大鼠红核酪氨酸羟化酶,生长抑素和亮啡吠能神经元至延髓外侧网状？…

用ＨＲＰ逆行追踪和免疫细胞化学ＡＢＣ法相结合研究了红核内酪氨酸羟化酶，生长抑素和亮啡肽免疫活性神经元至延髓外侧网状核的投射。结果表明，红核内ＨＲＰ标记细胞为对侧性，主要分布于其尾侧２／３，同时，还可见酪氨酸羟化酶、生长抑素、亮啡吠单标细胞及ＨＲＰ／酪氨酸羟化酶、ＨＲＰ／生长换素、ＨＲＰ／亮啡肽双标细胞，其中ＨＲＰ／酪氨酸羟化酶双标细胞约占ＨＲＰ单标细胞２５．２％，ＨＲＰ／生长抑素双标细胞约占２１．     

电刺激及损毁大鼠延髓外侧网状核对脊髓背角广动力范围神经元的作用

本实验采用微电极细胞外记录方法，以清醒大鼠脊髓背角ＷＤＲ神经元的伤害性诱发放电频率为指标，观察大鼠ＬＲＮ对脊髓背角ＷＤＲ神经元的作用。结果表明：１、电刺激一侧ＬＲＮ对双侧脊髓背角ＷＤＲ神经元具有同等程度的抑制作用；２、一侧ＬＲＮ对双侧脊髓背角ＷＤＲ神经元具有紧张性下行抑制作用，这种作用以同侧为主。     

一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元在大鼠延髓网状背侧亚核传入投射通路上的分布

目的 探讨一氧化氮合酶(NOS)阳性神经元在大鼠延髓网状背侧亚核传入投射通路上的分布。方法 还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶组织化学和荧光金(FG)逆行追踪法相结合方法。结果 在脊髓后角Ⅰ层、Ⅹ层以及中缝背核、中缝线形核、中缝隐核等处有不同比例的NOS／FG双标神经元，在中脑导水管周围灰质存在较多NOS单标和FG单标神经元，但未见NOS／FG双标神经元。结论 NO作为一种神经信息物质在SRD的传入投射通路上发挥着一定的作用。     

大鼠红核酪氨酸羟化酶、生长抑素和亮啡吠能神经元至延髓外侧网状核的研究

用HRP逆行追踪和免疫细胞化学ABC法相结合研究了红核内酪氨酸羟化酶、生长抑素和亮啡呔免疫活性神经元至延髓外侧网状核的投射.结果表明,红核内HRP标记细胞为对侧性,主要分布于其尾侧2/3,同时,还可见酪氨酸羟化酶、生长抑素、亮啡呔单标细胞及HRP/酪氨酸羟化酶、HRP/生长抑素、HRP/亮啡呔双标细胞,其中HRP/酪氨酸羟化酶双标细胞约占HRP单标细胞25.2%,HRP/生长抑素双标细胞约占21.3%,HRP/亮啡呔双标细胞约占15.4%.红核参与镇痛和心血管活动的调节可能与上述神经递质有关.     

下丘脑外侧核乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性神经元的传入联系

为也观察下丘脑外侧核乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性神经元的传入纤维联系。方法；采用ＨＲＰ与Ａｃｈｅ相结合的双标记方法，对１７只大鼠下丘脑外侧核进行了逆行追踪研究。结果；在下列核团观察到ＨＲＰ－ＡｃｈＥ双标记细胞；斜角带核垂直支腹侧部，斜角带核水平支隔内侧核，中缝背核，蓝斑，臂旁核，下丘脑前核，对侧下丘脑外侧核，小脑间位核及小脑齿状核。     

猫丘脑腹后外侧核内皮质—丘脑纤维终末与丘脑—皮质投射神经元…

用ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ逆行追踪与顺行溃变相结合的方法，对猫丘脑腹后外侧核内的来自大脑皮质体感Ｉ区的皮质－丘脑纤维终末与丘脑－皮质投射神经元之间的突触连接进行了电镜观察。向猫大脑皮质体感Ｉ区内注射ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ５ｈ后，电解损毁原注射部位，术后动物存活４ｄ。电镜下发现丘脑腹后外侧核内存在５种突触连接方式：（１）溃变的轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记神经元胞体形成轴－体突触；（２）溃变的轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记的树突形成轴－树突     

家兔延髓巨细胞网状核内突触复合体的超微结构

目的　探讨哺乳动物延髓巨细胞网状核内突触的超微结构及其功能。方法　本研究用透射电镜对家兔延髓巨细胞网状核的超微结构进行了观察和研究。结果　巨细胞网状核内轴突终末和树突密集 ,轴突终末内突触小泡和线粒体含量丰富。最为显著的是 ,巨细胞网状核内存在两种典型的突触复合体 :一是以一个中央树突为中心 ,同周围若干轴突终末、数个树突构成的聚合型突触复合体 ;另一个是以一个中央轴突为中心 ,与周围若干树突、数个轴突终末构成的辐散型突触复合体。结论　延髓巨细胞网状核内密集多样的突触联系表明其复杂的神经调节功能 ,特别是突触复合体的结构可能是延髓巨细胞网状核在脑干 -脊髓的神经联系中起整合作用的形态学基础。     

大白鼠脊髓向延髓外侧网状核投射的体部定位——HRP顺行法研究

向大白鼠脊髓的颈、腰膨大和胸髓右侧半分别注入HRP或WGA—HRP,研究了脊髓向延髓外侧网状核的投射。 1.双侧的三叉神经下亚核同时接受颈、胸和腰髓来的投射。 2.大白鼠脊髓主要投射于外侧网状核的尾侧半,有一定的体部定位关系。颈髓投射于双侧大细胞亚核的外侧2/3及与共相邻接的一部分小细胞亚核内,以同侧投射为主。胸髓投射于双侧的大细胞亚核的内侧2/3和与之相邻接的一部分小细胞亚核内,两侧无明显差別。腰髓投射于双侧小细胞亚核和与之相邻接的部分大细胞亚核内,以对侧投射为主。它们相互间有部分重叠。 3.颈、胸和腰髓内外侧网状核投射的神经元位于从背角至腹角的灰质内,越边投射的神经元比不越边投射的神经元位置更靠腹侧。     

大鼠孤束核和延髓腹外侧区至下丘脑外侧区的儿茶酚胺能投射神经元在胃伤害性刺激后的FOS表达

将ＨＲＰ注入下丘脑外侧区进行逆行追踪，并将之与抗ＦＯＳ和抗酪氨酸羟化酶双重免疫组织化学方法相结合，对大鼠孤束核和延髓腹外侧区至下丘脑外侧区的儿茶酚胺能投射神经元在胃伤害性刺激后的ｃ－ｆｏｓ表达进行了观察．光镜下见到孤束核和延髓腹外侧区出现七种不同的反应阳性细胞，即：ＨＲＰ、ＦＯＳ、ＴＨ单一反应阳性细胞，ＦＯＳ／ＨＲＰ、ＦＯＳ／ＴＨ、ＨＲＰ／ＴＨ双重反应阳性细胞和ＦＯＳ／ＨＲＰ／ＴＨ三重反应阳性细胞．七种反应阳性细胞中以ＦＯＳ、ＴＨ单一反应阳性细胞和ＦＯＳ／ＴＨ双重反应阳性细胞数量较多，其余的各类均较少．ＨＲＰ阳性细胞主要见于注射侧，对侧偶见。上述七种阳性细胞主要分布在延髓中、尾段的孤束核内侧亚核和延髓腹外侧区，两者之间的网状结构中少见．本文结果证明大鼠孤束核和延髓腹外侧区儿茶酚胺能神经元有少量向下丘脑外侧区投射，其中少部分儿茶酚胺能神经元参与了胃伤害性刺激的传导或调控．     

观察大鼠下丘脑NPY神经元的培养及瘦素对其mRNA表达的影响

目的观察大鼠下丘脑NPY神经元的培养及瘦素对其mRNA表达的影响。方法用无血清限定性培养基体外培养新生大鼠的下丘脑神经元,观察其生长状况;用NSE、NF、NPY抗血清检测神经元的鉴定和表达,并对三者阳性细胞的胞体和突起做统计学分析。给予Leptin10-10mol/L、10-8mol/L、10-6mol/L3个浓度,观察leptin对NPYm RNA表达的影响。结果培养的NSE和NF阳性细胞生长至第7天时均达高峰;NPY阳性神经元在培养7～10d时,亦处于一稳定时期。NPYmRNA的表达在给予Leptin10-10mol/L时,与对照组相比无显著性差异;10-8mol/L、10-6mol/L浓度时,表达增强,与对照组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论取材于新生大鼠的下丘脑亦可进行体外培养;培养一周时是研究单因素影响神经元的最佳实验时间;在离体环境下,高浓度的leptin(10-8mol/L、10-6mol/L)能促进NPYmRNA的表达,NPY可能表现为抑制GnRH分泌的作用。     

Placental lactogen-like proteins in the rabbit placenta

Rabbit placentae and embryos at days 11 and 12 were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and by light microscopic histology for the presence of placental lactogen-like proteins. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry were performed by using a goat anti-human placental lactogen serum as well as a monoclonal mouse anti-human prolactin immunoglobulin; the results were similar. In the gel electrophoresis of placental tissue, three protein spots at pH 5.6 and 43, 39, and 35 kDa were immunostained; they were absent in the embryo. Immunoresponse was restricted to the cytotrophoblast. Immunofluorescent cells were mainly found on the proximal parts of the placental trabeculae.     

兔脂肪干细胞向髓核样细胞分化的实验研究

目的 探讨脂肪干细胞（ADSCs）向髓核细胞（NPCs）分化的潜能,证实脂肪干细胞可以作为种子细胞用于组织工程髓核研究.方法 提取兔ADSCs,进行培养传代至第3代,提取培养异体兔NPCs,将第3代ADSCs与NPCs共同培养作为共同培养组,将NPCs单纯培养作为单纯培养组.倒置显微镜进行细胞观察,通过RT-PCR技术测定Ⅱ型胶原mRNA和聚集蛋白多糖mRNA,测定其在共同培养3 d、7 d、14 d、21 d的表达量,两组进行对比分析.结果 共同培养组聚集蛋白多糖mRNA及Ⅱ型胶原蛋白mRNA表达量均明显高于单纯培养组.两组聚集蛋白多糖mRNA表达量比较,t=3.436,P〈0.05;两组Ⅱ型胶原蛋白表达量比较,t=2.733,P〈0.05,差异有统计学意义.结论 ADSCs具有向NPCs 分化潜能,在适当的培养条件下与NPCs共同培养可转化为髓核样细胞,同时能够促进NPCs生长.     

Heparin cofactor II in atherosclerotic lesions from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study

Heparin cofactor II (HCII) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that has been shown to be a predictor of decreased atherosclerosis in the elderly and protective against atherosclerosis in mice. HCII inhibits thrombin in vitro and HCII–thrombin complexes have been detected in human plasma. Moreover, the mechanism of protection against atherosclerosis in mice was determined to be the inhibition of thrombin. Despite this evidence, the presence of HCII in human atherosclerotic tissue has not been reported. In this study, using samples of coronary arteries obtained from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study, we explore the local relationship between HCII and (pro)thrombin in atherosclerosis. We found that HCII and (pro)thrombin are co-localized in the lipid-rich necrotic core of atheromas. A significant positive correlation between each protein and the severity of the atherosclerotic lesion was present. These results suggest that HCII is in a position to inhibit thrombin in atherosclerotic lesions where thrombin can exert a proatherogenic inflammatory response. However, these results should be tempered by the additional findings from this, and other studies, that indicate the presence of other plasma proteins (antithrombin, albumin, and α₁-protease inhibitor) in the same localized region of the atheroma.     

颈椎旋转手法对兔颈动脉粥样硬化血管 拉伸力学特性的影响

目的 研究颈椎旋转手法对兔颈动脉粥样硬化血管拉伸力学特性的影响,为颈椎旋转手法的安全性提供依据。方法 20只雄性新西兰兔随机分为2组,每组各10只,均饲高脂饮食12周建立动脉粥样硬化动物模型。12周后对实验组兔行颈椎旋转手法,每日左、右各旋转1次,共4周;对照组不作手法处理。手法结束后处死兔,取双侧颈动脉,利用生物组织材料力学试验机测定颈动脉拉伸最大载荷、最大形变、平均载荷、弹性模量和断裂延伸率等指标以及输出应力—应变曲线。结果 实验组颈动脉拉伸最大载荷(1.36±0.35) N,最大形变(6.84±2.08) mm,平均载荷(0.44±0.30) N,弹性模量(4.30±2.66) MPa,断裂延伸率(83.08±51.32)%;对照组颈动脉拉伸最大载荷(2.92±0.65) N,最大形变(9.23±2.62) mm,平均载荷(1.17±0.63) N,弹性模量(3.71±0.60) MPa,断裂延伸率(154.19±34.32)%。其中,实验组颈动脉拉伸的最大载荷、平均载荷和断裂延伸率明显小于对照组（P<0.05）;而最大形变以及弹性模量在两组中差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 经颈椎旋转手法后,颈动脉粥样硬化血管的拉伸力学特性下降,应注意颈椎旋转手法操作的力度和幅度,以免伤及颈动脉。     

Branching projection of the nucleus “k” neurons to the rabbit cerebellar paramedian lobule: a retrograde fluorescent tracing study

The nucleus "k", in the reticular core of the rabbit caudal pons, is divided into a large medial (composed of dorsal k1 and ventral k2) and a small lateral (k3) subdivision. In this study, the nucleus "k" subdivisions were examined in the rabbit with respect to projections to the cortex of rostral (rPML; face-forelimb region) and caudal (cPML; hindlimb region) paramedian lobule of the cerebellum. The retrograde fluorescent labeling method with Fast Blue (FB) and Diamidino Yellow (DY) was used. Numerous single FB or DY labeled neurons were found in defined regions of all nucleus "k" subdivisions bilaterally, with an ipsilateral preponderance. The distribution of these neurons indicated that afferents originating from different nucleus "k" subdivisions terminated in overlapping regions within the rPML and the cPML rather than in separate domains. Apart from this, double FB + DY labeled neurons (n = 104) were intermingled within a common region of single labeling, but exclusively on the ipsilateral side. Such neurons occupied predominantly the central and lateral regions of the caudal two thirds of the k1 subdivision, and were scattered in the caudal half of k2 as well as throughout the entire rostrocaudal extent of the k3 subdivision. The size of labeled perikarya varied from 20 to 40 microm in diameter. The number of neurons with branching axons was considerably lower than those with single projections to the rPML and the cPML. It amounted to about 3% in k1 and k3, and 2% in the k2 subdivision. However, this population may form an intralobular link between two somatotopically non-corresponding PML regions. The present study provides a morphological basis for further investigations for comparison with other species using both anatomical and electrophysiological methods, also with respect to other connections of the nucleus "k".     

坎地沙坦预防家兔动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂的研究

目的 检测坎地沙坦是否具有稳定动脉粥样硬化斑块、预防斑块破裂的作用,并探讨其机制.方法 34只新西兰雄性大白兔,随机分为正常组、模型组、坎地沙坦干预组.正常组普通饲料喂养,后两组高胆固醇(1%胆同醇)喂养,一周后行腹主动脉内膜剥脱术,坎地沙坦组于腹主动脉内膜剥脱术前2 d给予坎地沙坦(0.5 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))干预.12周末对模型组和干预组行药物诱发不稳定粥样斑块破裂,取腹主动脉行病理形态学观察和基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)、巨噬细胞、胶原的免疫组织化学分析,Western blot法测定主动脉斑块内MMP-9蛋白表达.结果 模型组9个主动脉血管标本中有7个标本共12处发生斑块破裂及血栓形成,干预组10个标本中有2个标本3处发生斑块破裂,两组斑块破裂数量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),正常组中未见斑块破裂及血栓形成;干预组斑块内MMP-9面积比较模型组显著降低(12.35%±4.28%比32.58%±9.16%,P<0.05);干预组斑块内巨噬细胞面积比较模型组显著降低(13.87%±4.91%比23.8%±7.45%,P<0.05);干预组斑块内胶原面积比较模型组显著增加(30.27%±11.36%比4.18%±1.28%,P<0.01);干预组斑块中MMP-9蛋白表达水平较模型组明显降低(P<0.01).结论 坎地沙坦具有稳定斑块、预防斑块破裂的作用,其机制可能是坎地沙坦降低粥样斑块内MMP-9的表达、减少斑块内巨噬细胞聚集和增加斑块内胶原含量.     

Vestibular nucleus projections to nucleus tractus solitarius and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve: potential substrates for vestibulo-autonomic interactions

Autonomic effects of vestibular stimulation are important components of phenomena as diverse as acute vestibular dysfunction and motion sickness. How ever, the organization of neural circuits mediating these responses is poorly understood. This study presents evidence for direct vestibular nucleus projections to brain stem regions that mediate autonomic function. One group of albino rabbits received injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the vestibular nuclei. The tracer was visualized immunocytochemically with standard techniques. Anterogradely labeled axons from the caudal medial vestibular nucleus (cMVN) and inferior vestibular nucleus (IVN) could be traced bilaterally to nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Fewer axons ended near the somata of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMX). A second group of rabbits received pressure or iontophoretic injections of cholera toxin B-HRP or Fluoro-Gold into a region including NTS and DMX. Retrogradely labeled neurons were observed bilaterally in the caudal half of cMVN and ipsilaterally in IVN. The labeled somata were small and they tended to occupy the center of cMVN in transverse sections. These previously unreported vestibular nucleus projections to NTS and DMX are a potential substrate for vestibular influences on autonomic function. In particular, they may contribute to both cardiovascular control during head movements (e.g., orthostatic reflexes) and autonomic manifestions of vestibular dysfunction, motion sickness and exposure to altered gravitational environments.     

Localisation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactivity in rat and rabbit retinas

The distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity was examined in rat and rabbit retinas and was compared with the distribution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase reactivity and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity. An antibody raised against a C-terminal fragment of a cloned rat cerebellar NOS was used to localise NOS immunoreactivity. NOS immunoreactive cells were not detected in rat retinas at postnatal day 1 or 4, but were seen from postnatal day 7 onwards. NOS immunolabelling was seen in a small population of cells in the proximal inner nuclear layer. Most of the labelled cells had the position of amacrine cells and were seen to send processes into the inner plexiform layer. A few labelled cells were at times also seen in the ganglion cell layer, which are likely to correspond to displaced amacrine cells. The same NOS-labelling pattern was seen in rat and rabbit retinas.NADPH-diaphorase staining was observed in both species, in photoreceptor inner segments, in cells with the position of horizontal cells, in a subset of amacrine and displaced amacrine cells, in large cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer, in both plexiform layers, and in endothelium. Colocalisation of NOS immunoreactivity and NADPH-diaphorase staining was only observed among amacrine cells. However, not all NADPH-diaphorase-reactive amacrine cells were found to be NOS immunoreactive. VIP immunoreactivity was also localised in rat retinas in a subpopulation of amacrine cells, but no colocalisation of NOS and VIP immunoreactivity was observed.Our observations indicate that only amacrine cells contain the NOS form recognisable by the antibody used, and suggest that different isoforms of neuronal NOS may be present in retinal cells. Further, the onset of NOS expression in rat amacrine cells appears to occur independently of neuronal activity.Paper in honour of Professor Rolf Elofsson on the occasion of his retirement from the chair of Zoology at the University of Lund     

Sensitivity of lateral cerebellar nucleus to macular stimulation in the rabbit

Summary Experiments were performed in decerebrate rabbits to determine the sensitivity of the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN) to macular stimulation. Twenty-three percent of the neurons recorded extracellularly in the LCN showed steady changes in their discharge rate during 20 ° tilt in both directions of the medial plane. Most of these neurons exhibited an - and -type of response. A few -types, but no -types were observed. The units sensitive to tilt were restricted to the caudal half of the LCN. Some of these positionally sensitive neurons responded monosynaptically to ipsilateral labyrinthine stimulation, but many received a polysynaptic input. These units could be activated antidromically by stimulation of the oculomotor nucleus but at a very high intensity suggesting current spread to the nearby brachium conjunctivum fibers. These results exclude a role of the LCN in the disynaptic otolith-ocular reflex.This investigation was supported by the Public Health Service Research Grant NS 07685-09 from the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, N.I.H., U.S.A. and by a Research Grant from the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ItalyPart of this material was presented at the Satellite Symposium on Control of Gaze by Brainstem Interneurons, Paris, July 13–15, 1977