慢性疼痛应激对雄性SD大鼠生殖相关参数的影响

目的 观察不伺时间段慢性疼痛应激后,SD大鼠生殖相关参数的变化.方法 建立坐骨神经分支选择性损伤模型.经不同时间疼痛应激后,于14 d、21 d和28 d处死大鼠,取睾丸、附睾称重,并对附睾尾精子计数,HE染色显示睾丸结构变化,western blot检测3 β-HSD蛋白表达的改变.结果 14 d和21 d手术组大鼠体重均略低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).不同时间段各组大鼠睾丸和附睾系数均无明显变化.28 d后手术组附睾尾精子相对计数显著低于对照组(P<0.05).HE染色显示,坐骨神经分支选择性损伤诱导疼痛应激28 d后睾丸生精上皮中生精细胞减少,生精小管腔内精子数量减少.Western blot结果显示28 d手术组3 β-HSD表达显著低于正常照组和假手术组(P<0.05).结论 慢性疼痛应激如其他方式应激一样,能引起大鼠附睾尾精子相对计数减少,睾丸生精上皮中生精细胞减少,睾丸内3 β-HSD含量降低,慢性疼痛应激降低了大鼠的生精功能.     

可卡因诱导不同年龄段大鼠生殖系统损害模型的建立及生精细胞凋亡状况的研究

目的 建立可卡因诱导不同年龄段大鼠生殖系统损害动物模型,探讨可卡因对不同年龄段大鼠生精细胞凋亡影响。方法 应用3、6、12周龄SD雄性大鼠皮下注射可卡因28d建立吸毒动物模型。测定血清性激素浓度,分析生殖细胞凋亡状况。结果 可卡因诱导4周后,3周龄大鼠睾丸重量减轻(P<0.05),其他生殖器官重量无明显影响;6周龄大鼠睾丸、附睾和阴茎重量减轻(P<0.05),其中睾丸重量差异有非常显著性(P<0.01);12周龄大鼠生殖器官重量则均无明显影响(P>0.05)。3周龄实验组大鼠睾酮(T)降低,雌二醇(E2)升高(P<0.05);6周龄实验组大鼠T明显降低(P<0.05),而E2变化;12周龄实验组大鼠T、E2差异无显著性(P>0.05)。3个年龄段实验组大鼠均出现细胞凋亡梯带,生精细胞凋亡峰值明显增高,其中6周龄组最为显著。3、6和12周龄实验组大鼠睾丸生精细胞半胱天冬蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)活性均较对照组明显增高,其中6周龄实验组 Caspase-3活性增高更为明显(P<0.01),Caspase-3活性增加与血清雄激素水平呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论 可卡因诱导不同年龄段大鼠 28 d可致大鼠生殖器官发育和生殖内分泌功能损害,造成生精细胞凋亡增加,增殖能力下降。该模型是研究毒品影响不同年龄段雄性大鼠生殖系统损害较为理想的方法。     

多菌灵对大鼠睾丸发育和生精功能影响的研究

目的:探讨多菌灵对雄性大鼠睾丸发育和生精功能的影响及其作用机制。方法:40只清洁级未成年Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为4组(对照组,低、中、高剂量组,每组10只),低、中、高剂量组经口灌胃不同浓度的多菌灵溶液(分别为20、100、200mg/kg体重),对照组给予吐温80溶液,1次/d,连续80d。染毒结束后,立即取睾丸和附睾,观察其形态。测定各组大鼠体重及右侧睾丸和附睾重量;取左侧附睾尾测定精子活率和精子数量;采用HE染色法、原位末端标记法(TUNEL)及免疫组化SABC法观察大鼠睾丸组织的病理学变化、细胞凋亡和Bcl-2/Bax表达情况。结果:中、高剂量组大鼠睾丸和附睾均明显萎缩、右侧睾丸和附睾重量减轻,左侧附睾尾精子活率和精子数量均低于对照组(P<0.01);中、高剂量组睾丸组织病理学检查可见明显异常;随多菌灵染毒浓度的增加,各剂量组生精细胞凋亡率逐渐升高,Bcl-2表达下降,Bax表达升高,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:多菌灵可影响雄性大鼠的睾丸发育和生精功能,可能与下调Bcl-2和上调Bax致细胞凋亡增加有关。     

生精冲剂对实验性精索静脉曲张大鼠生精细胞凋亡状况的影响

目的:探讨实验性精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡状况以及生精冲剂对其凋亡的影响。方法:将60只成年雄性W istar大鼠随机抽出20只为对照组,其余按石津和彦改良法制成左精索静脉曲张大鼠模型,再随机分为模型组20只,治疗组20只。用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测睾丸生精细胞凋亡。结果:模型组大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数明显高于对照组(P<0.01)和治疗组(P<0.01),治疗组与对照组比较有明显差异(P<0.01)。结论:实验性精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡增加,这可能是影响生育力的机制之一;生精冲剂能够减少精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡,对睾丸生精功能具有保护作用,进而可提高睾丸的生殖能力。     

五子衍宗丸对实验性少弱精子症大鼠的保护作用与机制研究

目的:观察五子衍宗丸对实验性少弱精子症大鼠的保护作用与机制研究。方法:取60只雄性SD大鼠,随机分成正常组、模型组、阳性药组(生精胶囊1.6 g/kg),五子衍宗丸低、中、高剂量组(1、2、4 g/kg),除正常组外,其他各组灌服雷公藤多苷30 mg/(kg·d),连续6周,建立少弱精子症模型。从造模的第3周开始,各组按剂量灌胃给药,连续给药4周后计算睾丸和附睾脏器指数,检测附睾精子质量、精子凋亡率、精子线粒体通透性转换孔(MPTP)开放情况,HE染色观察大鼠睾丸病理组织学改变,Hochest染色观察大鼠睾丸细胞凋亡情况。结果:五子衍宗丸能提高少弱精子症大鼠睾丸和附睾脏器指数,增加附睾精子浓度、精子活力和精子活率,降低精子凋亡率,抑制MPTP异常开放;HE染色显示五子衍宗丸能增加少弱精子症大鼠睾丸生精小管内各级生精细胞层次和数量,Hochest染色显示五子衍宗丸明显抑制睾丸生精小管内生精细胞凋亡。结论:五子衍宗丸能明显提高少弱精子症大鼠精子质量,降低少弱精子症模型大鼠的各级生精细胞(包括精子)凋亡率,其机制可能与抑制大鼠精子线粒体MPTP开放有关。     

光照应激对雄性大鼠生殖相关参数的影响

目的 观察比较光照应激状态下不同应激时间段SD大鼠生殖相关参数的变化.方法 建立SD大鼠的光照应激模型分为光照应激短期(2d、3d、4d、7d)和光照应激长期(14d、21d、28d),并分别取应激状态下SD大鼠睾丸、附睾称重,对附睾尾精子计数,HE染色观察睾丸结构,应用免疫组织化学和westernblot分析3 β-HSD表达,比较各实验组和对照组问上述指标的变化.结果 短期光照应激组(2d、3d、4d、7d)与对照组相比,大鼠体重、睾丸重量、附睾重量、精子数量没有明显变化(P>0.05),HE染色显示睾丸结构无明显变化,免疫组化和western blot显示3β-HSD表达无明显变化.长期光照应激组与对照组相比,大鼠重量、睾丸和附睾重量都有明显增加.与对照组相比,14 d实验组的附睾重量有显著性差异(P<0.05):21 d、28 d实验组的睾丸重量有显著差异(P<0.05),21 d、28 d实验组的体重、附睾重量和精子相对计数都有极显著差异(P<0.01).HE染色显示睾丸内生精小管变粗,管腔内生精细胞增多,免疫组化和western blot显示长期应激组14 d的3β-HSD相对表达量增加20.3%,有显著性差异(P<0.05);21d和28d实验组3β-HSD的相对含量分别增加30.4%和43.3%,差异极显著(P<0.01).结论 短期光照应激不能破坏大鼠机体内稳态的调节机制,对生殖的影响并不明显;而长期处于光照应激状态下的雄性大鼠,超出机体内稳态的调节能力,对生殖的影响不仅表现在体重、睾丸、附睾和附睾尾的重量增加,而且精子相对计数及睾丸结构都发生相应变化,3β-HSD表达量也明显增加.提示光照是影响大鼠生殖功能的一个因素.     

大鼠精索静脉曲张模型及其高位结扎术后睾丸生精细胞凋亡及其IL-1和NO含量的变化

目的:研究大鼠左侧精索静脉曲张(VC)模型及其高位结扎术后睾丸生精细胞凋亡及白细胞介素-1(IL-1)和一氧化氮(NO)含量的变化。方法:选用雄性SD大鼠60只,均选择左侧精索静脉作为研究对象,建立VC模型。将大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组(SO)15只,VC后高位结扎组(VCT)组15只和VC模型对照组30只。模型对照组中随机选取15只大鼠作为VC1组,余下15只大鼠作为VC2组,分别测定VC1组和SO组、VC2组和VCT组大鼠精液质量及睾丸组织中IL-1和NO的含量并加以比较,采用TUNEL检测睾丸生精细胞凋亡情况。结果:所有大鼠均建模成功,VC1组精子浓度[(1.54±1.16)×10~6/ml]和精子活力[(44.23±15.46)%]均显著低于SO组[2.80±1.62)×10~6/ml、(72.34±12.62)%](P0.05),VCT组精子浓度[1.82±1.34)×10~6/ml]和精子活力[(51.21±12.62)%]较VC2组有显著提高[(1.04±1.21)×10~6/ml、(39.23±13.21)%](P0.05)。大鼠左侧睾丸NO[(0.172±0.030)ng/ml]、IL-1[(1.468±0.080)mg/ml]含量VC1组明显高于SO组[(0.134±0.021)ng/ml、(0.782±0.079)mg/ml](P0.05),VC2组左侧睾丸NO[(0.198±0.020)ng/ml]、IL-1[(1.994±0.090)mg/ml]含量明显高于VCT组[(0.141±0.010)ng/ml、(0.781±0.036)mg/ml](P0.05),而右侧睾丸2组比较差异无显著性(P0.05),而且NO与IL-1含量之间呈正相关关系(r=0.492,P0.01)。VC1组大鼠双侧睾丸生精细胞大量凋亡,左、右侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数差异有统计学意义(P0.05),SO组左、右侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数无明显差异(P0.05),2组间同侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数差异显著,均有统计学意义(P0.01);VCT组大鼠左、右侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数差异有统计学意义(P0.05);VC2组左、右侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数无明显差异(P0.05);2组间同侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数差异显著,均有统计学意义(P0.01)。VC2组、VCT组组内同侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数无明显差异(P0.05),但VC2组、VCT组2组间同侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数差异显著,均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:VC致睾丸组织中NO和IL-1含量升高,并加重睾丸生精细胞凋亡,可能是其致睾丸损伤、影响睾丸生精功能障碍的原因之一。     

微波长期辐射对雄性生殖的影响研究

目的:探讨微波长期辐射对雄性大鼠生殖的影响。方法:100只二级雄性Wistar大鼠经平均功率密度为0、2.5、5和10 mW/cm2微波辐射4周(5次/周、6 min/次),于辐射后6 h、7 d、14 d、28 d和60 d,动态观测血清睾酮,睾丸指数、组织学和超微结构及附睾精子畸形率的变化。结果:2.5、5 mW/cm2微波辐射28 d[(10.20±4.31))ng/ml,(5.56±3.47)ng/ml]和10 mW/cm2辐射后28 d[(7.53±4.54)ng/ml]及60 d[(15.95±9.54)ng/ml]血清睾酮浓度较对照组[(23.35±8.06)ng/ml,(31.40±9.56)ng/ml]明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);3种剂量微波辐射后6 h～60 d,睾丸指数未见明显变化,但均出现不同程度生精细胞变性坏死脱落、生精上皮变薄、精子减少或缺失等改变,以辐射后28 d及60 d明显;5 mW/cm2辐射后7 d和60 d,超微结构见各级生精细胞线粒体肿胀、空化,精原细胞和Leydig细胞染色质凝集边移;附睾精子畸形率均呈增加趋势,其中2.5 mW/cm2辐射后7 d,5 mW/cm2辐射后60 d,10 mW/cm2辐射7 d、28 d、60 d附睾精子畸形率明显增加(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:微波长期辐射可引起雄性大鼠生殖损伤,与辐射剂量呈正相关,并具有明显的远后效应。     

L-肉碱对糖尿病大鼠生精细胞凋亡及附睾精子数量和活动率的影响

目的:探讨L-肉碱(LC)对糖尿病(DM)大鼠生精细胞凋亡及附睾精子数量和活动率的影响。方法:24只雄性SD大鼠随机均分为3组,一组作为对照组,剩余两组分别注射链脲佐菌素(STZ,65 mg/kg)建立DM模型。建模成功后,各组大鼠分别给予如下灌胃剂量:对照组:生理盐水;DM模型组:生理盐水;LC组:300 mg/kgLC溶液,连续灌胃6周。末次给药24 h后,麻醉处死所有大鼠,分别进行附睾精子计数并检测精子活动率,流式细胞术检测各组大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡情况。结果:用LC治疗后的大鼠附睾头、尾精子活动率(%)分别为53.7±1.8和60.3±1.6,显著高于DM模型大鼠(分别为32.2±2.0和40.5±1.4,P<0.05),但低于对照组大鼠精子活动率63.1±2.4和68.9±1.3。与对照组附睾尾精子相对计数[(37.8±1.1)×106/100 mg]相比,DM组显著减少[(25.5±1.1)×106/100 mg],且具有统计学差异(P<0.05);LC治疗后大鼠附睾尾精子相对计数[(32.0±1.5)×106/100 mg]比DM组显著增加(P<0.05),但仍低于对照组。与对照组生精细胞凋亡率[(3.7±1.3)%]相比,DM组生精细胞凋亡率[(52.5±4.4)%]显著上升(P<0.05);经LC治疗后,LC组大鼠生精细胞凋亡率为(35.3±3.5)%,比DM组显著降低(P<0.05),但仍显著高于对照组。结论:LC(300 mg/kg)灌胃DM大鼠6周,可以减少DM大鼠生精细胞凋亡,增加附睾精子数量,提高精子活动率。     

六味地黄汤抑制大鼠生精细胞凋亡及其促进精子发生

用醋酸棉酚建造大鼠生精障碍模型,用六味地黄汤灌胃治疗,以市售六味地黄丸和甲基睾酮分别为对照和阳性对照,TUNEL法检测实验各组大鼠睾丸生精细胞的凋亡情况,计数实验各组大鼠精子数量,考察实验各组大鼠精子的质量.结果表明,六味地黄汤各治疗组、阳性对照组大鼠的精子数量、精子爬高均与模型组有显著性差异(P<0.01),各治疗组大鼠的精子质量(活力)也显著优于模型组;各实验组大鼠睾丸凋亡的生精细胞明显少于模型组.由此显示,六味地黄汤复方可显著抑制大鼠睾丸生精细胞的凋亡,对生精障碍大鼠有显著的促进生精作用,并可显著提高大鼠精子的质量.     

L-肉碱在奥硝唑所致大鼠睾丸和附睾损伤中的保护作用

目的:探讨L-肉碱(LC)在奥硝唑(ORN)所致大鼠附睾和睾丸损伤中的的保护作用。方法:40只雄性SD大鼠(200～230g)随机均分为5组:①A组:给予0.5%的羧甲基纤维素钠(溶剂)灌胃;②B组:每天给予400mg/kgORN灌胃;③C组:每天给予800mg/kgORN灌胃;④D组:每天给予[ORN(400mg/kg)+LC(100mg/kg)]灌胃;⑤E组:每天给予[ORN(800mg/kg)+LC(100mg/kg)]灌胃。上述各组均连续灌胃20d,末次给药24h后,所有大鼠麻醉后处死,分别取睾丸、附睾,进行称重和HE染色,计算睾丸、附睾系数并观察睾丸和附睾病理组织学改变。结果:①与A组相比,B组睾丸、附睾系数明显降低(P<0.05);而C组睾丸、附睾系数为极显著性降低(P<0.01);D组与A组相比无差异,E组与A组相比有极显著性差异(P<0.01);②HE染色显示,与A组相比,B组睾丸生精小管内各级生精细胞排列基本整齐,部分生精小管管腔内有脱落的生精细胞,附睾管腔中精子数目下降,有时可见散在的生精细胞;C组大鼠睾丸生精小管管腔内均可见坏死脱落的生精细胞,附睾管腔中精子数目明显减少,且有较多的非精子细胞成分。D组睾丸生精小管无明显改变,附睾管腔中精子数目也未见明显下降;E组睾丸生精小管管腔内精子数目减少,可见坏死脱落的生精细胞,附睾腔中精子数目明显减少,并伴有较多的非精子细胞成分。结论:奥硝唑(ORN)可导致雄性大鼠附睾和睾丸病理组织学改变,LC对ORN引起大鼠附睾和睾丸损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

Therapeutic effect of pentoxifylline on reproductive parameters in diabetic male mice

In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on male reproductive parameters in diabetic mice. Male adult mice (n = 24) were divided into control and three experimental groups (n = 6) including Diabetic, Diabetic + PTX and PTX groups. Diabetes was induced by single injection of streptozotocin (60 mg kg^?1). PTX was administered intraperitoneally at the dose of 12 mg kg^?1 for 14 days 1 week after diabetes induction. Serum levels of testosterone and blood glucose were determined and collected spermatozoa from cauda epididymidis analysed. Based on histological slides prepared from testis, the diameter of seminiferous tubules was determined using Motic camera and software and also apoptosis using TUNEL assay. Data were analysed using one‐way anova method, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean of seminiferous tubules diameter, final body weight, testis weight, sperm parameters and testosterone hormone level in PTX‐treated diabetic group indicated a significant increase compared to diabetic one, whereas apoptosis index and blood glucose were decreased in this comparison (P < 0.05). These results suggest that intraperitoneal administration of PTX is a potentially beneficial agent to reduce testicular damage and improves sperm parameters in diabetic mice by decreasing the ratio of apoptosis.     

Studies on relationship between testicular capsule and sperm transport in rat testis

Aim: In SD rats, histological changes in the testis were observed after bilateral capsulotomy (of the tunica albuginea) in order to investigate the physiological role of the testicular capsule on sperm transport. Methods: Bilateral longitudinal capsulotomy was devised to disrupt the capsular contractile function. With this technique, only the tunica vaginalis and tunlca albuginea were slit open, leaving the tunica vasculosa intact to embrace the underlying testicular parenchyma. After capsulotomy, the structural changes in the seminiferous tubules, the transitional distal seminiferous segment, and the rete testis were observed. Results: In the capsulotomized testis, there was sperm retention at the transitional seminiferous segment and progressive degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules. Conclusion: The results clearly indicated that an intact testicular capsule was required for normal sperm transport from the seminiferous tubules into the rete testis. This is the first attempt to study the physiological role of the testicular capsule in intact animals.     

Histological and immunohistochemical studies on the damage of contralateral testis following the unilateral testicular torsion in Wistar rats

The effect of experimental unilateral torsion of the testis on the contralateral intrascrotal testis in Wistar rats was evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically. The results were summarized as follows. 1) Histological damage of the seminiferous tubules in the contralateral testis was present only in adult rats. 2) The histological change 3-5 weeks after the experimental torsion consisted of marked decrease of spermatocytes, loss of spermatids and spermatozoa and numerous Sertoli-cell only tubules. Hyperplasia of the interstitial cells was demonstrated without thickness of the basement membrane and infiltration of the inflammatory cells. The tubular diameter and the ratio of contralateral testicular weight to rat body weight were significantly decreased (p less than 0.05) in torsion group. 3) Using an indirect immunofluorescent method, the positive immunohistochemical staining on spermatid and spermatozoa of normal testicular tissue was demonstrated using only the serum of rat with histological damage on the contralateral testis. Therefore, the phenomenon may be ascribable to the presence of antisperm antibody. It is concluded that the mechanism of the damage in seminiferous tubules of the contralateral testis with experimental torsion in adult Wistar rats is related to the humoral immunity producing antisperm antibody.     

Cycloheximide prevents production of arresting, a fraction of 30-50 kDa obtained from seminiferous tubule conditioned medium

Aim: To evaluate the effect of a protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide on arresting activity in spermatogenesis and sperm count in male rats. Methods: The study used seminiferous tubule (ST) segments from adult rats cultured in vitro with or without cycloheximide to condition culture media, which have been concentrated, size fractioned (30-50 kDa) and administered 7 days to adult rats by intraperitoneal injections. The effects on testicular and epididymal weights, spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm count were determined. Results: The fraction (30-50 kDa), named arresting, obtained from the culture without cycloheximide decreased testicular and epididymal weights (P＜0.01) and reduced the epididymal sperm count significantly. Study of the spermatogenic cycle by transillumination showed spermatogenic arrest at stage VⅡ in rats treated with arresting compared to that observed in controls. The length of stage VⅡ in the group receiving the seminiferous tubules culture media with cycloheximide (30-50 KDa CHX-STCM fraction) was similar to control. Conclusion: The difference in the effect may be the result of the presence or absence of arresting, a protein secreted by the tubules. (Asian J Androl 2004 Dec;6:359-364)     

Antioxidant effect of manganese on the testis structure and sperm parameters of formalin‐treated mice

Manganese inhibits oxidative stress damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role of manganese on testis structure and sperm parameters in adult mice exposed to formaldehyde (FA). Twenty adult male NMRI mice were selected and randomly divided into four groups: (i) control; (ii) sham; (iii) ‘FA’‐exposed group; and (iv) ‘FA and manganese chloride’‐exposed group. The FA‐exposed groups received 10 mg kg^?1 FA daily for 14 days, and manganese chloride was just injected intraperitoneally 5 mg kg^?1 on 2nd weeks. Mice were sacrificed, and spermatozoa were collected from the cauda of the right epididymis and analysed for count, motility, morphology and viability. The other testicular tissues were weighed and prepared for histological examination upon removal. Seminiferous tubules, lumen diameters and epithelium thickness were also measured. The findings revealed that FA significantly reduced the testicular weight, sperm count, motility, viability and normal morphology compared with control group (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, seminiferous tubules atrophied and seminiferous epithelial cells disintegrated in the FA group in comparison with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). However, manganese improved the testicular structure and sperm parameters in FA‐treated mice testes (P ≤ 0.05). According to the results, manganese may improve and protect mice epididymal sperm parameters and testis structure treated with FA respectively.     

口服丙烯酰胺对雄性大鼠生长发育及生殖机能的影响

目的:研究丙烯酰胺对雄性大鼠的生殖毒性作用。方法:30只21日龄断奶未成熟雄性大鼠随机分为3组,实验组Ⅰ和实验组Ⅱ分别通过自由饮水方式口服5 mg/kg.d和10 mg/kg.d的丙烯酰胺溶液8周,对照组饮用自来水。分两批(第4周和第8周时)对体重、脏器重等指标进行检测,并做睾丸和附睾的组织形态学观察;第8周时,同时检查附睾尾精子密度和精子形态。结果:两实验组大鼠体重增加显著低于对照组(P<0.05),至实验8周时,睾丸、附睾性器官发育已受到影响,实验组Ⅱ大鼠附睾尾部精子密度明显低于对照组(P<0.05),实验组Ⅰ与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。睾丸出现不同程度的病理变化,发生调亡的生精小管周围间质细胞显著增多(P<0.05)。结论:丙烯酰胺会对生精小管产生毒性作用而导致雄性大鼠精子生成减少。     

氰戊菊酯对大鼠精子及生殖激素的影响

目的探讨氰戊菊酯(Fen)对雄性大鼠精子计数、活力以及生殖激素的影响。方法成年雄性SD大鼠,分别以0、20、40、80mg/kg剂量的Fen连续灌胃染毒15和30d,按常规方法进行精子计数和精子活力检测,应用放射免疫法和化学发光免疫法测定大鼠血清卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、睾酮(T)、雌二醇(E2)和睾丸匀浆中T、E2水平。结果Fen染毒15d时,与0mg/kg组相比,40mg/kg剂量组精子数量明显减少(P<0.01),20和40mg/kg组睾丸匀浆中T水平显著降低(P<0.01,P<0.05),血清LH、FSH水平随染毒剂量的增加而升高,且FSH水平和染毒剂量有显著的剂量-效应关系(P<0.05);Fen染毒至30d时,各组间精子数量差异不显著,与0mg/kg组相比,40mg/kg剂量组(a+b)级精子活力显著降低(P<0.05),血清LH、FSH水平随染毒剂量的增加而升高,但差异不显著。结论Fen对雄性大鼠有明显的生殖毒性作用,能够改变血清和睾丸中的生殖激素水平。     

Effect of prolonged cryptorchidism on germ cell apoptosis and testicular sperm count

Aim:To evaluate the long term effect of experimental cryptorchidism on germ cell apoptotic rate and testicular sperm content in adult rats.Methods:Bilateral cryptorchidism was created in 40 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by surgically manipulating the testes into the abdominal cavity and closing the internal inguinal ring.The rats were sacrificed and the testes removed 6 hours and 2,4,7,21,28 and 56 days after cryptorchidism.Germ cell apoptosis was quantified by means of TUNEL assay and apoptosis was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy.Results:The rate of apoptosis peaked at 4 days of cryptorchidism and then progressively declined to a nadir at 14 days of cryptorchidism.At 56 days of cryptorchidism,the germinal epithelium was largely depleted by the apoptotic process and only a few mature sperm were seen within the testis.At this point,a few tubules were seen to be repopulating with primary spermatocytes and the level of germ cell apoptosis began to increase marginally.Testicular sperm count (TSC) began to decline rapidly at day 7 of cryptorchidism.Only a few mature sperm were found in the testes of rats following 56 days of cryptorchidism.Multinucleated giant cells (MGC) were most numerous within the seminiferous tubules at day 4.At day 7,35% of MGCs were TUNEL positive.At all subsequent time points,however,MGCs fail to stain positive for apoptosis.This resumption of increased apoptosis coincided with the appearance of a population of primary spermatocytes in some seminiferous tubules.Moreover,there was not a corresponding increase in the number of mature sperm after 56 days of cryptorchidism.Conclusion:The decline in germ cell apoptosis after 4 days of cryptorchidism can be attributed to be the result of an overall depletion of germ cells.It appears that after a prolonged cryptorchidism (56 days),there is a limited resumption of spermatogenesis presumably as a result of a decrease in the maturing germ cells undergoing programmed cell death.(Asian JAndrol2004 Mar;6:47-51)     

男性不育患者精索静脉曲张的超声诊断研究

目的:探讨高频超声诊断男性不育患者精索静脉曲张(varicocele,VC)的检测指标及其VC导致睾丸体积改变情况。方法:采用高频超声方法对46例正常对照者的精索静脉及178例男性不育患者左侧曲张的精索静脉进行了检测。根据临床及超声检查结果将178例VC患者分为4组,其中亚临床型VC(SVC)组45例,临床型VCⅠ级(VCⅠ)组44例,Ⅱ级(VCⅡ)组48例,Ⅲ级(VCⅢ)组41例。结果:①对照组双侧平静呼吸时精索静脉最大内径(DR)、Valsalva试验时精索静脉最大内径(DV)、最大返流速度(Vmax)、返流持续时间(TR)及睾丸体积差别均无显著性(P>0.05);②VC组与对照组及各级VC组DR、DV、Vmax、TR比较的差别具有显著性(P<0.001);③各VC组左侧睾丸体积小于右侧(P<0.01),VCⅡ、VCⅢ组右侧睾丸体积小于对照组(P<0.05),VCⅢ组左侧睾丸体积小于SVC组(P<0.05)。结论:①高频超声可为男性不育VC患者提供精确的精索静脉内径、血流动力学及睾丸大小等客观指标,有助于男性不育病因的筛选;②单侧VC可引起双侧睾丸体积变小,尤以左侧为甚,亚临床型及临床型VC均可导致患侧睾丸体积缩小,且VC愈严重,睾丸体积愈小。