血清免疫球蛋白对慢性肝炎病理分级和分期的判别价值

目的构建诊断慢性肝炎病理分级（G）和分期（S）的数学模型,评价血清免疫球蛋白（IgG、IgA和IgM）判别慢性肝炎病理分级和分期的价值。方法慢性乙型肝炎172例,肝穿刺活检标本进行病理分级和分期;免疫透射比浊法测定血清免疫球蛋白。以病理分级和分期作为因变量,血清IgG、IgA和IgM作为自变量,用Bayes逐步判别分析构建判别函数。结果血清IgG和IgA水平与病理分级呈显著正相关（r=0．324,P=0．000和r=0．468,P=0．000）,与病理分期呈显著正相关（r=0．201．P=0．008和r=0．254,P=0．001）;血清IgM水平与病理分级和分期均无显著相关性（r=0．046,P=0．547和r=0．104,P=0．176）。符合模型纳入变量、进入判别模型的指标只有血清IgG,该模型判别病理分级G1、G2、G3、G4的正确率分别为66．67％、14．44％、30．61％、66．67％,总正确率29．07％;判别病理分期S0、S1、S2、S3、S4的正确率分别为50．00％、2．94％、13．95％、27．12％、50．00％,总正确率60．71％。结论血清IgG符合该数学模型纳入变量,对判别肝脏病理分级和分期有一定价值。     

慢性病毒性肝炎患者血清铁检测与肝脏生化及病理的关系

目的探讨血清铁与慢性肝炎血生化指标及病理炎症分级(G)、纤维化分期(S)及分度(S)的相关性及血清铁的检测意义。方法对455例慢性肝炎患者血清铁检测,并与肝脏生化指标、肝炎炎症分级、纤维化分期和分度做直线相关分析,同时分析轻、中、重度慢性肝炎血清铁是否存在差异。结果血清铁与ALT、AST、BIL呈正相关;而与CHE呈负相关;与肝脏病理指标中的G、S、D均呈正相关。血清铁均值随慢性肝炎程度的加重而增高。结论血清铁能一定程度上反映肝脏病变程度,但特异性较差。     

血清纤维化指标对肝纤维化诊断价值的研究

目的评价血清纤维化指标透明质酸（HA）、Ⅳ型胶原（CⅣ）、Ⅲ型前胶原肽（PⅢP）、层黏连蛋白（LN）对肝纤维化诊断的价值.方法对确诊的慢性乙型肝炎患者50例和健康人18例,测定血清纤维化指标水平,并进行肝组织纤维化分期.根据受试者工作特征曲线判别4项指标对于肝纤维化分期的诊断价值.结果血清HA、CⅣ、PⅢP和肝脏组织炎症分级呈较弱正相关（r分别为0.430、0.382和0.300,P＜0.05）.血清HA、CⅣ与肝脏组织纤维化分期呈中度正相关（r分别为0.614、0.708,P＜0.05）.血清HA、CⅣ水平随肝纤维化的进展程度而升高.血清HA诊断早期肝硬化（S4）的受试者工作特征曲线下面积（AUC）大于血清CⅣ、PⅢP和LN（AUC=0.967比0.932、0.659、0.403）.血清CⅣ诊断肝纤维化（S1～S4）的AUC大于血清HA、PⅢP和LN（AUC=0.853比0.680、0.536、0.487）.血清LN对于肝组织分级或分期均无统计学意义.联合HA＋CⅣ检测比单一指标有更高的特异度.结论血清纤维化指标对肝纤维化进程有一定的预测意义,但不能对肝纤维化精确分期,因此不能取代肝组织病理活检.联合多项指标检测可在一定程度上提高检测效率.寻找新的血清标志物和联合其他标志物是肝纤维化无创性研究的趋势所在.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者血清透明质酸、层粘蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原水平与肝脏病理对照研究

目的 了解血清透明质酸(HA)、层粘蛋白(LN)和Ⅳ型胶原(CⅣ)与肝脏炎症活动度及纤维化程度的关系。方法 对比分折慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HA、LN、CⅣ水平与肝脏病理诊断。结果血清HA、IN、CⅣ由G0—G4、S0—S4依次升高，但在各级及各期间升幅不全一致，以HA上升最早，级间升幅较大，LN在S2期后开始大幅升高，而CⅣ于S2期前即有大幅升高；血清HA、LN、CⅣ水平与肝病分级及分期均呈正相关。结论 HA对慢性肝炎病情严重程度判断价值较大，HA和CⅣ似有诊断早期肝纤维化的价值，LN可协助诊断中晚期肝纤维化。肝脏炎症活动度与纤维化程度有重叠现象，单一血清指标的特异性较差。     

乙型肝炎病毒携带者和慢性肝炎恢复期肝区疼痛与肝脏病理组织学改变的关系

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒携带者和慢性肝炎恢复期肝区疼痛与肝脏病理组织学改变的关系。方法采用Menghini 1秒钟穿刺法取肝脏组织标本行常规病理切片和HBsAg、HBcAg免疫组织化学染色。结果39例病人肝活检提示炎症分级G1、G2、G3分别为22例、9例、8例，纤维化分期S1、S2、S3、S4分别为23例、7例、5例、4例，免疫组织化学检查HBsAg阳性33例，HBcAg阳性29例。18例轻度肝区疼痛者肝活检炎症分级均G1-2，纤维分分期S1～S2；21例持续性肝区疼痛者炎症分级为G2～G3，纤维化分期S3～S4。结论肝区疼痛持续时间和程度跟肝脏组织病理严重程度成某种正相关关系。肝穿活检有助于了解慢性乙型肝炎患者肝区疼痛的原因及预后。     

运用中医气分证和血分证判断慢性肝炎肝脏病理程度的研究

目的：研究运用中医证型来判断慢性肝炎肝脏病理程度。方法：对286例慢性肝炎患者行中医辨证和肝活检肝组织病理分级分期,按气分证和血分证分组,将肝组织炎症分为G0-2、G3-4两个级度,纤维化分为S0-2、S3-4两个级度,比较气分证与血分证的差异,采用诊断性试验四格表法评价气分证和血分证判断G0-2或G3-4和S0-2或S3-4的价值。结果：气分证组与血分证组各在G0-2、G3-4和S0-2、S3-4的差异均P〈0.01,气分证判断G0-2和S0-2的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为81.03%、87.50%、83.57%和92.53%、87.50%、90.56%,血分证判断G3-4和S3-4的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为87.50%、81.03%、83.57%和87.50%、92.53%、90.56%。结论：慢性肝炎气分证与血分证有显著不同的肝脏病理状态,可以通过辨别气分证和血分证来判断慢性肝炎肝组织炎症及纤维化程度。     

血清铜蓝蛋白水平与慢性乙型肝炎患者临床病理关系的初步研究

目的 探讨慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者血清铜蓝蛋白(CP)水平与肝脏炎症活动度分级、纤维化分期的关系,建立肝纤维化分级无创模型并分析其诊断价值.方法 2009年1月至2011年6月于福建医科大学附属第一医院肝病中心确认的CHB患者148例,同步进行肝组织病理学、血清CP及生物化学指标检查.Spearman等级相关分析法判断CP水平与肝脏病理学分级之间的相关性;Logistic回归分析法分析相关指标的诊断意义.构建肝脏纤维化诊断预测模型,受试者工作曲线(ROC)法评价模型的诊断价值.结果 148例CHB患者炎症活动度分级G1、G2、G3、G4的血清CP平均值分别为(212.5±34.9)、(205.5±32.0)、(201.4±37.7)和(172.8±20.4) mg/L,ANOVA分析提示4组炎症活动度分级间CP水平的差异有统计学意义(F=6.309,P＜0.01);纤维化分期S1、S2、S3、S4的血清CP平均水平分别为(217.4±32.3)、(206.0±37.7)、(194.2±29.8)和(179.7±30.4)mg/L,ANOVA分析提示纤维化分期间CP的差异有统计学意义(F=8.608,P＜0.01).Spearman等级相关分析法分析提示,CP与炎症活动度分级(r=-0.316,P＜0.01)以及纤维化分期(r=-0.404,P＜0.01)均呈负相关关系.应用ROC分别建立CP水平对S≥2、S≥3、S=4的诊断曲线,曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.71、0.70和0.72.经Logistic回归分析,筛选出模型-1(S≥2)、模型-2(S≥3)、模型-3(S=4)组包括CP、甲胎蛋白、胆碱酯酶、PLT、年龄的肝纤维化独立预测因子,最终构建数学模型并计算肝纤维化评分,模型-1、模型-2、模型-3的AUC分别为0.84、0.83和0.87,准确率分别为71.8％、80.3％和79.2％.结论 CHB患者的血清CP水平与肝脏炎症活动度分级、纤维化分期呈负相关关系,随病理分级的增加而呈阶梯状降低.CP水平可作为无创性判断肝脏纤维化状态的一项重要指标,纳入CP而构建的肝纤维化预测模型对CHB肝纤维化肝硬化有较好的诊断价值.     

APRI对ALT<2倍正常值上限慢性HBV感染抗病毒治疗指征的判断价值

目的评价AST与PLT比值指数(APRI)对ALT2倍正常值上限(ULN)慢性HBV感染者抗病毒治疗指征(肝脏炎症活动度分级≥G2或肝纤维化分期≥S2)的判断价值。方法回顾性分析2015年1月-2017年6月南阳市中心医院收治的ALT水平2×ULN慢性HBV感染者207例,根据炎症分级和纤维化分期分为G2和S2组(87例)与≥G2或≥S2组(120例)。记录其肝穿刺活组织检查结果和实验室检查结果,并计算APRI评分;利用Spearman相关分析判断APRI与炎症活动度分级和纤维化分期的相关性。采用受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)比较ALT、AST、PLT及APRI对ALT2×ULN患者抗病毒适应证的判断效果。计量资料2组间比较采用t检验或Wilcoxon秩和检验;计数资料2组间比较采用χ2检验。结果 APRI与炎症活动度分级及纤维化分期呈正相关(r值分别为0.661、0.597,P值均0.001)。在ALT、AST、PLT、APRI对抗病毒适应证的判断效果中,APRI的判断价值最高,其对判断≥G2或≥S2组、≥G2组、≥S2组的AUC分别为0.913、0.882、0.881。APRI预测≥G2或≥S2组的AUC为0.913(95%可信区间为0.871~0.954),最佳截断值为0.5324;当APRI≥0.5324时,患者存在显著的肝组织学病变,即肝组织炎症活动度分级≥G2或纤维化分期≥S2,达到抗病毒治疗的适应证;其预测的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为87.50%、89.66%、92.11%、83.87%。结论 APRI对于协助了解ALT2×ULN的慢性HBV感染者的肝脏病理变化、决定抗病毒治疗时机有较好的判断价值,可减少临床应用肝穿刺有创评估组织学改变的频率。     

慢性HBV感染者肝脏病理与ALT、性别及年龄等因素关系研究

目的探讨慢性HBV感染者肝脏病理特征与ALT、性别、年龄和HBV DNA的相关性。方法选取282例慢性HBV感染者行肝脏穿刺病理检查,分别就炎症分级和肝纤维化分期与性别、年龄、ALT、HBV DNA水平的关系进行研究。结果 282例中炎症分级≥2级所占比例为58.51%,肝纤维化分期主要分布在S1(35.11%)和S2(34.75%);不同炎症分级之间,性别差异无统计学意义;在年龄方面,G2~G4组均高于G0组(P坶0.05);在ALT方面,G2~G4组均高于G0和G1组(P均0.05),G4组高于G2和G3组(P均0.05);不同炎症分级组HBV DNA水平差异无统计学意义。不同肝纤维化分期之间,患者性别分布方面S2组男性比例高于S3组(P0.05);在年龄方面,S1、S2、S3组年龄依次升高(P均0.05);ALT方面,S4组高于S0~S3组(P均0.05);HBV DNA水平方面,S3组高于S1组(P0.05),S4组高于S0~S3组(P均0.05)。结论慢性HBV感染者大部分炎症分级为G2以上,肝纤维化分期为S4以下。随着ALT升高,炎症分级和肝纤维化分期逐渐加重,但ALT≥2倍正常值上限后肝纤维化程度不再随之变化。男性患者肝纤维化程度较重。随着年龄增加肝脏炎症程度逐渐增加。     

前白蛋白检测在慢性乙型肝炎病理分级中的价值

目的：明确血清前白蛋白对判断慢性乙型肝炎患者肝脏炎症分级及纤维化分期的价值。方法：检测78例经肝活检证实的慢性乙型肝炎患者血清PAB水平的变化，并将其与肝活检组织的炎症分级和纤维化分期进行对照研究。结果：肝脏病理组织炎症分为G1-G4级，纤维化分为Su-S4期。炎症轻重两组间PAB差异有显著性意义（P〈0．01）。随着纤维化程度的增加，PAB逐渐下降，且S4及S0、S1、S2和S3比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0．01）。PAB与炎症分级及纤维化分期之间相关性均非常显著（P〈0．01）。结论：PAB能较好地反映慢性乙型肝炎患者肝脏的炎症活动水平，并能较敏感地反映慢性乙型肝炎患者肝脏的纤维化程度，在一定程度上可以提示早期肝硬化。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.