BAIAP2基因多态与儿童注意缺陷多动障碍共患学习困难的关联分析

目的:探讨脑特异性血管发生抑制剂1相关蛋白2(BAIAP2)基因多态与儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)共患学习困难(LD)的关联。方法:选取符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)诊断标准731例共患LD的ADHD儿童和957例健康对照,采用高通量实时荧光定量PCR方法检测基因型,探讨BAIAP2基因的9个单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)位点与共患LD的儿童ADHD的关联。结果:BAIAP2的SNP位点rs8079626/G(病例对照频率0.638 vs.0.604)和rs4969385/T(0.179 vs.0.150)与儿童ADHD共患LD关联,rs3934492/C(0.572 vs.0.532)和rs4969385/T(0.180 vs.0.142)与男性儿童ADHD共患LD关联,rs4969239/G(0.426 vs.0.329)和rs4969358/A(0.472 vs.0.389)与女性儿童ADHD共患LD关联(均P0.05);由rs4969239-rs4969358-rs6565531-rs8079626组成的单体型AAGG与共患LD的儿童ADHD共患LD(0.100 vs.0.065)和男性儿童ADHD共患LD(0.101 vs.0.065)关联(均P0.05)。结论:BAIAP2基因多态性可能与汉族儿童ADHD共患LD的病理机制有关,且这种作用机制可能存在性别差异。     

儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶基因单核苷酸多态性位点与精神分裂症的关联研究

目的 探讨儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶(catechol-O-methyl transferanse,COMT)基因8个单核苷酸多态性位点(single nRcleotide polymorphism,SNP)与粤东潮汕地区精神分裂症的关系.方法 应用聚合酶链式反应-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶芯片技术检测COMf基因的8个SNP位点(rs4680、rs4818、rsl65599、rs737865、rs2075507、rs6267、rs6269、rs4633)在粤东潮汕地区的279例精神分裂症患者和100名健康对照中的分布,并借助于plink软件对所得数据进行关联分析.结果 单个位点等位基因频率在两组间的分布差异无统计学意义;单倍型(G)-G-A-A[(rs4680)-rsl65599-rs2075507-rs6269]和单倍型A-A-C-(G)[rs2075507-rs6269-rs4633-(rs6267)]频率两组分布差异有统计学意义,精神分裂症组低于正常对照组,提示它们可能是精神分裂症的保护因素.结论 在中国粤东地区汉族人群中,COMT基因的8个SNP位点(rs4680、rs4818、rsl65599、rs737865、rs2075507、rs6267、rs6269、rs4633)与精神分裂症无关联性,其中的两个单倍型可能是精神分裂症的保护因素.但本研究不能排除COMT基因可能存在其他功能性变异位点与精神分裂症相关.     

精神分裂症断裂基因1(DISC1)多态性与精神分裂症的关联研究

目的:探讨精神分裂症断裂基因1(DISC1)与精神分裂症及临床症状的遗传关联.方法:应用病例对照关联研究设计,采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片断长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法:分析466例精神分裂症患者和551例正常对照者DISC1基因2个单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点与精神分裂症的关联.并采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估患者的临床症状,进一步分析PANSS因子分与DISC1多态性的关联.结果:DISC1基因的两个多态性位点rs821597(等位基因A>G,χ2=6.009,P=0.014;基因型:χ2=6.505,P=0.039)和rs821616(等位基因A>T,χ2=7.063,P=0.008;基因型:χ2=6.928,P=0.031)均与精神分裂症显著关联.由上述2个SNPs组成的多个单体型均与精神分裂症关联[如AT(χ2=7.065,P=0.008,OR=1.42,95%CI=1.10～1.83)和GA(χ2=6.009,P=0.014,OR=0.80,95%CI=0.68～0.96)].上述2个SNPs组成的风险单体型AT间PANSS量表各因子分差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05).结论:DISC1基因多态性与精神分裂症显著关联,但与精神分裂症症状无关联.     

FXYD6基因遗传多态性在精神分裂症患者核心家系中的传递不平衡检验

目的 探讨FXYD6基因单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)和精神分裂症(schizophrenia)之间的相关性.方法 采用等位基因特异性PCR的方法对FXYD6基因6个SNPs(rs10790212、rs11544201、rs555577、rs1815774、rs4938446和rs497768)位点的基因型在101个三口之家中进行传递不平衡检验(transmission disequilibrium test,TDT).结果 遗传标记rs10790212和rs11544201显示了显著的传递不平衡(P＜0.05),而单倍型分析的结果表明单倍型rs10790212-rs11544201与精神分裂症显著性关联(P＜0.05).结论 FXYD6基因与中国汉族人群精神分裂症遗传易感性相关,有必要进一步开展对FXYD6基因的功能学研究.     

男性精神分裂症患者吸烟与多巴胺D_2受体基因多态性的关联研究

目的:探讨多巴胺D_2受体基因(DRD2)多态性与精神分裂症及精神分裂症吸烟行为的关联。方法:选取符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)精神分裂症诊断标准的男性精神分裂症患者773例(吸烟组567例,非吸烟组206例),男性正常对照302例(吸烟组168例,非吸烟组134例)。选取DRD2的rs1800497和rs1079597单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点为候选基因位点。采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片断长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法,利用SHEsis遗传分析平台(http:∥analysis.biox.cn/my Analysis.php)分析精神分裂症组与对照组及吸烟与非吸烟候选基因位点基因型与等位基因分布频率。结果:两个SNPs的等位基因和基因型频率分布在精神分裂症组与对照组、精神分裂症的吸烟与非吸烟组、对照组的吸烟与非吸烟组间的差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05);由两个SNPs组成的C-A和T-G单体型在精神分裂症组中的估计频率高于对照组(8.0%vs.5.2%、10.2%vs.4.1%,均P0.05),T-A(34.6%vs 40.2%,P0.05)单体型在精神分裂症组中的估计频率低于对照组;由两个SNPs组成的T-A单体型在正常对照吸烟组中的估计频率低于非吸烟组(2.5%vs.6.1%,P0.05)。结论:DRD2多态性与精神分裂症的易感性可能存在关联,而与精神分裂症患者或正常人吸烟行为的形成可能无关。     

儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶基因单核苷酸多态性位点与精神分裂症的关联研究

目的 探讨儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶(catechol-O-methyl transferanse,COMT)基因8个单核苷酸多态性位点(single nRcleotide polymorphism,SNP)与粤东潮汕地区精神分裂症的关系.方法 应用聚合酶链式反应-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶芯片技术检测COMf基因的8个SNP位点(rs4680、rs4818、rsl65599、rs737865、rs2075507、rs6267、rs6269、rs4633)在粤东潮汕地区的279例精神分裂症患者和100名健康对照中的分布,并借助于plink软件对所得数据进行关联分析.结果 单个位点等位基因频率在两组间的分布差异无统计学意义;单倍型(G)-G-A-A[(rs4680)-rsl65599-rs2075507-rs6269]和单倍型A-A-C-(G)[rs2075507-rs6269-rs4633-(rs6267)]频率两组分布差异有统计学意义,精神分裂症组低于正常对照组,提示它们可能是精神分裂症的保护因素.结论 在中国粤东地区汉族人群中,COMT基因的8个SNP位点(rs4680、rs4818、rsl65599、rs737865、rs2075507、rs6267、rs6269、rs4633)与精神分裂症无关联性,其中的两个单倍型可能是精神分裂症的保护因素.但本研究不能排除COMT基因可能存在其他功能性变异位点与精神分裂症相关.     

AKT1基因多态性与利培酮治疗精神分裂症8周疗效的关联研究

目的:探讨AKT1基因多态性与利培酮治疗首发、未用药精神分裂症8周后疗效的关联。方法:共入组150例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)诊断标准的汉族精神分裂症门诊或住院患者,其中完成利培酮(治疗剂量4~6 mg/d)治疗8周者为128例。采用治疗8周后阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)减分率评估药物疗效;采用DNA测序方法,在128例汉族精神分裂症患者中,检测AKT1基因4个单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点(rs1130214、rs10149779、rs1130233、rs2494732)的基因型,并采用数量性状位点分析方法(QTL)探索AKT1基因多态性与利培酮治疗精神分裂症疗效的关联。结果:AKT1基因rs1130233(GA)及rs2494732多态性(CT)与利培酮治疗精神分裂症8周后PANSS减分率关联显著(P0.05),经多重检验Bonferroni校正后仍有统计学意义。而rs1130214与rs10149779在本样本中与利培酮疗效的关联无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:本研究提示在中国汉族人群中,AKT1基因多态性可能与利培酮治疗精神分裂症急性期疗效关联,有望对个体化药物疗效预测提供依据。     

Neuregulin 1基因多态性与中国汉族精神分裂症关联分析

目的 探讨Neuregulin 1(NRG1)基因多态性与精神分裂症的关联.方法 在258个中国汉族精神分裂症核心家系(患者及其亲生父母)中,应用实时定量PCR技术检测位于NRGl基因5'端的4个单核苷酸多态(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)位点:rs221533(C/T)、rs7820838(C/T)、433E1006 (A/G)和rs3924999(C/T),进行基因分型,应用传递不平衡检测(transmission disequilibrium test,TDT)分析等位基因传递情况,分析该基因与精神分裂症易感性的关联.结果 在258个中国汉族核心家系中,rs221533、433E1006、rs3924999三个SNP均存在有统计学意义的传递不平衡,优先传递的等位基因分别是:C、A、T(rs221533:X2=27.45,P=0.000;433E1006:X2=56.08,P=0.000;rs3924999:X2=10.53,P=0.001).rs7820838未检到不平衡传递(X2=3.31,P=0.081).频率大于1%单倍型进行分析,rs221533-rs7820838-433E1006联合分析,单倍型C/C/G和C/C/A优先传递(C/C/G:X2=5.26,P=45.08;C/C/A:X2=0.026,P=0.000);rs221533-rs7820838-433E1006-rs3924999联合分析,单倍型C/C/G/T、C/C/A/C和C/C/A/T优势传递(C/C/G/T:X2=10.71,P=0.001;C/C/A/C:.)X2=8.83,P=0.006、C/C/A/T:X2=27.00,P=0.000).213个阳性亚型的精神分裂症核心家系中传递不平衡得出基本一致的结果 .结论 Nrg1基因多态性与中国汉族人群精神分裂症存在关联,尤其是支持与阳性亚型精神分裂症存在关联.     

DTNBP1基因rs4715986位点多态性与中国汉族人群偏执型精神分裂症相关

目的通过两步法研究中国汉族人群DTNBP1基因的多态性与偏执型精神分裂症的相关性。方法发现阶段:在532例偏执型精神分裂症患者及488名健康对照中使用Sanger测序方法检测DTNBP1的11个SNP位点。验证阶段:在1 111例偏执型精神分裂症患者及1 435名健康对照中使用Taqman探针分型的方法对发现阶段检出阳性的rs4715986位点进行验证。结果发现DTNBP1中的rs4715986位点与偏执型精神分裂症的高患病风险相关(χ~2=11.02,P0.01)。在验证人群中重复出rs4715986与偏执型精神分裂症的相关性(χ~2=9.29,P=0.01)。结论DTNBP1基因rs4715986位点的多态性与偏执型精神分裂症的高患病风险相关。DTNBP1可能是中国汉族人群偏执型精神分裂症的易感基因。     

TLR7基因单核苷酸多态性与江苏淮安哮喘患者易感性的相关性研究

目的:探讨Toll样受体7(TLR7)基因rs179009、rs179019、rs5935436位点多态性与江苏淮安地区汉族人群支气管哮喘的相关性。方法:采用病例对照方法,以聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法比较158例支气管哮喘组与137例健康对照组之间基因型、等位基因频率的差异。结果:哮喘组TLR7基因rs179009、rs170019位点基因型及等位基因型频率与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。rs5935436位点基因型及等位基因型频率在哮喘组和对照组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:TLR7基因rs179009位点和rs179019位点的多态性可能与江苏淮安地区汉族人群哮喘相关;而rs5935436位点的多态性可能与江苏淮安地区汉族人群哮喘无关。     

Identification of novel polymorphisms in the AXIN1 and CDX-2 genes

Axin and Cdx-2 play important roles in the tumorigenesis of human liver and colon. We have identified seven novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the AXIN1 gene and three in the CDX-2 gene. The identification of SNPs in these cancer-associated genes establishes a basis for future investigations to detect losses of heterozygosity in tumors; these SNPs may also provide genetic background information associated with cancer risk. Received: April 10, 2000 / Accepted: April 27, 2000     

No association between ADRA2A polymorphisms and schizophrenia.

There is evidence to suggest that the alpha(2A)-adrenergic receptor may be involved in schizophrenia. With attention directed at the upstream regulatory region of the gene which codes for this receptor (ADRA2A), we proposed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within this region influences susceptibility to schizophrenia by altering the expression of this receptor. We opted to test for an influence on susceptibility by association study using 112 schizophrenic/schizoaffective disorder patients and 159 controls. The region of interest was screened for SNPs using a combination of bioinformatic searches and sequencing. A total of nine SNPs were discovered, of which four (-5972-G/A, -2211-A/T, -1291-C/G and -261-G/A) were genotyped in the entire clinical sample. No associations were evident, suggesting no influence for these SNPs in susceptibility to schizophrenia.     

Association of six polymorphisms of the NOTCH4 gene with schizophrenia in the Japanese population.

The NOTCH4 gene is located at 6p21.3 and involved in the development and patterning of the central nervous systems. Recently, Wei and Hemmings [2000] observed that the gene was associated with schizophrenia. Subsequent to the report, several studies investigated the gene in schizophrenia, with controversial and inconclusive results. In the present study, we investigated six polymorphisms (SNPs 1-5 and a CTG repeat) of the gene in Japanese subjects with schizophrenia (n = 284) and the same number of controls. The polymorphisms include SNP5, which has been observed to be associated with schizophrenia in a Chinese population and two new SNPs 3-4 adjacent to SNP5, in addition to the SNPs 1-2 and the CTG repeat, which were suggested for the association with the disease in the previous study. As a result, no significant difference in genotypic distributions or allelic frequencies of the six polymorphisms of the gene was observed between the patients and the controls. Also, no significant difference was found in frequencies of haplotypes of the six polymorphisms between the patients and the controls. However, the distribution of SNP2 was significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the patients (P = 0.000986), not in the controls, which could be a chance or due to an association of SNP2 with the disease. In conclusion, the present study provided no clear evidence for an association between the NOTCH4 gene and schizophrenia in the Japanese population.     

Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor and their associations with risk of schizophrenia and selected anthropometric measures.

The association between vitamin D levels and skeletal growth has long been recognized. However, exposure to low levels of vitamin D during early life is also known to alter brain development, and is a candidate risk factor for schizophrenia. This study examines the association between four polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and 1) risk of schizophrenia, and 2) three anthropometric variables (height, head size, and head shape). Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs10735810/FokI, rs1544410/BsmI, rs7975232/ApaI, and rs731236/TaqI) in the VDR gene were genotyped in 179 individuals with schizophrenia and 189 healthy controls. No significant associations were detected between any of the four VDR SNPs and risk of schizophrenia. Patients were slightly but significantly shorter compared to controls. Of the four SNPs, only rs10735810/FokI was associated with any of the anthropometric measures: the M4 isoform of this SNP was significantly associated with larger head size (P = 0.002). In light of the evidence demonstrating a role for vitamin D during brain development, the association between polymorphisms in VDR and brain development warrants closer scrutiny.     

Association of mitochondrial complex I subunit gene NDUFV2 at 18p11 with schizophrenia in the Japanese population.

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share common genetic background. Several loci such as 18p11, 13q32, and 22q11-13 were commonly linked with these diseases. Since mitochondrial dysfunction has been suggested in both of these disorders, NDUFV2 at 18p11, encoding a subunit of the complex I, NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase, is a candidate gene for these diseases. We previously reported that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the upstream region of NDUFV2 were associated with bipolar disorder in Japanese. The association of haplotype consisting of two SNPs, -3542G > A and -602G > A, with bipolar disorder was also seen both in Japanese and the National Institute of Mental Health Pedigrees trios. In this study, 2 polymorphisms, -3542G > A and -602G > A, were investigated in 229 schizophrenic patients as compared with controls. Individual genotypes were not associated with schizophrenia. However, the haplotype consisting of these two SNPs were significantly associated with schizophrenia. These results suggested that inter-individual variation of the genomic sequence of the promoter region of NDUFV2 might be a genetic risk factor common to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.     

Association of DAAO with schizophrenia in the Chinese population

Recently, the gene called DAAO was reported to be associated with schizophrenia in the French Canadian populations. Here, we report a result obtained in the study of our large collection of 547 schizophrenia cases and 536 controls in the Chinese population. Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped at and around the DAAO locus, covering a 10-kb region entirely encompassing the complementary DNA sequences of DAAO. We found statistically significant differences in allele distributions on one marker: SNP rs3741775 (P = 0.0000001). In the haplotype analysis based on the information of linkage-disequilibrium block across this gene locus, we demonstrated a highly significant association between schizophrenia and a DAAO haplotype (P = 2.0173 x 10(-21)), which therefore provides an independent statistical support for association of the DAAO gene with schizophrenia and indicates that the DAAO gene may play a significant role in the etiology of schizophrenia in the Han Chinese.     

中国人膜联蛋白A1基因单核苷酸多态性及其与2型糖尿病的相关性

目的　筛查上海地区汉族人群中膜联蛋白 A1(annexin A1,ANXA1)基因的单核苷酸多态性 (single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs) ,并通过关联分析研究其与 2型糖尿病的相关性。方法　选取2 4例 2型糖尿病患者的 DNA样本 ,采用直接测序法对 ANXA1基因的启动子区、全部外显子及其临近内含子区作 SNPs筛查 ,并在其余的 171例 2型糖尿病和 189名正常对照间作进一步的基因分型。结果ANXA1基因测序长度 6 798bp,共检出 7个 SNPs,其中启动子区 2个 (- 7974 C>T,- 70 4 0 G>T) ,内含子区 3个 ( 90 5 9A>G, 92 0 4 C>T, 10 4 86 A>G) ,5′-非翻译区 1个 (- 6 6 14 A>G) ,编码区 1个( 1784 A>G)。进一步的基因分型后显示这些 SNPs的等位基因频率在 2型糖尿病和正常对照组之间差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　ANXA1基因多态性与上海地区汉族人群中 2型糖尿病无显著相关性。     

Association of GRIN1 and GRIN2A-D with schizophrenia and genetic interaction with maternal herpes simplex virus-2 infection affecting disease risk

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are very important for proper brain development and several lines of evidence support that hypofunction of the NMDA receptors are involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Gene variation and gene-environmental interactions involving the genes encoding the NMDA receptors are therefore likely to influence the risk of schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to determine (1) whether SNP variation in the genes (GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, GRIN2C, and GRIN2D) encoding the NMDA receptor were associated with schizophrenia; (2) whether GRIN gene variation in the offspring interacted with maternal herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) seropositivity during pregnancy influencing the risk of schizophrenia later in life. Individuals from three independently collected Danish case control samples were genotyped for 81 tagSNPs (in total 984 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and 1,500 control persons) and antibodies against maternal HSV-2 infection were measured in one of the samples (365 cases and 365 controls). Nine SNPs out of 30 in GRIN2B were significantly associated with schizophrenia. One SNP remained significant after Bonferroni correction (rs1806194, P(nominal) = 0.0008). Significant interaction between maternal HSV-2 seropositivity and GRIN2B genetic variation in the offspring were observed for seven SNPs and two remained significant after Bonferroni correction (rs1805539, P(nominal) = 0.0001 and rs1806205, P(nominal) = 0.0008). The significant associations and interactions were located at the 3' region of GRIN2B suggesting that genetic variation in this part of the gene may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.     

Analysis of correlation between serum D-serine levels and functional promoter polymorphisms of GRIN2A and GRIN2B genes

D-Serine is an endogenous coagonist that increases the opening of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor channels. We previously reported a reduction of D-serine serum levels in schizophrenia, supporting the disease hypothesis of NMDA receptor-mediated hypo-neurotransmission. The serum levels of D-serine are thought to reflect brain d-serine content. It is important to understand whether there is a direct link between the altered D-serine levels and NMDA receptor expression in vivo or whether these are independent processes. Two polymorphisms are known to regulate the expression of NMDA receptor subunit genes: (GT)(n) (rs3219790) in the promoter region of the NR2A subunit gene (GRIN2A) and -200T > G (rs1019385) in the NR2B gene (GRIN2B). These polymorphisms are also reported to be associated with schizophrenia. Therefore, we examined the correlation between these two polymorphisms and d-serine serum levels in mentally healthy controls, schizophrenics and the combined group. We observed no significant genotype-phenotype correlations in any of the sample groups. However, analyses of larger sample numbers and the detection of additional polymorphisms that affect gene expression are needed before we can conclude that NMDA receptor expression and serum levels of d-serine, if involved in schizophrenia pathophysiology, are independent and additive events.     

A family-based association study of the myelin-associated glycoprotein and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase genes with schizophrenia

A recent surge of evidence implicating myelin abnormalities in the etiology of schizophrenia has been found. This study is a family-based genetic association analysis examining the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) genes in schizophrenia. About 246 families of primarily European-Caucasian origin were genotyped for MAG rs2301600, rs720308, rs720309, rs756796, and CNP rs2070106 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The FBAT program (v1.7.2) and Transmit were used to analyze individual SNPs and haplotypes, respectively. The CNP SNP (rs2070106) was potentially associated with schizophrenia (P=0.027). MAG variants were not associated with disease transmission based on single marker or haplotype analysis. A significant maternal parent-of-origin effect for the CNP risk allele for schizophrenia was found (P=0.003). No CNP-MAG gene-gene interaction conferred increased risk for schizophrenia. Our finding provides support for potential association of the CNP gene but not the MAG gene in schizophrenia in a Caucasian population.