p<0.0001) were significant predictors for BUA in boys, whereas in girls body weight (beta=0.47, p<0.0001), height, (beta=0.20, p=0.01), dietary phosphorus intake (beta=-0.002, p=0.038), and frequency of fruit/juice intake (beta=0.15, p=0.029) remained statistically significant. The differential effects dietary intake variables on BUA in boys and girls may be in part due to the development of puberty. It would be necessary to include levels of physical activity in future analyses for better understanding factors influencing the development of peak bone mass in Taiwanese children.     

Association of fruit and vegetable intake with cardiovascular risk factors in urban south Indians

The study examines the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake (g/d) and CVD risk factors in urban south Indians. The study population comprised of 983 individuals aged > or = 20 years selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study (CURES), a population-based cross-sectional study on a representative population of Chennai in southern India. Fruit and vegetable intake (g/d) was measured using a validated semi-quantitative FFQ. Linear regression analysis revealed that after adjusting for potential confounders such as age, sex, smoking, alcohol, BMI and total energy intake, the highest quartile of fruit and vegetable intake (g/d) showed a significant inverse association with systolic blood pressure (beta = - 2.6 (95 % CI - 5.92, - 1.02) mmHg; P = 0.027), BMI (beta = - 2.3 (95 % CI - 2.96, - 1.57) kg/m2; P < 0.0001), waist circumference (beta = - 2.6 (95 % CI - 3.69, - 1.46) cm; P < 0.0001), total cholesterol (beta = - 50 (95 % CI - 113.9, - 13.6) mg/l; P = 0.017) and LDL-cholesterol concentration (beta = - 55 (95 % CI - 110.8, - 11.1) mg/l; P = 0.039) when compared with the lowest quartile. A higher intake of fruit and vegetables explained 48 % of the protective effect against CVD risk factors. Increased intake of fruits and vegetables could play a protective role against CVD in Asian Indians who have high rates of premature coronary artery disease.     

华中地区省会城市青春期青少年体脂率状况及其与血压的关联

目的 了解华中地区青春期青少年体脂率状况以及与血压之间存在的关联关系,为该地区青少年心血管疾病的早期预防提供参考和借鉴。方法 2 019年4—6月在河南、湖南、湖北三省省会城市的15所中学对4 846名初中学生进行生物电阻抗（BIA）的身体脂肪测试和问卷调查及血压测试,通过t检验、χ2检验和logistic回归分析等方法分析体脂肪率与血压偏高之间存在的关联关系。结果 华中地区省会城市青春期青少年血压偏高检出率为10.96%。男生血压偏高检出率为8.96%,女生为13.12%,差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 21.48,P＜0.01）。不同城乡、年龄、BMI和是否遗精/月经青少年血压偏高检出率存在显著差异（χ2 = 7.28、86.98、178.68、45.76,P＜0.01）。青春期青少年体脂率平均为（23.14±9.26）,其中男生为（21.02±10.86）,女生为（25.25±8.13）,差异存在统计学意义（t值 = - 15.248,P＜0.01）。Logistic回归分析显示,与男生体脂率＜P 25者相比较,P25～＜P50、P50～＜P75、P75～＜P90、≥P90者患血压偏高的比例是其3.14（OR值95%CI = 1.76～5.52）、4.05（OR值95%CI = 2.31～7.01）、6.33（OR值95%CI = 3.55～11.17）、12.44（OR值95%CI = 6.97～22.13）倍（P＜0.01）;与女生体脂率＜P 25者相比较,P50～＜P75、P75～＜P90、≥P90者患血压偏高的比例是其2.25（OR值95%CI = 1.45～3.45）、3.29（OR值95%CI = 2.09～5.12）、6.14（OR值95%CI = 3.88～9.64）倍（P＜0.01）。结论 华中地区省会城市青春期青少年体脂率与血压偏高之间存在显著正相关关系,男生关联关系大于女生,今后应保持合理的体脂率,以预防血压偏高的发生。     

PM2.5短期暴露与儿童青少年血压的关联

目的 研究PM2.5短期暴露与儿童青少年血压的关联,为综合保护儿童青少年的健康提供科学依据.方法 选择参加2017-2018学年某市中小学生健康体检中人口学特征和血压等资料完整且无心脏等重要脏器疾病史的144 813名初一和高一年级学生为研究对象.从各学校附近的空气质量和气象监测站获取PM2.5等污染物及气象要素数据,...     

Blood pressure among overweight adolescents from urban school children in Pune, India

OBJECTIVES: To examine the magnitude of overweight and its association with blood pressure (BP) among adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with all children in age range 9-16 years (n=1146 boys and 1077 girls) from two schools catering to urban affluent high socio-economic class (HSE), for anthropometric measurements by trained investigators and BP measurement by a pediatrician using sphygmomanometer. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight based on conventional body mass index (BMI) cutoff was 27.5% for boys and 20.9% for girls but varied for different indicators. Prevalence of high systolic blood pressure (HSBP) was 12.0% in boys and 9.7% in girls and increased with increasing levels of BMI, weight, triceps skin fold thickness (TSFT) and percent body fat. Mean level of SBP among overweight children was significantly (P<0.001) higher by about 12 mm Hg, whereas that for diastolic blood pressure was higher by 8 mm Hg (P<0.001) as compared to their non-overweight (age, sex-matched) counterparts. This was true in both sexes and for all indicators used for assessing overweight. Prevalence of HSBP increased suddenly beyond BMI value of 20 kg/m2 in boys and 21.5 kg/m2 in girls, beyond TSFT value of 12 mm for boys and 14 mm for girls whereas such cutoffs for body fat were above 25% in both sexes. These cutoffs appear much lower than the conventional ones and therefore indicate the need for validation of conventional cutoffs in different populations. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight that BP measurement needs to be a routine part of physical examination in school children, and the use of cutoffs anchored to metabolic risks may be essential for assessment of obesity.     

Obesity and elevated blood pressure among adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity and associated hypertension are major public health concerns globally. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and the associated risk of high blood pressure among Nigerian adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional school-based study of 885 apparently healthy adolescents was performed. Weight, height and blood pressure (BP) were measured using standard methods. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and categorized by age, sex and percentile. Obesity and overweight were defined as: [greater than or equal to] 95th and 85th to < 95th percentiles, respectively, for age, sex and height. Subjects were sub-categorized into age 10-13 years (A) and 14-17 years (B). The odds ratio for pre-hypertensive and hypertensive range BP by age and BMI were generated. Significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 13.8% and 9.4%, respectively. The prevalence of hypertensive range systolic BP and diastolic BP in obese subjects was 16% compared with 2.3% in normal BMI subjects (P = 0.00), and was 12.1% for females versus 6.4% in males (P = 0.27). The prevalence of hypertensive range diastolic BP was 15.2% in obese subjects versus 3.5% in normal subjects (P = 0.01), and 12% in females versus 1.4% in males (P = 0.00). BMI in group B was significantly associated with pre-hypertensive and hypertensive range systolic BP in overweight (P = 0.01, P = 0.002) and obese subjects (P = 0.00, P = 0.00) and with hypertensive range diastolic BP (P = 0.00) only in obese subjects. The only significant association in group A was between obesity and pre-hypertensive range diastolic BP (P = 0.00). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of hypertensive range BP among obese Nigerian adolescents was high. Screening for childhood obesity and hypertension, and long-term follow-up of obese adolescents into adulthood are recommended.     

Cardiovascular disease risk factors are related to adult adiposity but not birth weight in young guatemalan adults

Fetal undernutrition has been hypothesized to program inappropriate metabolic responses to nutritional abundance in later life. Most studies have been conducted in industrialized countries. We studied the relationship between birth weight and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among 187 men and 198 women age 20-29 y (mean age 24 y) who had participated in a longitudinal study conducted in Guatemala between 1969 and 1977. In women, birth weight was positively associated with adult body mass index (BMI; P < 0.01), systolic (P < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.05), but not with glucose or any lipid measure. In men, birth weight was not associated with adult BMI, blood pressure or glucose, and was weakly and inversely related to total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (test for trend: P = 0.06 and P = 0.09, respectively). Adult BMI was associated with increased prevalence of CVD risk factors in both men and women. Our data offer no support for the fetal programming of cardiovascular disease risk hypothesis in young adult women, and weak support in young adult men. Overweight in adults is a strong determinant of variance in CVD risk factor prevalence.