进口与国产培养基对肉类、海产品中4种致病菌检出率的比较分析

目的：比较肉类、海产品中4种致病菌在进口科玛嘉培养基与国产培养基上的检出率。方法：增菌后分别用科玛嘉显色培养基与国产培养基分离培养4种致病菌。比较检出率。结果：沙门菌在科玛嘉显色培养基与国产培养基上无显著性差异（P〉0.05,2χ检验）,副溶血性弧菌在科玛嘉显色培养基与国产培养基上有显著性差异（P〈0.01,2χ检验）,金黄色葡萄球菌在科玛嘉显色培养基与国产培养基上无显著性差异（P〉0.05,2χ检验）,单核细胞增生李斯特菌在科玛嘉显色培养基与国产培养基上有显著性差异（P〈0.01,2χ检验）。结论：进口科玛嘉显色培养基在副溶血弧菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌上比国产培养基有较高的检出率,而在沙门菌和金黄色葡萄球菌上的检出率与国产培养基无差异。     

两种培养基对腹泻病人肛拭标本中副溶血性弧菌检测的比较

目的比较科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基和TCBS琼脂平板对副溶血性弧菌的检测效果。方法依据WS271—2007《感染性腹泻的诊断标准》,对100份腹泻病人肛拭标本进行副溶血性弧菌分离鉴定,比较其效果。结果 100份腹泻病人肛拭标本中,TCBS分离出28株可疑菌株,科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基分离出30株可疑菌株。对可疑菌株进行生化鉴定,最后有20件标本确认为副溶血性弧菌。科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基和TCBS琼脂筛查出的可疑阳性标本中真阳性符合率分别为66.7%和71.4%,其差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.15,P>0.05)。结论两种培养基在检测副溶血性弧菌中具有相同的检测效果。     

衡阳市2006年水产品霍乱弧菌调查报告

目的：了解衡阳市水产品中霍乱弧菌的污染状况，为进一步预防衡阳市霍乱制订措施提供实验依据。方法：依据《霍乱弧菌手册》（第五版）进行霍乱弧菌分离培养、生化及血清学鉴定。结果：共采集水产品593份，污水36份，从甲鱼肛样中检出2株O139霍乱弧菌，1株稻叶型霍乱弧菌，从甲鱼内脏中检出1株O139群霍乱弧菌。结论：2006年5-10月份衡阳市水产品霍乱弧菌监测，阳性率较低，只检测出4株且均从甲鱼中来，但仍需对外来甲鱼进行监测，预防霍乱在衡阳市发生。     

2种弧菌显色检测平板性能比较研究

目的研究国产弧菌显色平板性能,用于临床弧菌检测的可行性评估。方法将霍乱弧菌、创伤弧菌、副溶血性弧菌、溶藻弧菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌等标准菌株以及来自郑州七里河的24份水样和来自郑州红旗路农贸市场的108份水产品样本,分别接种科玛嘉弧菌显色平板和安图弧菌显色平板,比较目的菌的生长和显色差异以及杂菌的生长和显色的差异等。结果 2种显色平板检测弧菌的性能完全一致,但在对粪肠球菌的抑制性能方面,安图弧菌显色平板优于科玛嘉。24份水样样本中,2种显色平板均未检出弧菌,但108份水产品样本中科玛嘉显色平板出现一份副溶血性弧菌假阳性,2种显色平板对临床样本中副溶血弧菌的鉴别差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论安图弧菌显色平板作为国产试剂,整体性能优于科玛嘉,结合到成本优势,有较大的临床应用价值。     

四川省2005年霍乱分子流行病学特征

目的：分析四川省2005年霍乱弧菌分子特征,以及霍乱暴发疫情分离的菌株与菌株之间,疫情分离的菌株与海、水产品监测分离的霍乱弧菌之间的遗传相关性,查找霍乱传染来源,为预测疫情和制定防治措施提供依据.方法：利用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测O139群霍乱弧菌特异性编码脂多糖基因（LPS）和霍乱毒力基因（ctxAB）;脉冲场凝胶电泳对菌株进行分子分型,所得结果以BioNumerics V4.0软件UPGMA方法进行聚类分析.结果：所试16株霍乱弧菌14株LPS阳性,为O139群霍乱弧菌;另2株为O1群稻叶型霍乱弧菌.2株稻叶型霍乱弧菌和1株O139群霍乱弧菌ctxAB阴性,其余13株菌均具有ctxAB,为产毒株.对16株菌以NotⅠ酶切后PFGE可分为5个型别.O139群霍乱弧菌优势流行株与从甲鱼分离的O139群霍乱弧菌PFGE型别一致,且同为产毒株.结论：甲鱼等海、水产品被O139群霍乱弧菌污染情况严重,甲鱼中分离的O139群霍乱弧菌与霍乱疫情分离菌株之间高度同源,被污染的甲鱼可能是本年度食源性霍乱暴发的主要传染来源之一,海、水产品的监测是近期霍乱防控的重点.     

2016年河南省淡水产品养殖环节4种常见致病性弧菌污染状况监测

目的 了解河南省淡水产品养殖环节4种常见致病性弧菌（霍乱弧菌、副溶血性弧菌、创伤弧菌和溶藻弧菌）的污染状况,为河南省食源性疾病的预防及溯源提供数据支持。方法 参照2016年国家食品安全风险监测-淡水动物性水产品养殖环节中常见弧菌专项监测工作手册进行样品的采集和检测。结果 从开封市和鹤壁市淡水产品养殖场中分别采集水产品、养殖水体和水底淤泥共计312份,开封市检出73株霍乱弧菌（46.79％）、13株副溶血性弧菌（8.33％）和17株溶藻弧菌（10.90％）,未检出创伤弧菌;鹤壁市检出8株霍乱弧菌（5.13％）,未检出副溶血性弧菌、溶藻弧菌和创伤弧菌。对13株副溶血性弧菌进行3种毒力基因（TLH、TRH和TDH）检测。13株副溶血性弧菌均具有不耐热溶血素基因（TLH）,有12株具有耐热相关直接溶血素基因（TRH）,均未携带耐热直接溶血素（TDH）。对81株霍乱弧菌进行血清分群,O1群霍乱弧菌3株（小川1株、稻叶1株和彦岛1株）,O139群霍乱弧菌5株,非O1/O139群霍乱弧菌73株。81株霍乱弧菌CTXA毒力基因阳性菌株7株,均为非O1/O139群霍乱弧菌。结论 河南省淡水养殖环节主要受霍乱弧菌、副溶血性弧菌和溶藻弧菌的污染,监测的2个地区污染情况存在差异,污染的优势弧菌是霍乱弧菌。     

郴州市海、水产品霍乱弧菌污染状况监测

目的 分析郴州市海、水产品霍乱弧菌污染状况及菌型特征。方法 采集市场销售的海、水产品，对其整体或部分及相应的体表、肛门或鳃部涂片进行增菌、分离、鉴定。用家兔小肠段结扎实验检测O139群肠毒素。结果 郴州市海、水产品霍乱弧菌带菌率为0．64％（2／311），两株霍乱弧菌均来自甲鱼（2／77），经鉴定分别为O1群和O139群，后者能产霍乱肠毒素（CT），还检出其他致病性弧菌9株。结论 郴州市水产品存在O139群霍乱弧菌污染，给我们提出了一个新的卫生学问题，建议在今后的监测中采用整体或部分采集法。     

用溶血素基因探针检测非01群霍乱弧菌的初步研究

本文应用霍乱弧菌溶血素基因探针对87株从临床急性感染性腹泻患者粪便中分离的致病性弧菌进行了检测,同时以血琼脂平板溶血性检测作为对照。结果表明,该探针只与非01群霍乱弧菌杂交,而不与其它致病性弧菌(副溶血弧菌、拟态弧菌、河弧菌和溶藻弧菌)产生阳性反应。18株非01群霍乱弧菌中有16株(88.9%)具有与霍乱弧菌溶血素同源性基因,另2株用该探针杂交为阴性,但其在血琼脂上显示有溶血性,表明非01群霍乱弧菌存在着不同种的溶血素。应用这种特异性溶血素基因探针,检测到1株蔗糖阴性的非01群霍乱弧菌。     

因吃生蚝引起的非01群霍乱弧菌胃肠炎

在生化上与霍乱弧菌流行株(01群霍乱弧菌株)相同,但对01群霍乱弧菌抗血清不凝集的弧菌,现在被称为非01群霍乱弧菌,而过去曾被称作非霍乱弧菌和不凝集弧菌。在孟加拉有过三次腹泻暴发与非01群霍乱感染有关,而且非01群霍乱弧菌感染曾引起重度霍乱样腹泻。1979年前,美国未见有非01群霍乱弧菌引起的暴发或集中的胃肠炎病例报告。 1979年11月间,有2例胃肠炎病人到佛罗里达的某甲医院就诊,从其大便标本中分离出了非01群霍乱弧菌。虽然该院于2年前就用TCBS培养基每年常规检查成年腹泻病人大便标本900份,但此次是首次分离出2株非01群霍乱弧菌。在另一次调查中,又鉴定出3例非01群霍乱弧菌胃肠炎。以上5例在发病前4天内均吃过生蚝,其临床和流行病学特点摘要见     

膜免疫层析一步法在霍乱弧菌诊断中的应用

目的：应用膜免疫层析（免疫沾棒）快速诊断01群霍乱弧菌。方法：采用病原学方法和免疫沾棒对309份标本和20株霍乱阳性菌株进行平行检验。结果：免疫沾棒的灵敏度为10^u个/ml菌液，免疫沾棒特异性强。结论：目前的膜免疫层析试剂不适于临床快速诊断，仅仅只能作为一种辅助诊断技术用于外环境的监测和临床标本的诊断。还需研发灵敏度更高的膜免疫层析试剂盒。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.