食管鳞状细胞癌中p16基因甲基化及其表达

目的：探讨食管鳞状细胞癌p16／INK4基因启动子区高甲基化和p16、cyclinD1蛋白表达的意义。方法：用甲基化特异性PCR（MSP）法检测p16／INK4基因启动子区的高甲基化，用免疫组织化学方法检测p16、cyclind1蛋白的表达。结果：30例食管鳞状细胞癌中7例p16免疫组织化学阳性，15例cyclinD1阳性，组织学和统计学分析显示p16与cyclinD1的表达呈负相关。4例检出p16／INK4基因启动子区高甲基化，但与p16失表达无统计学意义。结论：（1）在食管鳞状细胞癌可检出p16／INK4基因启动子区的高甲基化，而甲基化不是引起p16失表达的主要原因。（2）p16与cyclinD1的表达呈负相关，提示细胞周期调控因子之间可能存在相互影响表达的反馈机制。     

胃癌中p16INK4a基因启动子高甲基化及其蛋白表达

目的探讨胃癌中p16^INK4a基因失活的主要分子机制及其与胃癌发生、发展的关系。方法采用甲基化特异性PCR技术检测62例胃癌和癌旁组织及10例慢性胃炎黏膜p16^INK4a基因启动子区CpG岛甲基化状态,用免疫组化EnVision两步法检测p16^INK4a蛋白的表达。结果62例胃癌和癌旁组织p16^INK4a基因启动子高甲基化率分别为51．6％（32／62）和19.4％（12／62）,10例正常对照胃黏膜未发现高甲基化,胃癌组织p16^INK4a基因启动子高甲基化率高于癌旁组织和正常对照（P〈0．05）。58.1％（36／62）的胃癌组织p16^INK4a蛋白表达阴性,其中72.2％（26／36）的病例具有p16^INK4a基因启动子的高甲基化,p16^INK4a基因启动子的高甲基化与其蛋白失表达密切相关（P〈0.05）。结论胃癌中p16^INK4a基因启动子的高甲基化是p16^INK4a基因失活的主要机制,并可能是胃癌发生中的早期分子事件。     

脑膜瘤 p16INK4a、RB基因的甲基化分析及对基因表达的影响

目的　检测脑膜瘤中发生 p16 INK4 a和 RB基因甲基化的情况及对蛋白表达的影响。方法　用甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应对 5 0例脑膜瘤进行了 p16 INK4 a和 RB的甲基化分析 ;并对其中的 2 5例检测了p16 INK4 a蛋白的表达。结果　良性脑膜瘤中没有检测到甲基化 ,分别有 6例 级 ( 37.5 % )和 4例 级( 2 8.6 % )肿瘤发生至少一种基因的甲基化 ,其中有 1例不典型脑膜瘤同时发生了两种基因的甲基化。全部13例 p16 INK4 a阳性表达的肿瘤都是没有检测到甲基化者。结论　p16 INK4 a或 RB的甲基化与不典型和间变性脑膜瘤的发生发展有关 ,其机制可能是甲基化使蛋白表达丢失并导致 p16 INK4 a/细胞周期蛋白 D1/ CDK4 /RB途径功能障碍     

乳腺癌中p16INK4a和视网膜母细胞瘤基因甲基化状况及其表达

目的 研究乳腺癌及癌旁增生组织中p16INK4a和视网膜母细胞瘤(RB)基因启动子区域的甲基化状况,并探讨基因异常甲基化与蛋白表达及其临床意义.方法 采用甲基化特异性PCR方法 对46例乳腺癌、22例癌旁增生组织及7例正常乳腺组织中p16INK4a和RB基因启动子区域甲基化状况进行检测,并采用免疫组织化学SP法对p16INK4a蛋白表达情况进行相应检测.结果 乳腺癌、癌旁增生组织和正常乳腺组织中p16INK4a基因的甲基化率分别为23.9%(11/46)、18.2%(4/22)、1/7;RB基因的甲基化率分别为10.8%(5/46)、9.1%(2/22)、0(0/7);肿瘤组织、癌旁增生组织和正常乳腺组织中p16INK4a基因、RB基因甲基化率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).正常乳腺组织、癌旁增生组织、乳腺癌中p16INK4a蛋白表达阳性率分别为7/7、60.8%(28/46)和81.8%(18/22),三者之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);肿瘤组织中p16INK4a蛋白表达与肿瘤分级相关(P<0.05);肿瘤组织中p16INK4a甲基化状况与其蛋白表达、肿瘤分级、ER表达阴性具有相关性(P<0.05),与肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、年龄均不相关;RB基因甲基化状态与肿瘤分级、肿瘤大小、ER表达及年龄均无相关性,但与淋巴结转移相关(P<0.05).结论 p16INK4a基因异常甲基化可能在乳腺癌发生过程中作用有限,但在肿瘤的演进中发挥作用;RB基因甲基化检测对于分析乳腺癌进展及预后情况可能有一定参考价值;p16INK4a基因甲基化是p16INK4a蛋白失表达的机制之一.     

乳腺癌中p16INK4a和视网膜母细胞瘤基因甲基化状况及其表达

目的 研究乳腺癌及癌旁增生组织中p16INK4a和视网膜母细胞瘤(RB)基因启动子区域的甲基化状况,并探讨基因异常甲基化与蛋白表达及其临床意义.方法 采用甲基化特异性PCR方法 对46例乳腺癌、22例癌旁增生组织及7例正常乳腺组织中p16INK4a和RB基因启动子区域甲基化状况进行检测,并采用免疫组织化学SP法对p16INK4a蛋白表达情况进行相应检测.结果 乳腺癌、癌旁增生组织和正常乳腺组织中p16INK4a基因的甲基化率分别为23.9%(11/46)、18.2%(4/22)、1/7;RB基因的甲基化率分别为10.8%(5/46)、9.1%(2/22)、0(0/7);肿瘤组织、癌旁增生组织和正常乳腺组织中p16INK4a基因、RB基因甲基化率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).正常乳腺组织、癌旁增生组织、乳腺癌中p16INK4a蛋白表达阳性率分别为7/7、60.8%(28/46)和81.8%(18/22),三者之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);肿瘤组织中p16INK4a蛋白表达与肿瘤分级相关(P<0.05);肿瘤组织中p16INK4a甲基化状况与其蛋白表达、肿瘤分级、ER表达阴性具有相关性(P<0.05),与肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、年龄均不相关;RB基因甲基化状态与肿瘤分级、肿瘤大小、ER表达及年龄均无相关性,但与淋巴结转移相关(P<0.05).结论 p16INK4a基因异常甲基化可能在乳腺癌发生过程中作用有限,但在肿瘤的演进中发挥作用;RB基因甲基化检测对于分析乳腺癌进展及预后情况可能有一定参考价值;p16INK4a基因甲基化是p16INK4a蛋白失表达的机制之一.     

乳腺癌中p16INK4a和视网膜母细胞瘤基因甲基化状况及其表达

目的 研究乳腺癌及癌旁增生组织中p16INK4a和视网膜母细胞瘤(RB)基因启动子区域的甲基化状况,并探讨基因异常甲基化与蛋白表达及其临床意义.方法 采用甲基化特异性PCR方法 对46例乳腺癌、22例癌旁增生组织及7例正常乳腺组织中p16INK4a和RB基因启动子区域甲基化状况进行检测,并采用免疫组织化学SP法对p16INK4a蛋白表达情况进行相应检测.结果 乳腺癌、癌旁增生组织和正常乳腺组织中p16INK4a基因的甲基化率分别为23.9%(11/46)、18.2%(4/22)、1/7;RB基因的甲基化率分别为10.8%(5/46)、9.1%(2/22)、0(0/7);肿瘤组织、癌旁增生组织和正常乳腺组织中p16INK4a基因、RB基因甲基化率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).正常乳腺组织、癌旁增生组织、乳腺癌中p16INK4a蛋白表达阳性率分别为7/7、60.8%(28/46)和81.8%(18/22),三者之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);肿瘤组织中p16INK4a蛋白表达与肿瘤分级相关(P<0.05);肿瘤组织中p16INK4a甲基化状况与其蛋白表达、肿瘤分级、ER表达阴性具有相关性(P<0.05),与肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、年龄均不相关;RB基因甲基化状态与肿瘤分级、肿瘤大小、ER表达及年龄均无相关性,但与淋巴结转移相关(P<0.05).结论 p16INK4a基因异常甲基化可能在乳腺癌发生过程中作用有限,但在肿瘤的演进中发挥作用;RB基因甲基化检测对于分析乳腺癌进展及预后情况可能有一定参考价值;p16INK4a基因甲基化是p16INK4a蛋白失表达的机制之一.     

5-羟色胺转运体基因启动子区CpG岛甲基化状态与精神分裂症Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型的关联

目的:探讨5-羟色胺转运体(5-HTT)基因启动子区CpG岛甲基化状态与精神分裂症Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型的关联。方法:运用特异性甲基检测PCR和直接测序法对62例精神分裂症Ⅰ型患者、38例Ⅱ型患者和50例健康被试5-HTT基因启动子区CpG岛甲基化状态进行检测。结果:三组5-HTT基因启动子区CpG岛甲基化阳性率无显著性差异;精神分裂症Ⅰ型患者5-HTT基因启动子区CpG岛内位点甲基化率显著高于精神分裂症Ⅱ型患者和健康被试组。结论:5-HTT基因启动子区CpG岛内位点高甲基化可能是精神分裂症Ⅰ型的发病机制之一。     

ASPP2基因启动子区DNA甲基化及转录因子DNA结合位点的干湿研究

对p53凋亡刺激蛋白2 (ASPP2)基因启动子区进行了甲基化及转录因子结合位点(TFBS) 的生物信息学分析及实验研究.结果表明,在该基因近端启动子区存在一个长1391bp的CpG岛,且此区域中包含19个转录因子的37个结合位点,其中有13个转录因子的结合位点含有CpG;甲基化预测发现在含CpG的23个TFBS中有18个位点的CpG易发生甲基化.由此推断ASPP2是典型的多因子调控的CpG岛基因,CpG岛的异常甲基化将影响转录因子结合,导致ASPP2基因表达下调.通过对人肝癌细胞株HepG和人成纤维细胞HFL-1的ASPP2基因启动子CpG岛中含4个E2F结合位点区域的甲基化实验检测,证明这种推断是正确的.这一研究说明,对重要基因启动子区DNA甲基化及TFBS的生物信息学研究可为相关的实验研究提供指南,对促进基因表达的表观遗传调控研究具有重要意义.     

NDRG-1基因甲基化与乳腺癌发生的关系

目的 对NDRG-1基因启动子区甲基化状态进行研究,探讨NDRG-1基因甲基化在乳腺癌发生中的作用.方法 采用双色荧光杂交微阵列基因芯片技术对33例乳腺癌样本和癌旁组织样本进行NDRG-1基因启动子区甲基化状态研究.结果 33例肿瘤样本和癌旁组织样本中NDRG-1基因启动子区CpG位点均有不同程度的甲基化,肿瘤组织中NDRG-1基因启动子区CpG位点甲基化率显著高于相应的癌旁样本组织(t=14.12,P＜0.05).结论 DNA甲基化作为NDRG-1基因的重要调控机制,NDRG-1基因启动子区过甲基化可能在乳腺癌的发生过程中起重要作用.     

p53基因甲基化模式的变化及其生物学效应

被誉为基因组保护者的p53是防范哺乳动物基因组损伤的关键抑癌基因之一,其产物在细胞增殖分化过程中发挥着调控细胞周期的作用,参与受损细胞周期抑制、DNA修复、细胞凋亡等维持基因组稳定性相关的各个途径.p53不同位点的甲基化情况与该基因的激活状态、肿瘤的发生等密切相关.该文就p53启动子区域、编码区的CpG位点和编码区非CpG位点的胞嘧啶甲基化改变及其生物学效应作一简要概述.     

Positive display of methylated sites: a novel method for the detection of promoter methylation.

Promoter methylation represents an important mechanism for silencing gene expression in higher eukaryotes. To study methylation of the promoter of the tumor suppressor p16INK4a, a fast and simple method was developed that, in contrast to previous studies, relies on the positive display of methylated sites (PDM). The method is based on bisulfite treatment of DNA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplification of the modified DNA and restriction digest of de novo created restriction sites to positively display DNA methylation in a background of unmethylated DNA. Since methylated as well as unmethylated DNA is amplified, information on the proportion of both is provided. Using this approach, 33 ductal invasive carcinomas, 4 normal mammary tissues, and 4 cell lines were analyzed for methylation. Methylation in the p16INK4a promoter was detected in 1 of 33 carcinomas (3%) and in 0 of 4 normal tissues. The conclusion is that PDM provides a useful tool in determining the degree and pattern of promoter methylation and is suitable to screen large series of tissue samples.     

Promoter methylation profiles of tumor suppressor genes in intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Recent studies indicate that tumor suppressor genes can be epigenetically silenced through promoter hypermethylation. To further understand epigenetic alterations in cholangiocarcinoma, we have studied the methylation profiles of 12 candidate tumor suppressor genes (APC, E-cadherin/CDH1, MGMT, RASSF1A, GSTP, RAR-beta, p14ARF, p15INK4b, p16INK4a, p73, hMLH1 and DAPK) in 72 cases of cholangiocarcinoma, including equal number cases of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. A total of 10 cases of benign biliary epithelia were included as controls. The methylation status of tumor suppressor genes was analyzed using methylation-specific PCR. We found that 85% of all cholangiocarcinomas had methylation of at least one tumor suppressor gene. The frequency of tumor suppressor gene methylation in cholangiocarcinoma was: RASSF1A (65%), p15INK4b (50%), p16INK4a (50%), APC (46%), E-cadherin/CDH1 (43%), p14(ARF) (38%), p73 (36%), MGMT (33%), hMHL1 (25%), GSTP (14%), RAR-beta (14%) and DAPK (3%). Although single tumor suppressor gene methylation can be seen in benign biliary epithelium, methylation of multiple tumor suppressor genes is only seen in cholangiocarcinoma. About 70% (50/72) of the cholangiocarcinomas had three or more tumor suppressor genes methylated and 52% (38/72) of cases had four or more tumor suppressor genes methylated. Concerted methylation of multiple tumor suppressor genes was closely associated with methylation of RASSF1A, p16 and/or hMHL1. Methylation of RASSF1A was more common in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma than intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (83 vs 47%, P=0.003) while GSTP was more frequently seen in intrahepatic compared to extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (31 vs 6%, P=0.012). Our study indicates that methylation of promoter CpG islands of tumor suppressor genes is a common epigenetic event in cholangiocarcinoma. Based on distinct methylation profiles, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma are two closely related but biologically unique neoplastic processes. Taking advantage of the unique concurrent methylation profile of multiple genes in cholangiocarcinoma may facilitate the distinction of cholangiocarcinoma from benign biliary epithelium in clinical settings.     

Epigenetic alteration of p16INK4a gene in dedifferentiation of liposarcoma

The atypical lipomatous tumor (ALT)/well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS) is a locally aggressive subtype of liposarcoma unless dedifferentiation occurs. The mechanism driving this progression is not clear. Loss of p16 is believed to be an early and critical event in tumor progression. Gene silencing by methylation of p16INK4a gene promoter has been reported in several soft tissue sarcomas. The aim of this study is to study the role of p16INK4a gene promoter methylation and p16 expression in tumor progression (dedifferentiation) and recurrence of ALT/WDLPS. Four cases of dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLPS) and three cases of recurrent well-differentiated liposarcomas (WDLPS) were collected, and methylation status of p16INK4a gene promoter was analyzed using methylation-specific PCR (MSP) on DNA extracted from paraffin blocks. p16 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry on the same blocks. Methylation of p16INK4a gene promoter was seen in the dedifferentiated (DD) components only, in two out of four (2/4, 50%) DDLPS. The other two DDLPS and three recurrent WDLPS were not methylated. Both WD and DD components in all four DDLPS cases showed strong nuclear p16 expression. All three recurrent WDLPS showed positive p16 expression with similar intensity between primary and recurrent tumors. Even though linear correlation between p16 promoter hypermethylation and p16 protein expression was not present, there appears to be a role for p16INK4a gene promoter hypermethylation in DDLPS and not in recurrent WDLPS.     

Methylation in the p53 promoter is a supplementary route to breast carcinogenesis: correlation between CpG methylation in the p53 promoter and the mutation of the p53 gene in the progression from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive ductal carcinoma

Aberrant methylation in the CpG sites located in the promoter region of several tumor suppressor genes has been reported in various types of cancers. However, the methylation status of the p53 promoter has not been clearly determined and no information is available on its role in breast cancer. The aim of the study was to determine the presence and timing of the methylation of CpG sites in the p53 promoter, in the progression from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive cancer. We also explored the correlation between the CpG methylation of the p53 promoter and p53 mutation during the progression of breast cancer. The corresponding lesions of both the invasive and noninvasive types were microdissected in paraffin-embedded tissue of 26 breast carcinomas. Bisulfite-modified DNA sequencing for methylation status in the p53 promoter was carried out, and double-strand DNA sequencing was performed in the promoter region and exons 4 to 9 of the p53 gene. CpG site methylation in the p53 promoter was detected in three cases (11.5%). Two noninvasive and three invasive lesions harbored CpG methylation in the p53 promoter. Methylations in more than one site were observed in three lesions, all of which contained methylation in two sites. The methylated CpG sites were located near the AP1 and YY-1 binding sites and at the YY-1 binding site. The p53 mutation was not found in the lesions where methylation in p53 promoter region was evident. In 16 cases (61.5%), neither methylation nor p53 mutation was detected. We conclude that the methylation in the p53 promoter region is found in the breast cancer irrespective of the status of invasion, and that the hypermethylation in the p53 promoter region is an alternative pathway to tumorigenesis where there is no p53 gene mutation.     

Genetic and epigenetic alterations of 9p21 gene products in benign and malignant tumors of the head and neck

The multistep process of tumorigenesis has not been decoded to date, although numerous investigations into probable molecular changes have meanwhile been conducted. However, not only DNA changes or loss of alleles cause deregulation of gene function, but also epigenetic alterations (e.g. methylation) result in functional loss. The INK4a-ARF (CDKN2A) locus, located on chromosome 9p21, encodes two functionally distinct tumor suppressor genes, p14ARF and p16INK4a, which play active roles in the p53 and Rb tumor suppressive pathways. We therefore examined not only p16 and p14 proteins, but also alterations of the INK4a-ARF locus, including methylation and loss of heterozygosity in benign and malignant tumors of the head and neck (squamous cell carcinomas and pleomorphic adenomas). In benign pleomorphic adenomas, methylation of p14ARF was found in 1 out of 42 (2%) cases, whereas alterations of p16INK4a occurred in 12/42 (29%) pleomorphic adenomas. In HNSCC, methylation of p16INK4a occurred in 16 out of 50 (32%) carcinomas. P14ARF was found to be methylated in 8 out of 50 cases (16%). Our results demonstrate that alterations of the INK4a-ARF locus are frequent and important events not only in the carcinogenesis of malignant, but also in benign tumors.     

Methylation of p16INK4a is a non-rare event in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

The cell cycle inhibitor, p16INK4a may be a useful surrogate biomarker of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN); however, there is currently no consensus of p16INK4a genetic alterations throughout the multiple step process of CIN. Our goal was to identify the methylation frequency of p16INK4a in each step of CIN that is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, using several different detection methods of p16INK4a methylation to correlate the data. The present study included a total of 43 patients, including 38 with CIN, and 5 normal patients. Three different methods were used to detect hypermethylation of CpG islands, methylation-specific PCR (MSP) amplification of different primer sets of M1, M2, and M3, pyrosequencing of each forward primer region, and immunohistochemistry of p16INK4a. Analysis of MSP showed that 20 of the 38 CIN patients (52.6%) revealed hypermethylation in at least 1 primer set of the p16INK4a promoter. A complete loss of p16INK4a protein expression was observed in 11 cases (28.9%). There was no observed association of methylation of the p16INK4a gene with either CIN grading (P=0.0698) or HPV status (P=0.2811): specifically 42.9% (3/7) was found in CIN 1, 57.1% (8/14) in CIN 2, and 52.9% (9/17) in CIN 3. In concordance with immunohistochemistry results, hypermethylation of the p16INK4a promoter was significantly correlated with a lack of p16 protein expression (P=0.0145). All positive peaks from pyrosequencing matched the MSP results, which ranged from 6.3% to 24.5%. In conclusion, p16INK4a gene silencing during CIN was not determined to be a particularly rare event; however, it does not correlate with either HPV status or CIN grading.     

CpG island methylation of tumor-related genes in three primary central nervous system lymphomas in immunocompetent patients

We have determined the promoter CpG island methylation status of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), glutathione-S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), death-associated protein kinase (DAPK), p14(ARF), thrombospondin-1 (THBS1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 gene (TIMP-3), p73, p16(INK4A), RB1, and TP53 genes in three primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL). Five genes (GSTP1, DAPK, TIMP-3, p16(INK4A), and RB1) were hypermethylated in two samples, whereas MGMT, THBS1, and p73 were aberrantly methylated in only one sample. No case presented CpG island methylation for the p14(ARF) and TP53 genes. These findings concur with previous data suggesting a frequent inactivation of p16(INK4A) and very limited involvement of TP53 in PCNSL and also provide insights into the epigenetic molecular involvement of other tumor-related genes in this neoplasm.     

软组织平滑肌肉瘤中p16基因的甲基化检测

目的 探讨软组织平滑肌肉瘤（ＬＭＳ）中p16基因ＩＮＫ４Ａ的甲基化状态及其与p16表达的关系。方法 应用ＭＳＰ法检测３８例软组织平滑肌肉瘤,１０例平滑肌瘤及５例正常平滑肌组织中p16基因ＩＮＫ４Ａ的甲基化状态,用免疫组织化学ＳＰ方法检测p16蛋白表达情况。结果 ３８例ＬＭＳ中９例发生异常甲基化,异常甲基化率为２３.7%（９／３８）。其中,７例p16蛋白表达阴性,２例p16蛋白弱阳性,在p16蛋白表达阴性的ＬＭＳ中,异常甲基化率为５０％（７／１４）。结论 p16基因第一外显子启动子区５‘CpG岛的异常甲基化是导致p16基因失活、蛋白缺如的重要基因外机制,并可能参与肿瘤的发生。