PBL教学法整合"三理"课程初步研究

应用PBL教学模式,针对不同教学对象,对"三理"的相关内容依据人体系统进行重新整合,合理设计相应的教学内容和教学方法,就课程体系、教学内容、教学方法、素质教育等方面进行探索.结果 表明PBL是以构建实用技术和创新能力培养为目标的人才培养模式,同时可以促进教师业务水平的显著提高.     

运动解剖学的教学改革与实践

通过文献资料法和教学实践，从学生的文化基础及学生对运动解剖学课程的认识，进行教学内容和体系的改革，以突出教学内容的实用性和应用性，加深学生对运动技能的理解和掌握，强化学生对全民健身意识、坚持和行动的认识。在教学实践中，采取编写学习指导辅助教学、借助blackboard网络教学平台强化分层教学，强化实验教学等措施，使运动解剖学这门运动训练专业的先导课程和应用课程的教学效果进一步提高，为培养优秀人才奠定坚实的基础。     

推动运动系统理论与实践紧密结合的教改模式

<正>自张汇兰教授(1952在上海体育学院创办了[1]《运动解剖学》专业基础课程以来,以老一辈解剖教师王汝泯、金季春等老教授为杰出代表,创造了以"关节为中心"的运动系统教学方法,突出了运动系统结合体育运动的实际应用,成为上海体育学院解剖教研室教学上最为鲜明的特色被传承下来,延用至今。为提高本科教学质量,运动解剖教研室全体教师在传承前辈创造以"关节为中心"机能教)     

PBL教学法整合“三理”课程初步研究

应用PBL教学模式,针对不同教学对象,对＂三理＂的相关内容依据人体系统进行重新整合,合理设计相应的教学内容和教学方法,就课程体系、教学内容、教学方法、素质教育等方面进行探索。结果表明PBL是以构建实用技术和创新能力培养为目标的人才培养模式,同时可以促进教师业务水平的显著提高。     

高职高专护理专业《人体结构机能学》教改初探

探索适应21世纪高职高专护理人才培养模式,构建以技术应用能力和基本素质培养为主线的理论教学体系和实践教学体系,是当前高职高专护理专业教学改革的根本目标,以教学基本建设为重点,深入开展课程体系、教学内容、教学方法和教学手段的改革是目前的首要任务.     

临床医学专业人体解剖学教学改革

“改革教学内容、教学方法、教学制度,提高教学质量,是一项十分重要而紧迫的任务”,国家教育部和卫生部组织实施《高等医药教育面向21世纪教学内容和课程体系改革计划》。我校在临床医学专业中97级试行教学改革试点,试点班是我校面向21世纪、改革传统医学教育模式及教学体系、培养新世     

对高职护理专业基础医学课程教学改革的思考

阐述了国内外高职护理教育的发展趋势,剖析了当前基础医学教育现状及在教学内容体系、方法、实验中存在的问题,最后提出通过转变基础医学课程教学理念、创新基础医学教学方法、突出基础医学实验、完善实践操作考核,构建特色高职护理专业基础医学课程体系。     

浅谈解剖学教学如何适应现代医学的发展

人体解剖学是医学院校学生必修的一门重要基础课 ,属形态学范畴。传统的解剖学教学模式是以教师和课堂为中心 ,进行满堂灌输 ,忽视了对学生自学能力的培养。随着现代医学的迅速发展 ,解剖学教学内容也在逐步更新和充实 ,如何适应新时期的要求 ,探索适合未来教学目标的教学方法和手段 ,保证教学内容的实用性、先进性和科学性 ,增加教学效果 ,提高教学质量 ,是每一位任课教师急待探讨解决的问题。在此 ,我们结合在本专业的教学实践 ,谈谈解剖学教学如何适应现代医学发展的几点想法。1　实验“以问题为中心”的教学方法 ,调动学生学习的积极性1…     

运动生理生化教学浅谈

通过文献资料法和教学实践,阐明学习运动生理生化课程的重要性,分析体育生的学习现状,强调激发兴趣、授之以渔、动之以情和学以致用对提高教学质量的重要作用,以期能对体育院校(系)的理论课教学提供帮助。     

基于物理创新实验班模拟电路双语教学的研究

目的:构建适合物理创新实验班专业课程的双语教学体系,改革以往的教学模式和教学方法,建立一个多层次、立体化的实践教学模式。方法:基于现代双语教学的要求和特点,结合国内外双语教学的经验,抓住现代社会对新型、高层次、复合型双语人才的需求这一机遇,以物理学创新实验班为改革试点,对双语教学进行进一步的探讨,透彻的分析双语教学面临的问题与挑战,提出了切合实际的改革策略和改革方法。结果:建立的模拟电路新的双语课程体系和内容框架,为贯彻"少而精"与"博而通"教学原则奠定了坚实的基础,更益于学生掌握模拟电路的科学内涵。经过教学实践,较为成功地完成了模拟电路课程教学任务。结论:实施双语教学是实现高等教育国际化,培养面向现代化、面向未来、面向世界的复合型人才的有效途径,因此将成为我国高等教育改革发展的必然趋势。为建立一整套规范完善的双语教学模式,从双语教材的选择、双语教师的培养,到教学方法的更新完善,都有待于教育工作者大胆探索、不断实践。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.