Longterm survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinomas

Objectives

The aim of this study was to identify predictors for longterm survival following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for pancreatic and other periampullary adenocarcinomas.

Methods

Clinicopathological factors were compared between short-term (<5 years) and longterm (≥5 years) survival groups. Rates of actual 5-year and actuarial 10-year survival were determined.

Results

There were 109 (21.8%) longterm survivors among a sample of 501 patients. Patients with ampullary adenocarcinoma represented 76.1% of the longterm survivors. Favourable factors for longterm survival included female gender, lack of jaundice, lower blood loss, classical PD, absence of postoperative bleeding or intra-abdominal abscess, non-pancreatic primary cancer, earlier tumour stage, smaller tumour size (≤2 cm), curative resection, negative lymph node involvement, well-differentiated tumours, and absence of perineural invasion. Independent factors associated with longterm survival were diagnosis of primary tumour, jaundice, intra-abdominal abscess, tumour stage, tumour size, radicality, lymph node status and cell differentiation. The prognosis was best for ampullary adenocarcinoma, for which the rate of actual 5-year survival was 32.8%, and poorest for pancreatic head adenocarcinoma, for which actual 5-year survival was only 6.5%.

Conclusions

The majority of longterm survivors after PD for periampullary adenocarcinomas are patients with ampullary adenocarcinoma. The longterm prognosis in pancreatic head adenocarcinoma remains dismal.     

Risk factors of pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Pancreatic fistula remains one of the most common complications of pancreaticoduodenectomy. This study was carried out to identify relevant risk factors for the development of pancreatic fistula and to evaluate whether prophylactic administration of octreotide decreases their incidence. METHODOLOGY: Between March 1985 and December 2001, 129 consecutive patients who underwent elective pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic or ampullary carcinomas were prospectively evaluated. Pancreatic fistula was defined as drainage of at least 10 mL of amylase-rich fluid detected in abdominal drains after the 3rd postoperative day. RESULTS: The overall postoperative complication rate was 36.4% (n=47) and pancreatic fistula was found in 12.4% (n=16) of patients. No differences were found between patients receiving octreotide and the non-octreotide group regarding the incidence of postoperative complications, including pancreatic fistula. Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors predicting the development of pancreatic fistula showed that only soft pancreatic texture (p=0.0002) and ligation of the pancreatic remnant (p=0.029) were significantly associated with fistula formation. CONCLUSIONS: The only surgeon-dependent factor which may reduce the incidence of stump-related complications is anastomosis of the pancreatic remnant with the alimentary tract. Carried out single-institution analysis showed octreotide to be ineffective in the prevention of pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

影响胰十二指肠切除术死亡的危险因素分析

目的探讨影响胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头和壶腹周围癌死亡的危险因素.方法对1995年1月至2004年6月期间行胰十二指肠切除术的196例胰头和壶腹周围癌患者的10项临床观察指标进行分析.结果术后并发症发生率为31.1%,病死率为5.6%.术前低蛋白血症( < 35 g/L)、高血糖( > 10 mmol/L)、术中出血量 > 1 000 ml、围手术期的APACHEⅡ评分 > 12和POSSUM评分 > 38时手术危险度较大,与手术死亡率呈正相关(P < 0.05).而年龄 > 65岁、手术时间超过6 h、术前血清胆红素 > 170μmol/L、黄疸持续时间 > 30 d、肿瘤 > 3 cm并不增加手术的病死率(P > 0.05).结论术前低蛋白血症,高血糖,出血量多及高APACHEⅡ和POSSUM分值是影响胰头十二指肠切除术死亡的高危因素.     

影响胰十二指肠切除术死亡的危险因素分析

目的探讨影响胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头和壶腹周围癌死亡的危险因素。方法对1995年1月至2004年6月期间行胰十二指肠切除术的196例胰头和壶腹周围癌患者的10项临床观察指标进行分析。结果术后并发症发生率为31．1％,病死率为5．6%。术前低蛋白血症(<35g／L)、高血糖(>10mmol／L)、术中出血量>1000ml、围手术期的APACHE Ⅱ评分>12和POSSUM评分>38时手术危险度较大,与手术死亡率呈正相关(P<0．05)。而年龄>65岁、手术时间超过6h、术前血清胆红素>170μmol／L、黄疸持续时间>30d、肿瘤>3cm并不增加手术的病死率(P>0．05)。结论术前低蛋白血症,高血糖,出血量多及高APACHE Ⅱ和POSSUM分值是影响胰头十二指肠切除术死亡的高危因素。     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the morbidity, mortality and 1- and 2-year survival rates, and safety of pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary (including pancreatic head) carcinomas in a non-oncology surgical set-up. METHODS: Records of 45 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomies for periampullary cancers between July 1996 and April 2000 were reviewed. These included ampullary (n=23), pancreatic (14) and duodenal (2) adenocarcinomas, lower-end cholangiocarcinoma (5), and ampullary carcinoid (1). Thirty-seven patients underwent the Whipple procedure and 8 underwent the pylorus-preserving modification. RESULTS: The overall mortality rate was 11% and morbidity rate was 46%. Wound infection was the most common postoperative complication. The 1- and 2-year survival rates for periampullary cancers were 61% and 39% and those for pancreatic cancers were 57% and 36%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary tumors remains a formidable procedure in our set-up. However, it can be performed safely with low mortality and morbidity rates.     

Use of the new ultrasonically curved shear in pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary cancer

Objectives

To examine whether the use of the new ultrasonically curved shear (UCS) can reduce the number of surgical stitches, extent of blood loss, and operation time in (pylorus-preserving) pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for periampullary cancer.

Methods

The study population comprised 26 consecutive patients who underwent PD for periampullary cancer. Intraoperative data, including number of stitches used, was prospectively collected. Results from 13 patients who underwent conventional PD (Group A) were compared with those from 13 patients who underwent PD using UCS (Group B).

Results

There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the two patient groups. The extent of blood loss in Group B was significantly less than in Group A (p < 0.0001). Although there was no difference in total operation time, the time spent on hilar lymph node dissection was significantly shorter in Group B patients than in Group A patients (p = 0.0189). The number of surgical stitches used was significantly less in Group B patients than in Group A patients (p < 0.0001). There were no incidences of post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage.

Conclusion

The use of the new UCS was safe and associated with the economical benefit of fewer surgical stitches as well as reduced blood loss.     

Second surgery after a pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients with periampullary malignancies

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Few case reports have previously documented a second surgery after pancreaticoduodenectomy due to recurrence or other reasons in patients with periampullary malignancies. The present report summarized the experience of this clinic with secondary surgery after Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). METHODOLOGY: During the past 7 years, 7 out of 95 patients with periampullary malignancies underwent a second surgery after pancreaticoduodenectomy at this institution. The clinical courses of these patients are presented and 2 interesting cases are shown in the present study. RESULTS: One patient with lower bile duct adenocarcinoma underwent a remnant splenopancreatectomy due to pancreatic recurrence 36 months after pancreaticoduodenectomy. The other patient with lower bile duct adenocarcinoma underwent a hepatectomy due to a solitary liver metastasis 47 months after a pancreaticoduodenectomy. These 2 patients have survived 4 and 13 months after the second surgery. In the 7 patients requiring secondary surgery, 5 underwent the procedure due to recurrent disease, and 4 of the 5 received the second surgery to remove the lesion. The mean interval between pancreaticoduodenectomy and the second operation was 32 months in the 5 patients with recurrent disease and 27 months in the all 7 patients. One of the 5 patients died of recurrent disease only 5 months after the second procedure because the surgery was a palliative bypass. However, the other 3 survived more than 1 year after the resection of the lesion at the recurrent site. CONCLUSIONS: The present study reports 2 rare cases with lower bile duct adenocarcinoma in which a recurrent tumor was removed after pancreaticoduodenectomy. In this study, 4 patients undergoing a curative re-operation survived more than 1 year after the surgery. The present study was small, but the findings are significant because of the scarcity of reports of patients undergoing secondary surgery after PD.     

Clinical impact of preoperative acute pancreatitis in patients who undergo pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary tumors

AIM: To investigate the impact of preoperative acute pancreatitis(PAP) on the surgical management of periampullary tumors.METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with periampullary tumors and PAP were retrospectively analyzed. Thirtyfour patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD) and 4 patients who underwent total pancreatectomy were compared with a control group of 145 patients without PAP during the same period.RESULTS: The preoperative waiting time was significantly shorter for the concomitant PAP patients who underwent a resection(22.4 d vs 54.6 d, p 0.001)compared to those who did not. The presence of PAP significantly increased the rate of severe complications(Clavien grade 3 or higher)(17.6% vs 4.8%, p = 0.019)and lengthened the hospital stay(19.5 d vs 14.5 d,p = 0.006). A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that PAP was an independent risk factor for postoperative pancreatic fistula(OR = 2.91; 95%CI:1.10-7.68; p = 0.032) and severe complications(OR =4.70; 95%CI: 1.48-14.96; p = 0.009) after PD. There was no perioperative mortality.CONCLUSION: PAP significantly increases the incidence of severe complications and lengthens thehospital stay following PD. PD could be safely performed in highly selective patients with PAP.     

肝癌免疫基因治疗的研究现状

免疫基因治疗主要包括细胞因子基因治疗及基因修饰树突状细胞肿瘤疫苗两个方面,是目前肿瘤基因治疗研究的重要组成部分,也是多年来肝癌基因治疗研究的重点之一[1]。     

Current status of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common tumors worldwide. For this disease, a variety of therapeutic measures have been applied, including hepatic resections, total hepatectomy followed by allografting, transarterial chemoembolization, and percutaneous tumor ablative therapy by ethanol, microwave coagulation, and radiofrequency ablation. This article focuses on the current status of hepatic resections for HCC.     

MicroRNA profiling in periampullary carcinoma

BackgroundMicroRNA expression patterns in many physiological and oncogenic processes have been established. However, the role of aberrant miRNA expression in periampullary carcinoma (PAC) has not been elucidated. We hypothesize that PAC may have differential expression of miRNAs which may differentiate the tumor histological subtypes.MethodsFresh paired tumor and control samples were collected from the PAC patients undergoing Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy. Microarray miRNA profiling was performed utilizing tumor (n = 40) and control tissues; adjacent normal pancreas (n = 22), six each distal CBD, duodenum and ampulla. Data obtained was subjected to statistical and bioinformatic analysis. Differentially expressed miRNAs obtained were validated using qPCR in an independent set of samples.ResultsComparison of PAC tissue samples with controls revealed 29 common and differentially expressed miRNAs (20 upregulated and 9 downregulated) with a higher statistical significance (p < 0.001) and fold change (log2 FC > 1.5). A subset of 16 miRNAs (15 overexpressed and 1 underexpressed) differed in expression levels between pancreatobiliary and intestinal subtypes. Among these, miR-375, miR-31 and miR-196a expressions varied significantly between histological subtypes. Differential expression profiles of miRNAs specific to TNM staging was also observed in PAC subtypes. Target gene prediction for the differentially expressed miRNAs in PAC revealed that target genes are enriched for certain pathways. Particularly, Wnt signaling pathway genes appear to be relevant targets for most of the differentially expressed miRNAs.ConclusionDifferentially expressed common miRNA signatures identified in PAC subgroups may have a role in pathogenesis of PAC and miR-375, miR-31 and miR-196a expression patterns may differentiate PAC subtypes.     

肝癌的免疫治疗现状及前景

近年来，肝癌的免疫治疗已成为关注的研究热点，展示了广阔的临床应用前景。主要包括以下几个方面：     

腹腔镜外科治疗早期胃癌的现状

胃癌是一个重要的世界性卫生问题,更是我国最常见的消化道恶性肿瘤。外科手术是胃癌治疗的基本方法和主要手段。自1881年Billroth实施了第1例胃癌手术以来,胃癌的手术范围从小到大,再缩小,再扩大,逐渐走向合理。现代胃癌外科的治疗概念也正从一味扩大廓清的范围,逐渐过渡到安全     

Current status of liver transplantation for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for more than 5% of all malignancies with a continuous increase worldwide. The most important risk factor is liver cirrhosis, frequently associated with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus infection. Liver resection is the only treatment that can potentially achieve cure. In carefully selected patients with a tumor smaller than 5 cm the 5-year survival is around 50%. The presence of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension limits the feasibility of hepatic resection. Child-Pugh A patients without major associated risk factors may be considered as the ideal target group for resection. A significant local disease recurrence rate of more than 70% at 5 years is the main problem of hepatic resection. Orthotopic liver transplantation offers the possibility of removing a potentially multicentric tumor and the underlying end-stage liver disease. Due to pure selection of suitable candidates the initial reports on the efficacy of liver replacement in a cohort of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were disappointing. Taking the shortness of donor organs and the high posttransplant tumor recurrence rate into account, several groups developed criteria qualifying transplantation. A tumor size of >6 cm and gross intrahepatic portal vein involvement seem to be of significant prognostic importance. Patients with smaller solitary tumors or less than 3 tumors with a total tumor diameter of <8 cm have the same survival after transplantation as those with benign liver disease. Living donor liver transplantation offers a new approach to overcome the organ shortage and to theoretically extend the indication for transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma.     

胰腺癌诊断的现状

胰腺癌因其恶性程度高 ,早期诊断困难 ,预后差成为肿瘤病学的一大挑战。尽管目前临床上将小于2ｃｍ的胰腺癌视为早期癌 ,但此时约有 30 %～ 4 0 %的患者已有淋巴结转移[1] 。因此 ,仅根据肿瘤大小对胰腺癌分期有其局限性。关于胰腺癌的高危因素与胰腺癌发病间的关系尚有争议 ,但对这些人群宜定期行Ｂ超检查。出现胰腺癌的警报症状 ,如消瘦、腹泻、消化不良等应高度疑诊胰腺癌。在慢性胰腺炎 (ＣＰ)病变中有时可有胰腺癌病灶 ,因此 ,有学者提出ＣＰ可能是胰腺癌的癌前病变。胰腺癌因肿块堵塞胰腺导管可致ＣＰ ,故胰腺癌常伴有ＣＰ。有时ＣＰ…     

肝癌疫苗的研究现状及进展

近年来，肿瘤疫苗备受关注，已成为肿瘤免疫治疗的研究热点之一。其研究主要涉及树突状细胞(dendritic cells，DC)疫苗、基因修饰疫苗、高强度聚焦超声(high—intensityfo—cusedultra—sound，HIFU)固化疫苗、化学修饰肝癌细胞疫苗、人细胞融合肝癌疫苗和细胞因子—微粒肝癌疫苗等方面。有关DC疫苗和基因修饰疫苗的报道较多，其它肝癌疫苗的报道相对较少。     

原发性肝癌免疫治疗的现状及未来

免疫治疗在晚期肝细胞癌中表现出了更好的治疗效果以及更小的毒副作用,因而免疫单药或联合治疗成为该领域备受期待的治疗方法。本文就晚期肝细胞癌免疫治疗的现状及未来发展方向进行综述,着重介绍免疫检查点抑制剂、溶瘤病毒、溶瘤细菌、肿瘤免疫疫苗、免疫细胞治疗及联合治疗等在肝细胞癌治疗中的研究及应用进展,以期为肝细胞癌患者制定个性化治疗方案提供借鉴。     

Current status and prospect of treatments for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma

Owing to its heterogeneous and highly aggressive nature, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high recurrence rate, which is a non-negligible problem despite the increasing number of available treatment options. Recent clinical trials have attempted to reduce the recurrence and develop innovative treatment options for patients with recurrent HCC. In the event of liver remnant recurrence, the currently available treatment options include repeat hepatectomy, salvage liver transplantation, tumor ablation, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, stereotactic body radiotherapy, systemic therapies, and combination therapy. In this review, we summarize the strategies to reduce the recurrence of high-risk tumors and aggressive therapies for recurrent HCC. Additionally, we discuss methods to prevent HCC recurrence and prognostic models constructed based on predictors of recurrence to develop an appropriate surveillance program.