Careful clinical monitoring in comparison to sequential Doppler sonography for the detection of acute rejection in the early phase after renal transplantation

Abstract Acute rejection is the most frequent cause of early graft failure. There is unanimity that Doppler sonography is a helpful method for the detection of complications after kidney transplantation. In the past, the indication for renal biopsy relied mainly on clinical assessment, although this assessment has not been standardised. Therefore, we conducted this prospective study to compare the value of sequential Doppler measurements with a standardised clinical rejection score, based on renal function, weight gain, graft swelling and tenderness. Fifty‐eight patients (37 males, 21 females, mean age 46 ± 12 years) after kidney transplantation were consecutively enrolled into the study. Doppler investigations were obtained within the first 24 h after transplantation, followed by an interval of 48‐72 h. At the same time, a clinical examination was scored by a transplant physician blinded to the Doppler results. Clinical score and Doppler results, both were referred to the histological results of renal biopsy. In 24 out of 58 patients 25 acute rejections occurred. In seven patients, acute rejection was superimposed on primary graft failure. The cut‐off levels for rejection were set at RI ≥ 0.80 and PI ≥ 1.70 based on receiver‐operator curves using data from 663 Doppler examinations. Sensitivity and specificity was 72 % for RI, and 72 % and 74 % for PI, respectively. The calculation of the intraindividual increase (ΔRI ≥ 3 %, ΔPI ≥ 10 %) did not improve these values. The clinical score revealed a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 87 %, respectively. The combined analysis of Doppler indices and clinical score showed a sensitivity of 96 % with a specificity of 66%. Careful clinical monitoring alone using a clinical score is an appropriate procedure with which to decide about renal biopsy. Our data show that Doppler sonography should be performed within the first 24 h after transplantation to evaluate graft perfusion and baseline values. Afterwards, it should be used when clinical signs of rejection occur to underline the decision for renal biopsy even in borderline cases.     

声学造影与彩色多普勒能量图定量分析诊断移植肾急性排斥反应

目的 探讨声学造影结合彩色多普勒能量图定量分析对移植肾急性排斥反应的诊断价值。方法 运用电子微量注射泵对41例肾移植患者外周静脉匀速注入（2min内）声学造影剂半乳糖－棕榈酸2.5g，利用电子计算机彩色直方图软件测定术后正常组和急性排斥反应组移植肾横切面积与其内血流显示面积之比（BFAR），以比较两组移植肾血流灌注的定量分布情况及造影历时时间的差异。结果 造影后排斥组和正常组移植肾内血流显像均较造影前增强（P＜0．05），但排斥组BFAR的增加值为20．2％，明显低于正常组的29．8％（P＜0．05）；排斥组72．7％的病例BFAR＜70％，无一例BFAR＞90％；正常组42．1％的病例BFAR＞90％，无一例BFAR＜70％；造影前后比较，两组的BFAR重叠率从56．1％降至41．5％；两组的血流增强开始时间和峰值时间的差异无显著性（P＞0．05），而排斥组造影持续时间为534s，正常组为346s，差异有显著性（P＜0．01）。结论 声学造影结合彩色多普勒能量图定量分析为肾移植术后急性排斥反应的诊断提供了较为可靠、客观的影像学依据。     

The pharmacokinetics and immunosuppressive response of tacrolimus in paediatric renal transplant recipients

The aims of our trial were to study the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in paediatric kidney transplant recipients. The study comprised 25 patients (median age 13 years, range 2–20 years) followed for 12 months; five pharmacokinetics profiles (within the first and second week and after 1 month, 6 months and 12 months) were obtained. Patients were divided into two groups: six children <6 years old and 19 older children. Tacrolimus was given at an initial dose of 0.15 mg/kg twice a day. Blood samples were drawn before and 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 6 h, 9 h and 12 h after drug administration. Patient and kidney survival rates were 100% at 1 year. At 6 months and 12 months creatinine clearance was 68.5±16.3 ml/min per 1.73 m² and 64.0±15.2 ml/min per 1.73 m² body surface area, respectively. Tacrolimus trough levels were 7.8±1.9 ng/ml and 7.3±2.5 ng/ml. The area under the concentration–time curve for 0 h to 12 h (AUC_0–12) normalised to a dose of 0.15 mg/kg, increased with time from the kidney transplantation and stabilised after the 6th month post-transplantation. During the first month after transplantation the normalised tacrolimus concentration–time profiles were significantly greater in the older children (P<0.05); the actual doses were significantly greater in the younger children (P<0.05). In conclusion, initial doses of 0.15 mg/kg twice a day orally are safe and guarantee a satisfactory degree of immunosuppression, with our therapeutic regimen. Children <6 years old need to start with a 50% higher tacrolimus dose to achieve the same pharmacokinetic and immunosuppressive results.     

彩色超声在移植肾急性排斥反应和急性肾小管坏死鉴别中的应用

目的 :探讨彩色超声检查在肾移植术后急性排斥反应和急性肾小管坏死鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法 :回顾性分析 5 86例临床资料完整的肾移植病例术后彩色超声检查结果并结合临床症状、生化指标及病理检查结果 ,分为正常对照组、急性排斥组 (AR组 )和急性肾小管坏死组 (ATN组 )进行分析。结果 :①AR组长径、皮质厚度明显大于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,ATN组与对照组之间差异无统计学意义。②AR组尚可见到肾锥体增大、膨隆、回声减低等二维声像图变化。③以动脉血流阻力指数 (RI)≥ 0 .7为标准 ,AR组和ATN组RI值明显高于对照组 ,AR组和ATN组之间差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。④经有效抗排斥治疗AR组RI值平均 1周左右先于二维声像变化恢复 ,二维声像图变化平均于 4周左右恢复 ,而ATN组RI值平均在 3周左右恢复正常。结论 :彩色超声在移植肾急性排斥反应和急性肾小管坏死鉴别中具有良好的应用价值。     

移植肾急性排斥反应的无创性监测与诊断

随着移植免疫研究的深入和新型免疫抑制剂不断问世，肾移植术后急性排斥反应的发生率明显下降，移植物的存活，特别是短期存活已有明显提高，但急性排斥反应仍然是影响移植肾长期存活的主要因素之一。其中发生难治性排斥反应的比例逐渐升高，其较高的移植肾失功率越来越受到关注。而与30年前相比，我们对于急性排斥反应、难治性排斥反应诊断与监测的策略一直没有很大的发展。     

European randomised trial of dual versus triple tacrolimus-based regimens for control of acute rejection in renal allograft recipients

Two large multicentre studies have shown superiority of tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimens compared with standard cyclosporine-based therapy in renal transplantation. In these studies, tacrolimus was used in a triple drug regimen of tacrolimus, corticosteroids, and azathioprine. The present study aimed to determine whether a tacrolimus-based dual regimen achieves a similar efficacy and safety profile compared with conventional triple therapy. In this prospective, open, multicentre trial, 249 patients were randomised to receive either dual therapy (n = 125) of oral tacrolimus (initial daily dose of 0.2 mg/kg) and oral prednisone or additionally, as a triple therapy (n = 124), oral azathioprine. The primary endpoint was the incidence of acute rejection at month 3. In addition, all patients were included into a follow-up evaluation at 1 year after transplantation. Both treatment groups had similar baseline characteristics. At month 3, patient survival was 97.6 % (dual) and 96.7 % (triple); graft survival was 92.7 % (dual) and 91.7 % (triple). The incidence of treated acute rejection confirmed by biopsy was 27.4 % (dual) and 24.8 % (triple); difference 2.6 %, 95 % CI [–9.4 %–12.9 %], P = 0.755. The incidence of corticosteroid-resistant rejection (biopsy-confirmed) was 9.7 % (dual) and 10.7 % (triple). The overall adverse events profile was similar; leukopenia (1.6 % vs 11.6 %, P = 0.002) was more frequent with triple therapy. Between months 4 and 12, six (dual) and eight (triple) patients had a rejection. At month 12, patient survival was 95.6 % (dual) and 93.6 % (triple); graft survival was 91.8 % (dual) and 90.7 % (triple). Tacrolimus proved to be efficacious and safe with both dual and triple low-dose regimens. The addition of azathioprine to a tacrolimus/corticosteroid-based therapy did not result in an increased efficacy. Received: 6 March 2000 Revised: 26 June 2001 Accepted: 18 July 2001     

Conversion of renal transplant recipients from cyclosporin to low-dose tacrolimus for refractory rejection

Abstract Twenty-five patients with refractory rejection following renal transplantation were converted from cyclosporin to tacrolimus in an attempt to salvage the allografts. All patients had received two or three pulses of methylprednisolone, 6 had OKT3, 14 had antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and 2 had both OKT3 and ATG prior to conversion. The median time from transplantation to conversion to tacrolimus was 32 days (range 12–322). Patients underwent a simple switch from cyclosporin- to tacrolimusbased therapy with tacrolimus administered at a median dose of 0.15 mg/kg per day. Doses were adjusted according to clinical response and trough blood levels. Twenty-one of the 25 patients (84 %) with refractory rejection showed evidence of reversal of rejection as indicated by a significant reduction in serum creatinine (Student's paired t -test, P < 0.05) following conversion to tacrolimus. None of these patients had further episodes of rejection. Three patients had ongoing rejection and returned to dialysis, and 1 patient showed deteriorating renal function associated with a cytomegalovirus infection. Of 18 patients currently on tacrolimus, 15 have improved renal function and 3 have shown no further deterioration. We conclude that low-dose tacrolimus appears to be effective in salvaging renal allografts with resistant rejection.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断早期移植肾急性排斥

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声图像数据分析在诊断早期移植肾急性排斥中的作用及临床价值.方法总结203例肾移植术后6～30d内行彩色多普勒超声检查,结合临床症状、生化检查并参照病理诊断,对二维灰阶图像、彩色血流图、血流频谱及阻力指数(RI)、搏动指数(PI)、收缩期与舒张期血流速度比(S/D)等参数进行回顾性分析.结果以彩色多普勒RI>0.78、PI>1.82、S/D>4.1为标准,结合彩色血流图及血流频谱形态,早期移植肾急性排斥正确诊断率可达85.7%.结论应用彩色多普勒超声诊断移植肾早期急性排斥并监测其功能恢复,具有快速、准确、无创等优点,可提早发现病情变化并指导治疗,提高移植肾存活率.     

外周血淋巴细胞穿孔素和颗粒酶B在肾移植急性排斥诊断中的价值

目的　探讨外周血淋巴细胞 (PBLs)中穿孔素 (P)和颗粒酶B (GB)表达水平在同种异体肾移植急性排斥诊断中的价值。　方法　定量RT PCR方法测定 10例肾移植患者移植前后PBLs中P和GB的表达情况 ,并对 3例患者急性排斥反应前后的P和GB表达情况进行对比分析。　结果　 10例患者肾移植前后P的相对表达量分别为 2 3 5± 42和 2 16± 3 5 ,GB分别为 62± 2 3和 5 7± 2 6,差异均无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。 3例发生急性排斥反应后P、GB相对表达量分别为 193 2± 3 2 6和 489± 5 7,均显著高于发生排斥反应前 (P <0 .0 0 1)。　结论　定量RT PCR测定外周血淋巴细胞中穿孔素和颗粒酶B表达可以较敏感预测肾移植急性排斥反应的发生 ,具有临床诊断参考价值     

Completely reversed acute rejection is not a significant risk factor for the development of chronic rejection in renal allograft recipients

Although acute rejection (AR) has been shown to correlate with decreased long-term renal allograft survival, we have noted AR in recipients who subsequently had stable function for more than 5 years. We reviewed 109 renal graft recipients with a minimum of 1 year graft survival and follow-up of 5–8 years. Post-transplant sodium iothalamate clearances (IoCl) measured at 3 months and yearly thereafter were used to separate recipients into 2 groups. In 61 patients (stable group), there was no significant decrease ( > 20 % reduction in IoCl over 2 consecutive years) in IoCl. Forty-eight patients had significant declines in IoCl (decline group). Groups were compared for incidence, severity, timing, and completeness of reversal of AR. Rejection was considered completely reversed if the post-AR serum creatinine (Scr) returned to or below the pre-AR nadir Scr after antirejection therapy. The incidence of AR was not significantly different between groups (47 % vs 52 %). A trend toward a lower mean number of AR episodes per patient was noted in the stable group (0.69 vs 1.04, P = 0.096), but the timing of AR was not different. Steroid-resistant AR occurred in approximately 25 % of both groups. A striking difference was seen in complete reversal of AR, with the stable group having 100 % (42/42 episodes of AR in 29 patients) complete reversal whereas only 32 % (8/25) of the patients in the decline group had complete reversal (P < < 0.001). Of 8 declining patients with complete reversal, graft loss was due to chronic rejection (CR) in only 3. Seventeen declining patients had incomplete reversal of AR, and 82 % (14/17) lost their grafts to CR. Overall, only 8 % (3/37) of the recipients with complete reversal of AR developed CR. No patients with incompletely reversed AR had stable long-term function as measured by IoCl. AR is not invariably deleterious to long-term renal graft function if each episode of AR can be completely reversed. Received: 9 March 1999/Revised: 28 December 2000/Accepted: 11 April 2000     

彩色多普勒超声在肾移植后排斥反应诊断中的应用

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声在移植肾排斥反应监测中的应用价值。方法 对68例肾移植患者采用彩色多普勒超声进行监测，观察移植肾的结构及体积、肾皮质厚度、肾动脉内径、血流灌注情况、血流动力学参数。结果术后随访最长者达4年，45例移植肾功能正常，未发生排斥反应者，其移植肾在彩色多普勒超声下表现为边界清晰，肾内结构清楚，皮、髓质界限分明，血流丰富。13例发生急性排斥反应者，彩色多普勒超声下可见移植肾明显肿大，肾实质血流信号稀少，叶间动脉呈断续闪烁状，弓形动脉几乎无血流信号。10例发生慢性排斥反应者，彩色多普勒超声下可见移植肾体积缩小，皮质变薄，肾皮质与肾髓质界限不清，肾内血管分枝稀疏，血管树不连续，弓形动脉及小叶间动脉往往不显示，为低速高阻血流。血流动力学参数显示，发生急性排斥反应者的肾动脉阻力指数及搏动指数明显增高，舒张期峰值流速减低；发生慢性排斥反应者的肾动脉内径明显缩小，收缩期峰值流速及舒张期峰值流速明显减低，血流灌注量明显减少，阻力指数及搏动指数明显升高，与肾功能正常者比较，差异均有统计学意义。结论对于肾移植患者的术后监测，彩色多普勒超声具有独特的优点，无创、便捷，其所测得的移植肾形态学数据和血流动力学参数对排斥反应的判断具有重要参考价值，可作为肾移植术后的常规峪测手段。     

他克莫司替代环孢素A治疗难治性排斥

目的：观察他克莫司（FK506）替代环孢素A（CsA)治疗肾移植后难治性急性排斥反应的有效性及安全性。方法：10例肾移植患者术后使用CsA,发生急性排斥反应后给予皮质激素冲击和单克隆抗体或抗胸腺细胞球蛋白,治疗无效后,停用CsA,开始给予FK506,服药1周后,根据血中FK506的浓度调整其用量,维持血中FK506的浓度为9－12ug/L。结果：10例患者中有9例急性排斥得到逆转,肾功能恢复正常,1例无效,随访50－350d,9例肾功能恢复者保持持续稳定,结论：FK506替代CsA治疗肾移植术后难治性急性排斥反应是安全,有效的。     

肾移植慢性排斥的后期药物调整

对２７例术后６个月－８年７个月发生慢性排斥的肾移植患者进行治疗，２１例经治疗后血清肌酐明显下降，并稳定，６例病情有反复。比较不同时期的免疫抑制剂用量，发生稳定组在慢性排斥发生后１、３、６个月时环孢素Ａ、强的松、硫唑嘌呤的用量均明显高于治疗前，而不稳定组在上述时期的免疫抑制用量不高于或于治疗前。认为长期应用较大剂量的免疫抑制剂（尤其是环孢素Ａ）是维持慢性排斥治疗效果的关键，并应充分重视硫唑嘌呤的作用     

Effects of cytomegalovirus infection and prolonged cold ischemia on chronic rejection of rat renal allografts

Previous studies have demonstrated that both cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and prolonged cold ischemia of the allograft (CI) are associated with chronic rejection of renal transplants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of CMV infection, of CI and of the combination of both, on the progression of chronic rejection, and to obtain a more detailed insight in their effects on the expression of adhesion molecules. Therefore, a rat transplantation model was used. Lewis recipients of renal allografts (with and without CI) from MHC-incompatible Brown Norway rats were inoculated with rat CMV or left uninfected. CMV infection alone resulted in an increased influx of CD4+ cells and macrophages early after infection, and in an increase in glomerular sclerosis and intima proliferation. CI caused an increase in infiltrating NK cells and an effect on intimal proliferation, glomerular sclerosis, and tubular atrophy. When CMV infection and CI were combined, an additive effect could be measured. This was however not the case for the function of the kidney. The creatinin showed a synergistic effect of the two influencing factors. Due to the CMV infection, an increase in CD49 d cells was detected. CI resulted in an increase in CD18 cells and an increase in the expression of CD62P on vessels, and CD54 and CD44 on tubules. When CMV infection and CI were combined, all the effects caused by CMV and CI alone were present in an additional way.¶The results of the present study suggest that special attention should be paid to the recipient of an ischemically injured graft when either the donor or the recipient is CMV-infected. The patterns seen in histology, the infiltration of leukocytes and the expression of adhesion molecules, suggest that CI and CMV infection both have an effect on rejection, but act by different mechanisms.     

移植肾急性排斥反应新认识

急性排斥反应是影响肾移植长期预后的重要因素。在新型免疫抑制剂应用下,急性排斥反应具有表现不典型、难治性排斥反应比例高等特点。本文从发生急性排斥反应高危因素的术前筛查与处理、急性排斥反应早期诊断方法以及对急性排斥反应的干预和免疫抑制药物合理应用、移植后感染预防等方面,综合浙江大学医学院附属第一医院肾脏病中心的临床研究结果,探讨发生急性排斥反应的高危因素、诊断和防控措施,以提高肾移植后长期存活率。     

Utility of serial Doppler ultrasound scans for the diagnosis of acute rejection in renal allografts

This study aims to explore the utility of serial duplex scanning and to compare its results with those of single time-point scans of renal allografts in the diagnosis of acute rejection (AR). A retrospective analysis of 6017 serial duplex scans (mean: 9.8 scans per patient, 5.7 of which were done during the first 10 days) was performed in 614 patients with 462 episodes of AR from 1992–2000. Even in the absence of AR (n=278), there were day-to-day fluctuations in pulsatility index (PI) and resistive index (RI). An increase of >10% in intra-renal indices was noted 0.95 days (mean) before the commencement of treatment for AR (SD 1.3, range 1–6 days). In patients with acute tubular necrosis (ATN), who have high base line indices, sensitivity of single value of PI and RI was 58% (cut-off level 1.8) and 68% (cut-off level 0.8), with specificity of 66% and 56%, respectively. By contrast, a >10% increase over the previous best in PI and RI had a sensitivity of 78% and 60% respectively, and a specificity of 78% and 90%, respectively. Reversal of flow during diastole (n=50) was found to be associated with 22% graft loss within 3 months of transplantation. We can conclude that a considerable overlap between the indices of patients with AR and those with ATN greatly limits the diagnostic yield of duplex scanning. Nonetheless, serial scanning of renal allografts is more likely to herald the need for biopsy in the diagnosis of AR than one-time scanning.     

国产他克莫司防治肾移植排斥反应的临床研究

目的 观察国产他克莫司防治肾移植排斥反应的有效性及安全性. 方法 采用多中心、开放性的比较研究.同种异体肾移植术后患者80例.均为首次接受肾移植受者,分2组:①研究组:58例,接受国产他克莫司胶囊(福美欣)抗排斥反应治疗.男23例,女35例.年龄(39.1±9.6)岁.②对照组:22例,接受进口他克莫司胶囊(普乐可复)抗排斥反应治疗.男12例,女10例.年龄(41.3±8.5)岁.使用他克莫司(进口或国产)加吗替麦考酚酯加泼尼松三联用药方案,其中进口或国产他克莫司的用药剂量均为0.10～015 mg·kg-1·d-1,最初60 d血药谷浓度维持8～12ng/ml,之后维持5～10 ng/ml,12 h给药1次,直至观察终点(术后3个月).体质量≥70 kg受者吗替麦考酚酯剂量1.5～2.0 g/d,50～69 kg受者1.5 g/d,≤49 kg受者1.0 g/d,分2次121服.泼尼松起始剂量亦按照各中心的常规方案.2组间不同时相点的药物使用剂量以及血药谷浓度值的比较行方差分析;2组急性排斥反应及不良事件发生率比较行秩和检验. 结果 2组供者年龄、性别、供肾冷热缺血时间等比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).研究组2例和对照组3例发生急性排斥反应.研究组和对照组包括高血压、高血脂、高血糖和轻度肝功能异常等的不良事件发生率分别为36.2%(21/58)和36.36%(8/22),2组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).2组移植物和受者存活率均为100%.研究组术后8、12周时药物使用剂量明显低于对照组,分别为(4.83±2.05)和(5.64±1.47)mg、(4.57±1.91)和(5.44±61.43)mg,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).2组术后各时相点血药谷浓度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论 国产他克莫司胶囊防治同种异体肾移植急性排斥反应有效、安全.     

肾移植术后中远期急性排斥反应临床研究

目的探讨肾移植术后中远期移植肾急性排斥反应(AR)发生影响因素及移植肾生存情况。 方法回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属第一医院肾脏病中心2018年1月至2019年12月因血清肌酐水平升高而接受移植肾病理活检并确诊移植肾AR受者临床资料,共纳入43例受者,其中急性抗体排斥反应组17例,急性T细胞排斥反应组26例;同时纳入同期(2周内)肾移植且移植肾功能正常的39例受者为对照组。正态分布计量资料比较采用配对t检验或单因素方差分析。计数资料比较采用χ²检验或Fisher确切概率法。采用Kaplan-Meier进行生存分析,并采用log-rank进行比较。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果急性抗体排斥反应组HLA-A错配2个比例(4/17)高于对照组(1/39),差异有统计学意义(P＝0.026)。急性抗体排斥反应组和急性T细胞排斥反应组AR发生时和末次血清肌酐和估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)均高于AR发生前(P均<0.05);急性抗体排斥反应组和急性T细胞排斥反应组AR发生时和末次血清肌酐和eGFR均高于对照组(P均<0.05);急性抗体排斥反应组进入慢性肾脏病(CKD)-4期受者比例低于急性T细胞排斥反应组(χ²＝5.73,P<0.05);急性T细胞排斥反应组进入CKD-4期受者比例以及急性抗体排斥反应组移植肾失功比例均高于对照组(χ²＝17.727和9.882,P均<0.05)。AR发生时急性抗体排斥反应组和急性T细胞排斥反应组受者均接受PRA检测,前者PRA-Ⅰ和PRA-Ⅱ阳性比例分别为41.2%(7/17)和88.2%(15/17),均高于后者[11.5%(3/26)和26.9%(7/26)],差异均有统计学意义(P＝0.042,P<0.001)。急性抗体排斥反应组、急性T细胞排斥反应组及对照组术后分别有13、24和38例受者应用他克莫司。发生AR时,急性抗体排斥反应组他克莫司血药浓度[(3.72±0.76)ng/mL]与急性T细胞排斥反应组[(3.37±0.86)ng/mL]均低于对照组[(5.73±1.25)ng/mL],差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);急性抗体排斥反应组与急性T细胞排斥反应组他克莫司血药浓度均低于发生AR前[(6.27±1.18)和(6.33±1.63)ng/mL],差异均有统计学意义(t＝7.120和6.216,P均<0.05)。急性抗体排斥反应组4例受者应用以环孢素为基础的免疫抑制方案,其中3例术后33、36和55个月环孢素血浓度分别为112.4、138.3和7.0 ng/mL,均低于要求血药浓度。急性T细胞排斥反应组2例应用环孢素受者术后16和177个月环孢素血药浓度分别为43.2和24.6 ng/mL,均低于要求血药浓度。随访至2021年6月30日,急性抗体排斥反应组移植肾生存率低于对照组(χ²＝8.738,P<0.05)。 结论HLA-A位点错配及他克莫司低血药浓度是肾移植术后中远期诱发AR的重要原因。急性抗体介导排斥反应是移植肾生存重要影响因素。     

一剂赛尼哌对肾移植急性排斥反应的预防作用

目的 探讨1剂赛尼哌在预防同种异体肾移植急性排斥反应中的作用。方法 回顾性分析50例应用1剂赛尼哌的肾移植患者资料，同期30例未应用赛尼哌患者作为对照，随访6个月。分析比较2组患者急性排斥反应、移植肾功能、感染及赛尼哌不良反应发生情况。结果 赛尼哌组发生急性排斥反应13例（26％），对照组为17例（57％），差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），2组患者药物不良作用方面、血液系统损害、肝功能损害、感染发生率及人／肾存活率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 联合应用1剂赛尼哌免疫抑制方案可以降低肾移植急性排斥反应发生率，改善移植肾功能，不良反应轻。     

ABO血型基因与移植肾急性排斥反应相关性的研究

目的 探讨ABO血型基因与移植肾急性排斥反应(AR)的相关性.方法 采用引物特异性聚合酶链式反应(PCR-SSP)技术检测2009年5月至2010年2月87例肾移植受者及其对应的48例供者ABO(A1、A2、B、O1、O2)血型基因,分析供受者ABO血型基因相合组与错配组受者AR发生、治疗及转归情况.结果 PCR-SSP测定ABO血型基因推定的表型和血清学方法测定ABO血型表型完全相符.供受者ABO血型基因相合组受者50例,发生AR 6例,经甲泼尼龙(MP)冲击治疗后临床逆转.ABO血型基因错配组受者37例,发生AR 11例,经MP冲击治疗后,临床逆转10例,周期性反复发生AR 1例.错配组与相合组受者AR发生率差异有统计学意义(29.7%与12.0%,P<0.05).错配组1例A2O1血型基因受者接受A1O1血型基因供肾后,受者血清检测发现抗A1抗体,抗体效价IgG 1:64,IgM 1:16,移植术后3～10个月周期性反复发生AR,且周期逐渐变短,激素疗效逐渐降低,术后1年SCr达441μmol/L.结论 检测供受者HLA时同步检测ABO血型基因具有很强的可行性.A2血型基因受者适宜选择O型供肾.供受者ABO血型基因错配是介导肾移植术后AR的危险因素,检测供受者ABO血型基因,降低ABO血型基因错配率对预防AR有一定的临床意义.