超声引导下经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术治疗阻塞性黄疸的临床价值

目的探讨超声引导下经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术（PTCD）治疗阻塞性黄疸的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析PTCD治疗149例阻塞性黄疸患者的成功率与并发症,其中胆管癌60例,胆管结石35例,胰头癌28例,手术后胆管狭窄8例,急性化脓性胆管炎6例,胆囊癌7例,壶腹周围癌3例,胰体癌2例。结果146例穿刺成功（146／149,97．99％）,其中经肝左叶肝内胆管置管104例,经肝右叶肝内胆管置管34例,肝左叶及肝右叶肝内胆管均置管8例。3例穿刺失败,均为胆管癌（3／149,2．01％）,其中2例因肝内胆管内径纤细、穿刺路径过深而无法成功植入引流管;1例因穿刺胆管持续出血而被迫终止手术。穿刺术后随访1周～18个月,除3例患者出现引流管脱出、1例胆管感染外,其余病例均引流通畅,无明显并发症。结论彩色多普勒超声引导下PTCD治疗阻塞性黄疸操作简便,安全、有效。     

Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌患者术前减黄的引流相关性胆管炎发生率的队列研究

目的探究内镜下逆行胆胰管造影术(ERCP)和经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术(PTBD)引流对Ⅱ～Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌(HCCA)患者术前减黄引流相关性胆管炎发生率的影响。 方法收集2015年1月至2019年3月需在术前进行减黄治疗的Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型HCCA患者共90例,根据不同的减黄方式将行内镜下逆行胆胰管造影术的60例患者分为ERCP组,行经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术的30例患者分为PTBD组。数据采用SPSS24.0进行统计学处理。肝功能指标等计量资料以( ±s)表示,独立样本t检验;胆管炎发生率等采用χ²检验,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。 结果两组患者术前均能达到有效减黄目的,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型HCCA患者减黄后两组TBIL、ALP 、γ－GT、ALT水平较同组减黄前均明显降低(P<0.05)。ERCP组在引流相关性胆管炎发生率为33.3%,高于PTBD组的13.3%(P<0.05)。Ⅱ型HCCA患者在引流相关性胆管炎的发生率为5.3%,明显低于Ⅲ、Ⅳ型患者(37.9%、52.2%,P<0.05),而Ⅲ、Ⅳ型患者组间比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。Ⅱ型HCCA患者在ERCP组引流相关性胆管炎的发生率与在PTBD组无明显差异(P>0.05),而Ⅲ、Ⅳ型患者在ERCP组引流相关性胆管炎的发生率明显高于PTBD组(P<0.05)。 结论Ⅱ型HCCA患者推荐行ERCP术进行术前减黄治疗,而Ⅲ、Ⅳ型患者,更建议选择PTBD术。     

Endoscopic management strategies in relation to the severity of acute cholangitis

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Acute cholangitis (AC) and especially suppurative cholangitis due to biliary lithiasis is an emergency situation that requires urgent biliary decompression. The aim of the study is to present our policy for the treatment of AC due to choledocholithiasis, endoscopically. METHODS: In a 4-year period, 71 patients presenting AC, due to lithiasis, underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography and endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES). All patients had fever, jaundice, abdominal pain, and in case of suppurative cholangitis hemodynamic instability. Most of them seemed to be high-risk candidates for surgery. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients had AC and 22 patients had acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis (AOSC). ES (conventional or needle-knife biliary fistulotomy) was successful in 69 out of 71 (97%) patients. Two patients were eventually operated and were excluded from statistical analysis. Fifty of the 69 patients (72%) had a complete bile duct clearance in 1 session. Conventional ES, complete bile duct clearance, and other endoscopic maneuvers (balloon, basket, lithotripsy) were significantly more frequent in the AC group (P<0.001). Needle-knife biliary fistulotomy, and stent insertion were significantly more frequent in the AOSC group (P<0.001). Endoscopical treatment had low morbidity and total hospital stay time. CONCLUSIONS: ES is the procedure of choice for the treatment of AC offering definite treatment with low morbidity and short hospitalization. Urgent biliary decompression with minimal endoscopic maneuvers is crucial for the outcome of patients having AOSC.     

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目的：分析胰源性黄疸术前行直接胆道造影过程中发生并发症的原因，探讨其处理方法。方法：对1997～2002年收治的110例因胰腺疾病导致梗阻性黄疸病人术前行直接胆道造影发生急性胆道并发症的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：行PTCD检查42例，ERCP 59例，行两种检查者9例。总急性胆道并发症10例(9．09％)，PTCD组急性胆道并发症7例(13．73％)，急性胆管炎4例，胆道出血2例，胆汁性腹膜炎1例，死亡1例。ERCP组急性胆道并发症3例。结论：胰源性黄疸行直接胆道造影检查虽有一定的并发症发生，但合理的选择适应证，严格操作规范，对术后病人严密观察，积极的保守治疗可避免和治愈并发症。直接胆道造影和胆道引流应是胰源性黄疸术前安全有效的诊断和治疗方法。     

Successful management of preoperative cholangitis by percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: Case report of advanced gallbladder carcinoma with severe cholangitis

A case of advanced gallbladder carcinoma complicated with preoperative severe cholangitis is reported. The cholangitis was completely controlled after management employing percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD), and it was then possible to perform curative resection of the gallbladder carcinoma. Malignancy at the hepatic hilus sometimes causes acute obstructive cholangitis, followed by severe liver dysfunction, making major hepatic resection impossible. PTBD is quite useful for improving such a pathological condition.     

经肝圆韧带肝膈面径路施行肝内胆肠吻合术治疗肝胆管结石21例临床观察

报告采用经肝圆韧带肝膈面径路施行肝内胆管空肠吻合治疗肝胆管结石２１例，其中伴医源性胆管损伤５例，左肝管结石８例（伴狭窄７例），肝内泥沙状结石并急性化脓性胆管炎２例，胆总管Ｔ管引流术后左肝管残余结石伴囊状扩张３例，胆管外伤、多次胆管手术后及左肝管结石并出血各１例。患者年龄３２～５０岁占７５．９％。２１例经临床观察，效果尚属满意。作者认为，该手术具有操作具有简便易行，术野暴露满意；创伤性小、保存肝组织、勿须切肝；术后能迅速降压减黄等优点。另外，对手术适应证、吻合方法及操作细节、术中注意事项等问题进行了讨论。     

壶腹部癌合并急性胆管炎的治疗选择

目的　探讨壶腹部癌合并急性胆管炎的治疗方法。方法　对比分析 12年间收治的壶腹部癌合并急性胆管炎的临床资料。其中采用一期切除手术 2 5例 ,先作胆道引流二期行切除手术 12例。结果　一期手术组通过非手术治疗 ,术前的体温和白细胞均比入院时明显降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,基本达到二期手术组二期切除的术前水平 ( P >0 .0 5 ) ,而总胆红素和清蛋白水平无明显变化 ;与二期组比较 ,一期组切除术前准备期明显缩短 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,手术时间和术中出血量减少 ,虽然术后感染性并发症发生率和术后住院天数增加 ,但再手术率和手术死亡率相似。结论　壶腹部癌合并急性胆管炎可先给予非手术治疗 ,待胆道感染控制后一期行胰十二指肠切除术     

肝门部胆管癌根治术前经内镜鼻胆管引流和经皮经肝胆管造影引流术的临床效果观察

目的对比经内镜鼻胆管引流术(endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD)和经皮经肝胆管造影引流术(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage,PTCD)作为术前减黄对肝门部胆管癌根治术的不同效果。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2016年8月,首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院普通外科中心20例行ENBD并完成肝门部胆管癌根治术病人的临床资料,与同期31例行PTCD并完成肝门部胆管根治术病人的临床资料进行比较。比较两组以下指标的差异:病人减黄时间,减黄前及术前、术后肝功能指标(血总胆红素、血直接胆红素、天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、白蛋白水平),术中情况(手术时间、出血量、输血量),术后并发症。结果 ENBD组与PTCD组均能够显著降低胆红素水平(P0.05);PTCD组除了能够降低胆红素水平外,肝功能酶学水平也显著降低(P0.05);ENBD组肝功能酶学减黄前后差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术中两组手术时间、术中出血量及术后血总胆红素、血直接胆红素、天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、术后住院时间、住院总费用比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05);PTCD组与ENBD组围手术期并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(74.2%比60.0%,P0.05),其中PTCD组术后胆管炎发生率更高(48.4%比20.0%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.036)。结论 ENBD和PTCD均能够有效降低术前胆红素水平,PTCD引流更充分,减黄时间更短,肝功能恢复效果更好,ENBD术后胆管炎并发症更低;肝门部胆管癌术前应结合病人的具体情况选择合适引流方式,从而增加手术安全性,减少术后并发症发生率。     

胆道结石并急性胆管炎256例诊治体会

目的探讨胆道结石并急性胆管炎的临床表现和治疗。方法回顾性分析我院1995年2月至2005年12月收治的256例胆道结石并急性胆管炎的临床资料。92例行保守治疗,其中65例症状缓解后择期手术。164例在发病48h内行胆总管切开取石并T管引流术。结果本组病人治愈218例,症状缓解出院27例,死亡6例。因病情恶化放弃治疗5例。结论早期诊断对胆道结石合并急性胆管炎的治疗尤为关键。及时判断胆道系统梗阻的部位及程度。尽早手术解除胆道梗阻并引流以降低胆道内的压力有利于防止重症胆管炎的发生。     

Chemotherapy-induced sclerosing cholangitis as a rare indication for resection: Report of a case

Bile duct stricture due to chemotherapy-induced sclerosing cholangitis (CISC) is a potentially fatal complication of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC). It is managed primarily with medical treatment and biliary stenting. We report a rare case of a CISC-related biliary stricture requiring resection. The patient had been receiving adjuvant HAIC for 11 months after a curative liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma, when clinically overt cholangitis developed. Radiologic and biopsy findings suggested a CISC-related biliary stricture limited to the common hepatic duct. We discontinued HAIC and started corticosteroid treatment, which finally became ineffective. Endoscopic biliary stenting was impossible because of her severe biliary sclerosis, necessitating resection of the stricture, which was confirmed histologically to be secondary sclerosing cholangitis. The patient has shown no signs of recurrent cholangitis for 12 postoperative months since her operation. Thus, resection could be a treatment option for a CISC-related biliary stricture in selected patients.     

超声引导下经皮肝穿刺胆管置管引流术治疗梗阻性黄疸

目的探讨超声引导下经皮肝穿刺胆管置管引流术治疗梗阻性黄疸的临床价值。方法对39例梗阻性黄疸患者行超声引导下经皮肝穿刺胆管置管引流术,包括胆管癌23例,胰头癌9例,化脓性胆管炎伴胆管结石4例,壶腹部肿瘤3例。结果行右肝管穿刺24例,左肝管穿刺10例,同时行左右肝管穿刺5例。所有患者均一针穿刺成功,成功率100%;术后血清总胆红素、直接胆红素、碱性磷酸酶、丙氨酸转氨酶和γ-谷氨酰转移酶均显著下降(P均<0.05)。结论超声引导下经皮肝穿刺胆管置管引流术具有定位准确、操作简便、创伤小、并发症少等优点,能在短期内有效降低体内胆红素水平,对于肝功能的恢复及后续治疗具有一定临床价值。     

肝泡型包虫病的手术治疗:附43例病例分析

目的 探讨肝泡型包虫病手术治疗的方式和疗效.方法 对我院2000年至2008年收治的43例肝泡型包虫病患者分成两组回顾性分析.根治性手术组19例、姑息性手术组24例.结果 姑息性手术组围手术期病死1例,2例术后出现远处转移,2例术后出现肝内播散,4例因术后再次出现黄疸、3例因术后反复发作胆管炎而入院治疗.根治性手术组3例术后出现胆瘘,1例出现胆管炎,3例出现消瘦.术后30例获得随访(≤3年至≤8年).随访期间,姑息性手术组有10例患者病死,长期生存率为28.5%(4/14);根治性手术组中有1例患者因贲门癌病死,长期生存率为93.7%(15/16).结论 根治性手术是治疗肝泡型包虫病的首选方法.可使患者获得临床治愈并长期存活.而姑息性手术多用于解决梗阻性黄疸或并发症,以便为进一步治疗争取时间.

Abstract：

Objective To study the operative techniques and the surgical results of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Methods Forty three patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis treated in our Hospital from 2000 to 2008 were studied retrospectively. They were divided into two groups: radical resection group (19 cases) and palliative resection group (24 cases). Results There were 1 surgeryrelated death, 2 patients with remote metastases, 2 patients with intrahepatic dissemination, 4 patients with recurrent jaundice and 3 patients with cholangitis in the palliative resection group. There were 3 patients with biliary fistula, 1 patient with cholangitis and 3 patients with emaciation in the radical resection group. Among the 30 patients followed-up for ≤3-≤8 years, 10 patients died in the palliative resection group and the long-term survival rate was 28.5% (4/14). One patient died from gastric cancer in the cardiac in the radical resection group and the long survival rate was 93. 7%(15/16). Conclusions The first choice of treatment for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis is radical resection. Patients could be cured by radical resection. Palliative surgery is an option for patients not manageable otherwise.     

老年人的急性胆管炎的治疗方式选择

目的总结老年人急性胆管炎外科治疗体会。方法回顾性分析134例老年人急性胆管炎的临床资料。结果134例中行胆道T管引流术97例,急诊行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术（PTCD）32例,保守治疗5例,死亡数分别为9例、2例及4例。结论PTCD可能是T管引流术以外治疗老年人急性胆管炎的另一种有效选择。     

急性化脓性胆管炎外科的临床特征与治疗变迁

目的了解急性化脓性胆管炎外科治疗30年来的变化情况.方法收集我院1970年1月～1999年12月急性化脓性胆管炎手术治疗的病例共288例,从其年龄、休克率、发病原因、手术方式及治疗预后等资料分析,并按70、80及90等三个年代进行排列比较.结果(1)青幼年下降,老年人上升;(2)胆囊穿孔、休克及病死率下降;(3)胆道蛔虫及细菌感染下降,胆结石上升.结论随着社会的发展及医疗水平的提高,急性化脓性胆管炎的发病率及病死率均明显下降.早期诊断早期治疗,是减少其死亡及并发症的主要措施.     

PTCD治疗梗阻性黄疸137例分析

目的PTCD技术应用及临床价值,旨在提高成功率,减少并发症。方法对患胆结石、胆囊癌、胆管癌、肝转移癌引起的阻塞性黄疸137例患者在彩超引导下行PTCD,置管147根,合适胆管选择左肝高于右肝。结果1次穿刺成功率98．58％,2次成功率100％。引导管放置时间3—186d,发生并发症6例,占4．4％。结论彩超引导下PTCD是目前最为简便、安全、实用的胆道减压方法。     

Common bile duct pressure in patients with common bile duct stones with or without acute suppurative cholangitis

Resting common bile duct pressure was measured in three groups of patients: group 1, 53 patients with gallstones but without common duct stones; group 2, 35 patients with common bile duct stones unaccompanied by cholangitis; and group 3, 36 patients with common duct stones and acute suppurative cholangitis. A significantly higher pressure in the common bile duct was documented in patients with cholangitis when compared with the other two groups. Twenty-four patients with cholangitis had common duct pressure values above 20 cm H2O, the maximal values of normal. Additionally, patients with cholangitis with pressure values over 30 cm H2O (nine patients) showed absence of green bile in the extrahepatic biliary tract, suggesting cessation of bile excretion into biliary duct. In all these cases, an impacted stone at the distal end of the common bile duct was documented.     

Endoscopic biliary drainage for acute obstructive cholangitis: Effects of bilionasal drainage and stent placement

Acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis is a life-threatening condition which requires prompt biliary decompression. A retrospective review of 92 patients with acute obstructive suppurative or nonsuppurative cholangitis (46 men and 46 women with a mean age of 65.1 years) was conducted. All patients had undergone endoscopic biliary decompression by retrograde cannulation with (79 patients) or without (13 patients) sphincterotomy. Nineteen patients had received sphincterotomy previously. In addition to biliary decompression, 48 of the 92 patients had a bilionasal catheter or a stent placed in the common bile duct (group A), while the other 44 patients did not (group B). The effect of drainage was successful in 83 of the 92 patients (90%), but 1 patient in group A died of liver failure due to advanced cirrhosis of the liver despite successful drainage; thus, the overall mortality rate was 1.1%. Although the mortality and overall morbidity rates (2.1% and 42% in group A, and 0% and 34% in group B, respectively) did not differ between the two groups, the frequency of recurrent cholangitis was significantly higher in group B (60%) than in group A (4.2%) (P<0.001). We conclude that endoscopic biliary decompression is a prompt, safe, and effective method for the treatment of acute obstructive cholangitis. We stress that a stent or a bilionasal drainage catheter should always be placed if recurrent cholangitis is to be prevented until complete clearance of the stones is achieved.     

经内镜胆道金属支架置入术后胆道感染的原因及处理

目的 探讨经内镜胆道金属支架置入术后胆道感染的原因及处理方法.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2012年12月47例经内镜胆道金属支架引流患者的临床资料.结果 47例均一次成功置入胆道金属支架,6例肝门部胆管癌、3例胆管癌（胆总管）、2例壶腹癌以及1例肝移植术后吻合口狭窄患者在金属支架植入术后3周～31个月发生胆道感染,发生率为25.5％,包括4例肿瘤堵塞金属支架、3例胆泥及食糜淤积、3例急性化脓性胆囊炎以及2例肝脓肿,分别采取经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流（PTGBD）、经皮经肝脓肿穿刺置管引流（PTCD）、经内镜球囊取石/覆膜金属支架及鼻胆管引流治疗,12例均治愈,未发生严重并发症.结论 胆泥及食糜淤积、肝脓肿、肿瘤长入支架、胆囊颈管开口受压是胆道金属支架置入术后胆道感染的主要原因,PTGBD、PTCD及治疗性ERCP是其主要治疗方法.     

Ultrasonic guided percutaneous transhepatic bile drainage for cholangitis due to intrahepatic stones

Acute cholangitis due to intrahepatic stones is frequently associated with biliary sepsis. Emergency surgery for these high-risk patients is usually associated with a high mortality. Therefore, we recommend nonoperative methods for the management of this acute disease. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage (PTCD) combined with antibiotic and fluid treatment was used successfully in the management of 41 patients with acute pyogenic cholangitis due to intrahepatic stones. The general condition of these patients improved after treatment with PTCD. Repeated cholangiography should be performed so that the entire biliary tree and lesions can be viewed. Elective surgery (21 patients) or removal of the stone through the sinus tract via PTCD (14 patients) was performed when the patients' general condition improved following emergency PTCD. Therefore, we recommend PTCD over emergency surgery in the treatment of acute septic intrahepatic stones.     

Cholangiographic studies on bile duct branches of the caudate lobe in resected cases with biliary tract carcinoma involving the hepatic hilus

Diagnostic value of the cholangiography was studied for carcinoma of the biliary tract involving the hepatic hilus, and special attention was paid on the cholangiogram of the bile duct branches (B1) of the caudate lobe. Cholangiograms of B1 were compared with pathologic findings in 42 (27 bile duct carcinomas, 15 gallbladder carcinomas) of 43 cases of biliary tract carcinomas. Sixty-four of B1 in the 42 cases could be studied radiologically and histopathologically. The findings of the root of B1 were classified into 4 groups: group A, not stenotic; group B, short segmental stenosis; group C, long segmental stenosis and group D, poorly imaged. Carcinoma invasion was found in 6 of 18 of group B, and in 9 of 16 of group C. Carcinoma was confirmed near the root of B1 in the remaining 7 of the 16 group C. Carcinoma invasion was found in 20 of 21 of group D, and invasion was suspected in the remaining one. Carcinomas were found in the root of B1 in all cases of poorly imaged or long segmental stenosis of B1, and in 33% of short segmental stenosis of B1. Therefore caudate lobe resection should be performed for carcinoma of the biliary tract involving the hepatic hilus.