聚山梨酯-80致RBL-2H3肥大细胞脱颗粒的研究

目的:研究聚山梨酯-80对RBL-2H3肥大细胞脱颗粒释放组胺的影响.方法:培养大鼠来源的RBL-2H3肥大细胞,取不同厂家来源的聚山梨酯-80与RBL-2H3细胞共培养60 min,用荧光分光光度法定量检测RBL-2H3细胞释放的组胺量,计算组胺释放率.结果:不同厂家来源的聚山梨酯-80与RBL-2H3细胞作用60 min后,细胞的组胺释放率与空白对照组相比均显著增加,在一定浓度范围内,组胺的释放随聚山梨酯-80浓度的增加而增加.结论:聚山梨酯-80可导致RBL-2H3肥大细胞脱颗粒,并存在着明显的量效关系,为研究聚山梨酯80致过敏反应机制提供了一定的依据.     

聚山梨酯80对多源肥大细胞脱颗粒的影响研究

目的 通过比较不同浓度聚山梨酯80溶液对RBL-2H3、P815、Ku812细胞脱颗粒的影响,探究聚山梨酯80的量与过敏反应的关系,进而筛选出一套灵敏、稳定的体外肥大细胞脱颗粒模型。方法 体外培养RBL-2H3、P815和Ku812细胞,测定3株细胞的生长曲线,在细胞生长对数期,以不同浓度（0.04、0.20、1.00、5.00、10.00、20.00、40.00、80.00 mg/mL）聚山梨酯80分别刺激3株细胞,采用中性红染色法显微镜下观察不同浓度聚山梨酯80溶液对3株细胞脱颗粒的影响,并计算脱颗粒百分率,同时以化学发光法分别检测组胺和β-氨基己糖苷酶释放率,以酶联免疫吸附法测定类胰蛋白酶的释放量;并进一步检测聚山梨酯80对人的肥大细胞IgE释放的影响。结果 3株肥大细胞脱颗粒模型中,各细胞的脱颗粒指标均随聚山梨酯80浓度的升高而升高。相同浓度聚山梨酯80对人源、大鼠、小鼠肥大细胞的类胰蛋白酶释放量无较大统计学差异;与RBL-2H3细胞系比较,P815细胞和组胺释放率显著降低（P<0.05、0.01）,Ku812细胞组胺释放率和β-氨基己糖苷酶释放率显著升高（P<0.05、0.01）,Ku812细胞脱颗粒最灵敏。但在实验过程中发现Ku812细胞模型稳定性、可重复性较差,而RBL-2H3细胞稳定性、可重复性均优于Ku812和P815细胞。0.04~80.00 mg/mL的聚山梨酯80溶液作用于Ku812细胞产生的IgE均低于检测限。结论 聚山梨酯80诱导的过敏反应可能是不经过IgE介导的类过敏反应,随着聚山梨酯80浓度的增大,3个细胞模型脱颗粒现象显著,相比于Ku812和P815细胞,RBL-2H3细胞更适合作为体外肥大细胞脱颗粒检测模型。     

聚山梨酯80刺激肥大细胞RBL-2H3脱颗粒作用的评价

目的：研究不同类别及厂家的聚山梨酯80直接刺激肥大细胞RBL-2H3脱颗粒的作用,为建立完善的注射用辅料引发类过敏反应的筛选评价体系提供依据。方法：以不同剂量的聚山梨酯80处理RBL-2H3细胞,测定β-氨基己糖苷酶释放量,并通过MTT法进一步研究有脱颗粒作用的受试物对RBL-2H3细胞的毒性作用。结果：8种聚山梨酯80样品具有不同程度的直接刺激RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒的作用,且呈浓度依赖性,其中上海试剂采购供应站提供的受试物作用极强,威尔制药口服级受试物作用较强,威尔制药A、威尔制药B、威尔制药注射级、威尔制药4个受试物作用相近,2个进口品种的作用略弱。在产生直接刺激RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒作用的浓度下,上海试剂采购供应站的聚山梨酯80有明显的细胞毒性,并呈浓度依赖性。结论：聚山梨酯80能够直接刺激RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒,其作用强度不同反映了产品的质量差异;上海试剂采购供应站提供的聚山梨酯80直接刺激RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒的作用可能由其细胞毒性引起。     

非免疫性过敏反应细胞模型的建立

目的:通过非免疫性刺激物C48/80诱导大鼠嗜碱性粒细胞白血病细胞株RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒反应正交试验,优化非免疫性过敏反应细胞模型建立条件.方法:在不同的孵育时间下,C48/80与不同浓度的RBL-2H3细胞共孵育,通过测定β-氨基己糖苷酶的释放率确定建立非免疫型过敏反应细胞模型的最优实验条件,并且分析不同检测方法间的差异.结果:不同浓度、不同孵育时间下的RBL-2H3细胞均可受C48/80诱导发生典型的脱颗粒反应,但不同条件下的脱颗粒程度和β-氨基己糖苷酶释放率都有显著差异.结论:当RBL-2H3细胞浓度为2×105 mL、孵育时间60 min时,细胞的感受性较好,其脱颗粒程度与药物浓度呈正相关.     

参麦注射液致RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒的研究

目的 探讨参麦注射液(SMI)对RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒的影响及其原因。方法 以C48/80为工具药建立RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒模型, 检测不同浓度C48/80与RBL-2H3细胞作用不同时间后细胞β-己糖苷酶、类胰蛋白酶和组胺的释放率以及细胞活力, 在细胞活力大于80%情况下, 选择释放程度较高的指标和条件为优选考察指标和条件。将SMI和其溶剂(Tween-80)原液等比稀释成不同浓度后与RBL-2H3细胞共同培养, 通过中性红染色法观察细胞脱颗粒的形态学变化, 分别用显色法和间接荧光法检测细胞上清的β-己糖苷酶和组胺释放率, 采用细胞计数法(CCK-8)检测细胞的活力。结果 RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒模型的最佳作用时间为30 min, 最佳指标为β-己糖苷酶和组胺释放率。与空白组相比, SMI质量浓度低于13.3 g生药/L(3倍临床浓度)时, 细胞中性红染色未见脱颗粒现象, 组胺和β-己糖苷酶释放率亦无差异;而在Tween-80质量浓度为1.00 g/L时, SMI 40 g生药/L(9倍临床浓度)组和溶剂1.00 g/L组细胞中性红染色均可见脱颗粒现象, 细胞上清组胺和β-己糖苷酶释放率亦明显增加。此外, CCK-8结果显示, 与空白组相比, 各浓度的SMI对细胞活力均无影响。结论 SMI低于3倍临床浓度无明显RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒作用;而在9倍临床浓度能刺激细胞脱颗粒, 这种脱颗粒作用可能与所含溶剂(Tween-80)有关, 与其对RBL-2H3的细胞毒性作用无关。提示SMI在低于3倍临床浓度相对安全, 在9倍临床浓度时有致类过敏反应的风险。     

基于实时细胞分析技术评价注射用益气复脉(冻干)类过敏反应

目的 建立中药注射剂体外类过敏反应评价方法,快速评价不同批次注射用益气复脉（冻干）类过敏反应表现。方法 体外培养嗜碱性白血病细胞株RBL-2H3细胞,选择Compound 48/80为阳性药,采用实时细胞分析（real-time cell analysis,RTCA）系统检测药物干预后引起的细胞指数（CI）值变化,并利用甲苯胺蓝、鬼笔环肽染色观察细胞形态、骨架变化,以及检测组胺和β-已糖苷酶释放量验证RBL-2H3细胞的脱颗粒情况。选择20个批次的注射用益气复脉（冻干,100 μg/mL）作用于RBL-2H3细胞,进行基于RTCA技术的类过敏反应评价。结果 阳性药Compound 48/80（20 μg/mL）能够使RBL-2H3细胞的CI值在加药后30 min内呈先快速上升后下降趋势;形态学研究发现,Compound 48/80使细胞形态和细胞骨架均发生明显改变,发生明显的脱颗粒现象;组胺和β-己糖苷酶释放实验进一步证实Compound 48/80导致炎症介质的释放,引起了明显的脱颗粒现象;提示RTCA系统可以用于快速敏感的评价RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒。不同批次的注射用益气复脉（冻干）对RBL-2H3细胞CI值无明显影响,提示所选批次为合格批次,无类过敏反应现象的发生。结论 建立了一套基于RTCA系统的类过敏反应体外快速评价技术,可用于注射用益气复脉（冻干）等中药注射剂类过敏反应的体外快速评价。     

紫花地丁止痒复方对RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒的影响

目的考察紫花地丁止痒复方(Viola yedoensis makino antiitching compound,VYAC)对RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒的影响及机制。方法CCK-8检测VYAC对RBL-2H3细胞的毒性;C48/80诱导RBL-2H3细胞发生脱颗粒,台盼蓝染色、β-氨基己糖胺酶释放、组胺释放、细胞内Ca2+浓度,评价VYAC对C48/80诱导的RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒情况;Western blot法检测相关蛋白(Syk、p-Syk、PI3K、Akt、p-Akt)的表达。结果100 mg·L^-1的C48/80能够明显刺激RBL-2H3细胞发生脱颗粒,脱颗粒率达74%(P<0.05);VYAC呈剂量依赖性抑制β-氨基己糖胺酶和组胺的释放(P<0.05),且剂量在800 mg·L^-1以下时不影响RBL-2H3细胞存活;VYAC能够明显减弱细胞内荧光强度,降低细胞内Ca2+浓度;VYAC(25、100 mg·L^-1)明显抑制PI3K蛋白表达、抑制Syk、Akt蛋白的磷酸化(P<0.05)。结论VYAC能够抑制过敏性皮炎中肥大细胞脱颗粒,抑制Ca2+内流,其机制可能是抑制Syk/PI3K/Akt活化。     

清开灵注射液类过敏反应应急检验方法探讨

目的：探讨清开灵注射液类过敏反应应急检验方法。方法：将40只ICR小鼠随机均分为阳性对照组、空白组及清开灵高、中、低剂量组,一次性尾静脉注射清开灵注射液,观察清开灵注射液对RBL-2H3细胞β-氨基己糖苷酶及组胺释放率的影响。结果：清开灵注射液可明显增加RBL-2H3细胞β-氨基己糖苷酶及组胺释放率,且呈浓度依赖性。结论：ICR小鼠体内类过敏反应检查法联合RBL-2H3细胞β-氨基己糖苷酶及组胺释放率检查法可作为清开灵注射液类过敏反应应急检验方法。     

中药注射剂所含吐温-80与过敏反应关系的研究

目的：观察不同浓度吐温-80溶液、吐温-80含量不同的中药注射剂对RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒的影响,探讨中药注射剂所含吐温-80与过敏反应的关系。方法：体外培养RBL-2H3细胞,加入不同浓度（40、20、10、2、1、0.2、0.1、0.05mg/mL）的吐温-80溶液,之后加中性红染液,计数不同浓度吐温-80溶液各组及对照组的脱颗粒细胞,并计算其百分率,同时检测细胞上清液中β-氨基己糖苷酶及组胺的释放量;测定穿琥宁注射液和香丹注射液中吐温-80的含量,2种中药注射剂对RBL-2H3细胞的半数抑制浓度（IC50）以及加入2种注射液各组细胞释放组胺的量。结果：中性红染色实验显示吐温-80可导致RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒,表现为肥大细胞体积变大,内有空泡产生;浓度为40、20、10、2、1、0.2、0.1mg/mL的吐温-80溶液各组和RPMI1640对照组导致细胞的脱颗粒百分率分别为（57.38±0.47）、（32.54±2.33）、（21.74±0.72）、（16.96±0.26）、（11.40±1.70）、（9.71±0.26）、（7.22±0.15）和（1.51±1.39）%,2组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;浓度为40、20、2、1、0.2mg/mL的吐温-80溶液各组和RPMI1640对照组致细胞β-氨基己糖苷酶的释放率分别为（52.44±1.53）、（18.91±0.77）、（7.50±1.82）、（6.65±0.20）、（6.15±0.27）和（0.35±0.06）%,2组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;不同浓度吐温-80溶液引起RBL-2H3细胞释放组胺的量也不同;当吐温-80溶液浓度为20～0.1mg/mL时,RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒百分率、β-氨基己糖苷酶的释放率及其释放组胺的量均与吐温-80溶液的浓度呈线性关系（r=0.9862,r=0.9849,r=0.9740）。穿琥宁注射液和香丹注射液中吐温-80的含量分别为（0.086±0.004）和（0.070±0.008）mg/mL,2种注射液对RBL-2H3细胞的IC50分别为（57.4±1.2）、（1.0±0.2）μL/mL,穿琥宁注射液和香丹注射液组组胺释放量分别为（2.39±0.01）和（1.87±0.00）ng/mL。结论：吐温-80可引起RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒释放炎症介质;RBL-2H3细胞组胺的释放量与中药注射剂中吐温-80的含量有关;中药注射剂中所含的吐温-80可能与过敏反应的发生有关。     

RBL-2H3细胞不适合用于类过敏模型的建立

目的考察RBL-2H3细胞是否适用于建立类过敏反应模型。方法用荧光定量聚合酶链反应考察RBL-2H3细胞上Mas相关G蛋白偶联受体(Mas-related G protein cou-pled receptor,Mrgpr)B2的表达情况;用显微镜观察和MTS法考察Compound 48/80对RBL-2H3细胞活力的影响;测定不同浓度Compound 48/80刺激RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒释放的β-己糖胺酶含量,对比RBL-2H3细胞、人肥大细胞系LAD2和大鼠腹腔肥大细胞(rat peritoneal mast cells,RPMCs)对Compound 48/80响应性的差异。结果RBL-2H3细胞可表达MrgprB2受体。Compound 48/80能剂量依赖性地诱导RBL-2H3细胞释放β-己糖胺酶,但在高剂量(≥20 mg·L^-1)时对RBL-2H3的细胞活力产生明显影响,此时释放的β-己糖胺酶应当是由于其细胞毒作用引起细胞破裂所致。同在无毒剂量(10 mg·L^-1)的Compound 48/80刺激下,LAD2和RPMCs的响应性良好,β-己糖胺酶释放量分别为空白对照的15.02倍和16.05倍,而RBL-2H3细胞仅为空白对照的2.35倍。结论RBL-2H3细胞对Compound 48/80的响应性差,表明其并不适用于建立类过敏反应模型。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.