高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法测定复方盐酸赖氨酸片的含量

目的:建立复方盐酸赖氨酸片中盐酸赖氨酸的含量测定方法。方法:应用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测仪,DiamonsilC18(15cm×4.6mm×5μm)色谱柱,以0.1%三氟醋酸溶液为流动相,流速为0.5ml/min,测定复方盐酸赖氨酸片中盐酸赖氨酸的含量。结果:在4~20μg范围内,色谱峰面积与对照品浓度呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9998;平均回收率为100.14%(RSD=0.59%,n=6)。结论:该法快速、简便、重现性好,可用于复方盐酸赖氨酸片中盐酸赖氨酸的质量控制。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定安胃片中延胡索乙素的含量

目的建立测定安胃片中延胡索乙素含量的反相高效液相色谱法。方法固定相:Phenom enex IunaC18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH值=7.68)(V∶V=65∶35);检测波长:281nm。结果延胡索乙素的线性范围为0.13~4.68μg,平均回收率为100.6%,RSD=1.67%。结论该法简便、准确、快速,可用于安胃片中延胡索乙素含量的测定。     

HPLC—ELSD法测定盐酸赖氨酸葡萄糖注射液的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法测定盐酸赖氨酸葡萄糖注射液中盐酸赖氨酸及葡萄糖含量。方法:采用 Covasil-C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以0.05 mol·L~(-1)醋酸铵-甲醇-乙腈(1:1:1)为流动相,流速为0.5 mL·min~(-1)。蒸发光散射检测器(ELSD),漂移管温度为40℃,空气流速为1.5 L·min~(-1)。结果:在选定色谱条件下,盐酸赖氨酸、葡萄糖分别在0.3～0.65 g·L~(-1)(r=0.9997),1.5～3.15 g·L~(-1)(r=0.9994)范围内呈良好的线性关系,回收率分别为98.6%～100.3%,97.8%～99.5%。结论:本法简便,专属性好,可用于盐酸赖氨酸葡萄糖注射液中盐酸赖氨酸及葡萄糖含量检测。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定胃必宁片中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的 :用反相高效液相色谱法测定胃必宁片中盐酸小檗碱的含量。方法 :色谱柱为Nova-PakC18,流动相为0 033mol/L磷酸二氢钾 -乙腈 (60∶40) ,检测波长为265nm。结果 :盐酸小檗碱的含量在0 32～1 6μg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0 9999) ,平均回收率为98 93% (n=5) ,RSD=0 90%。结论 :本方法简便、快速 ,测定结果准确     

高效液相色谱法测定情安喘定片中盐酸克仑特罗的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定情安喘定片中盐酸克仑特罗的含量.方法 色谱柱:Grace Smart C18(4.6mm×25mm,5μm);流动相:0.02mol·L-1磷酸二氩钾溶液-乙腈(80:20);流速:1.0mL·min-1;检测波长:243μm.结果 盐酸克仑特罗在0.015μg～0.180μg范围内线性良好,相关系数r=0.99996,平均回收率为97.4%,RSD为0.54%.结论 本法简便,准确性、重复性好,适用于盐酸克仑特罗的含量测定.     

HPLC法测定增智助长灵片中盐酸赖氨酸含量

目的：测定增智助长灵片中盐酸赖氨酸含量,方法：HPLC法;结果：盐酸赖氨酸浓度在20～40μg／ml范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0．9996,回收率为99．3％～99．6％,RSD为0.28％-0、66％(n=3),结论：HPLC法可用于测定增智助长灵片中盐酸赖氨酸含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定二维钙赖氨酸片中盐酸赖氨酸含量

目的探讨测定二维钙赖氨酸片中盐酸赖氨酸含量的方法。方法采用Luna C_(18)柱(250 mm×4．6 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,流动相为乙腈- pH值为7．0的磷酸盐缓冲液(30：70),检测波长为360 nm,流速为0．6 mL/min。结果盐酸赖氨酸进样量在0．15～3．00μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0．9996,平均回收率为99．83%,RSD为0．37%。结论该方法灵敏快速,测定结果准确、重现性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定复方茶碱麻黄碱片中可可碱、盐酸麻黄碱、茶碱和咖啡因的含量

建立HPLC法测定复方茶碱麻黄碱片中可可碱、盐酸麻黄碱、茶碱和咖啡因的含量。采用D iamonsil C18色谱柱,以0.05mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾-甲醇-三乙胺(77∶23∶0.2)为流动相,检测波长为215nm。线性范围为可可碱:0.1011~0.9097μg(r=0.9998);盐酸麻黄碱:0.0418~0.3758μg(r=0.9999);茶碱:0.0973~0.8759μg(r=0.9999);咖啡因:0.0614~0.5522μg(r=0.9999),平均回收率为可可碱:99.8%(RSD=0.6%,n=9);盐酸麻黄碱:100.4%(RSD=0.9%,n=9);茶碱:99.6%(RSD=0.5%,n=9);咖啡因100.1%(RSD=0.3%,n=9)。本方法简便、快速,专属性强,可有效地控制复方茶碱麻黄碱片中可可碱、茶碱、咖啡因和麻黄碱的含量。     

HPLC测定海珠喘息定片中盐酸氯丙那林和盐酸去氯羟嗪的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定海珠喘息定片中盐酸氯丙那林和盐酸去氯羟嗪的含量。方法色谱柱:AGTVenusil XBP-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.015 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钠(含0.15%三乙胺pH=3.1)(30∶70),梯度洗脱;检测波长:215 nm。结果盐酸氯丙那林和盐酸去氯羟嗪检的平均回收率在98.0%~100.3%,RSD<2%;线性范围分别为0.4~1.6μg,r=1.000 0(n=5)和2.1~8.3μg,r=0.999 9(n=5)。结论本法分离效果好,准确快速,适用于海珠喘息定片中盐酸氯丙那林和盐酸去氯羟嗪的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定盐酸奈必洛尔片中主药的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定盐酸奈必洛尔片中主药含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为XTerra RP18,流动相为甲醇-0.03mo·lL-1磷酸二氢钾(0.68∶0.32),流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为280nm,柱温为30℃。结果:盐酸奈必洛尔检测浓度线性范围为15.24～55.88μg·mL-1(r=0.9999,n=5);平均回收率为100.3%,RSD=0.74%(n=6)。结论:本方法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于盐酸奈必洛尔片中主药的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.