Efficacy of peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

With the advancement in apheresis technique and collection, the role of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation has emerged. PBSC are now being utilized either alone to reconstitute hematopoiesis following high-dose myeloablative therapy, or in combination with autologous bone marrow transplantation to enhance hematopoietic recovery, or as supportive therapy to allow dose-intensity of conventional chemotherapy. The role and efficacy of PBSC transplantation will be reviewed in the article.     

Kinetics of peripheral blood stem cell harvests during a single apheresis

BACKGROUND: The enumeration of CD34+ cells in the peripheral blood of patients before leukapheresis is commonly used to predict the outcome of stem cell harvests. The concept that an increased number of transplanted cells gives faster marrow reconstitution triggers an interest in investigating the kinetics of peripheral blood stem cells during leukapheresis. The aim of this study was to investigate the issue of recruitment of hematopoietic progenitor cells during a single leukapheresis. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Nine leukapheresis procedures (in 8 patients) were investigated. In each case, 3 blood volumes were processed. Samples from peripheral blood, the collection line of apheresis equipment, and the collected component were obtained after each blood volume was processed. The enumeration of CD34+ cells was performed, and the total number of progenitors, as a sum of the number of cells in the peripheral blood and the number of cells in the collected component, was calculated. RESULTS: A mean of 13.3 L of blood was processed, and a component with a mean volume of 424 mL and a mean of 10.1 x 10(6) CD34+ cells per kg of body weight was collected. White cell and mononuclear cell counts in peripheral blood declined concomitantly during the procedures. The calculated total number of cells--that is, the sum of the number of cells in the collected component and the number of cells in the peripheral blood--showed a concomitant, but not equal, rise in polymorphonuclear cells, mononuclear cells, and CD34+ cells during the leukapheresis. This apparent mobilization of progenitors into the peripheral blood did not correlate with the slightly increased number of polymorphonuclear cells or with the more pronounced increase in mononuclear cells. CONCLUSION: There is a substantial recruitment of progenitor cells during a single leukapheresis.     

Allogeneic donor peripheral blood "stem cell" apheresis: prospective comparison of two apheresis systems

BACKGROUND: Granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor–mobilized peripheral blood stem cells, collected by white blood cell apheresis, are used for more than 80% of allogeneic and most autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantations. Optimal donor and recipient outcomes require maximized stem cell collection efficiency and minimized non–target cell contamination. Therefore, improved apheresis technology is desirable. The safety and feasibility of apheresis collections with the novel, electronics‐assisted apheresis system Spectra Optia v.5.0 (CaridianBCT) were recently demonstrated. An unpublished optimization trial had furthermore determined that different settings than manufacturer‐installed default might result in improved apheresis yields. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The first prospective comparison of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell apheresis with the Spectra Optia versus the COBE Spectra (CaridianBCT) mononuclear cell (MNC) in a routine clinical setting is reported here; “optimized” machine settings were used. Assessed variables included collection efficiency, product characteristics, donor outcomes, and frequency of operator interventions. Outcomes were additionally compared with historical data from the Spectra Optia in default mode. RESULTS: The mean CD34+ cell collection efficiency CE1 was 7.9% greater with the Spectra Optia than with the COBE Spectra MNC. Variability of outcomes was equally great. Reduced platelet (PLT) attrition necessitated 90% fewer autologous PLT reinfusions. Spectra Optia products contained 50% fewer red blood cells, but 50% more granulocytic lineage cells. Less operator input was required, although 26% of Spectra Optia apheresis procedures required triggering of the first chamber flush. Apheresis yield and collection efficiency were also markedly greater than in default‐mode Spectra Optia collections. CONCLUSION: Using optimized machine settings, peripheral blood stem cell apheresis outcomes with the automated apheresis system Spectra Optia exceed results with the COBE Spectra MNC or the Spectra Optia in the default mode.     

Nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation of renal cell carcinoma

We presented three cases with refractory metastatic renal cell carcinomas who underwent nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation(PBSCT). A fludarabine and cyclophosphamide-based regimen was used. Complete donor-T-cell chimerism was established at day 94, 40, 52 after PBSCT in each case. GVHD occurred at day 183, 53, 75. In Case 1 and Case 3 apparent GVT effects reduced the metastases at day 212, 261 and let them live longer than expected. Case 2 died at day 69 before GVT effect appeared, because the case was so-called rapid growth type. Histological examinations in Case 1 and Case 3 showed infiltration of lymphocytes disrupting the foci of renal cell carcinomas which was considered as findings of GVT effects.     

自体外周血干细胞移植治疗周围神经损伤

背景:关于神经干细胞对周围神经损伤的治疗已有多篇报道,但外周血干细胞对周围神经损伤治疗鲜有报道。目的:探讨自体外周血干细胞移植治疗周围神经损伤使失神经骨骼肌重获神经再支配的临床应用。方法:应用外周血干细胞治疗周围神经损伤6例,同时与周围神经损伤单纯行神经断端吻合或神经移植10例比较。2组患者术后常规肌注鼠神经生长因子一两个疗程,同时给予针灸、理疗、经皮电刺激治疗及功能康复训练。结果与结论:两组患者随访均超过6个月。干细胞移植组运动神经传导速度和感觉神经传导速度的恢复率要明显高于单纯神经吻合组。提示周围神经损伤后给予修复局部用外周血干细胞移植能够使远端失神经骨骼肌早期重新获得神经再支配。     

自体外周血干细胞移植治疗周围神经损伤

背景：关于神经干细胞对周围神经损伤的治疗已有多篇报道,但外周血干细胞对周围神经损伤治疗鲜有报道。目的：探讨自体外周血干细胞移植治疗周围神经损伤使失神经骨骼肌重获神经再支配的临床应用。方法：应用外周血干细胞治疗周围神经损伤6例,同时与周围神经损伤单纯行神经断端吻合或神经移植10例比较。2组患者术后常规肌注鼠神经生长因子一两个疗程,同时给予针灸、理疗、经皮电刺激治疗及功能康复训练。结果与结论：两组患者随访均超过6个月。干细胞移植组运动神经传导速度和感觉神经传导速度的恢复率要明显高于单纯神经吻合组。提示周围神经损伤后给予修复局部用外周血干细胞移植能够使远端失神经骨骼肌早期重新获得神经再支配。     

Quality of life immediately after peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

This prospective, longitudinal study investigated the quality of life among patients immediately after undergoing peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. The patients were assessed before transplantation (n = 16), immediately before hospital discharge (n = 10), 2 weeks after hospital discharge (n = 10), and 6 weeks after hospital discharge (n = 8). Patients completed the European Organization for Research and Training Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 and the Ferrans and Powers Quality of Life Index at each assessment point. A brief telephone interview was conducted 6 weeks after hospitalization (n = 7). The study results indicate that patients undergoing peripheral blood stem cell transplantation experience significant appetite loss (P <.01), diarrhea (P <.05), nausea and vomiting (P <.05), and sleep disturbances (P <.01) during the acute posttransplantation period. Other clinically important changes also were identified, so that a general pattern of recovery emerged. These patients reported diminished functional ability, increased symptoms, and poorer quality of life immediately before hospital discharge, with a return to pretransplantation levels by 6 weeks after hospitalization. In contrast, life satisfaction continued to decline 2 weeks after hospitalization, but did improve by 6 weeks. The qualitative data provide further support for this trend.     

儿童自体外周血造血干细胞移植的护理

自体外周血造血干细胞移植(APBSCT)是对患者进行超大剂量化疗或全身放疗预处理后,将正常外周血造血干细胞植入患者体内,使其重建正常造血及免疫功能的治疗方法[1].由于儿童对大剂量化疗和全身照射治疗不良反应敏感性较高,对护理工作提出了更高要求.     

自体外周血造血干细胞移植患者的护理

目的探讨对行自体外周血造血干细胞移植的患者在不同阶段实施的相应护理措施。方法选取我院2005年10月至2008年12月进行APBSCT治疗的恶性肿瘤患者60例,根据其移植的各个阶段采取相应的护理措施。结果通过施行全环境保护、合理饮食、全身皮肤黏膜清洁消毒、心理支持等护理活动,有效地减少了移植过程中各种并发症的发生率。结论在进行APBSCT治疗的患者中,护理质量的优劣是直接影响APBSCT成败和患者预后好坏的重要因素,良好的护理使癌症患者的生命得到真正的延长。     

大容量白细胞单采术采集外周血干/祖细胞

近年来,外周血干/祖细胞移植因细胞植入率高、造血和免疫功能重建快、移植相关并发症少等优点,临床应用日益广泛.本研究探讨了大量白细胞单采术采集自体外周血干/祖细胞的效率和安全性,现报告如下.     

Bacterial decontamination of blood stem cell apheresis products

High-dose chemotherapy using autologous bone marrow or mobilized blood as the source of stem cells for haematologic rescue, is being widely used for a variety of haematological malignancies and solid tumours. To collect sufficient numbers of haematopoietic stem cells for successful engraftment, standard apheresis procedures are performed. Newer techniques and refinements of the procedure allow using only 1 to 2 apheresis products (AP) for autografting. Bacterial contamination of the AP, although very rare, sometimes occurs and may lead to generalized infection in the recipient. The apheresis must be repeated, sometimes even including time-consuming and costly mobilization. At our institution, the patients' blood stem cells are usually mobilized with chemotherapy followed by daily s.c. haematopoietic growth factor injections or with growth factor alone. An apheresis machine is used for collection through a central venous line and the AP is routinely checked for bacterial contamination. Results are only available after the product has been processed and cryopreserved. In the last 5 years, we observed bacterial contamination in four of our AP. Therefore, we investigated the possibility of in vitro antibiotic decontamination. Using standard antibiograms, we determined the sensitivities of the contaminating bacteria. By incubating the products with the specific antibiotics at bactericidal concentrations, we were able to sterilize the probes from the contaminating bacteria. In the concurrently performed controls without the active substance, bacteria were still detectable. We conclude that in selected cases, in vitro decontamination using pretested antibiotics, may be a feasible, cost-effective, and easy alternative to performing additional apheresis procedures. J. Clin. Apheresis 13:103–107, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

异基因外周血造血干细胞移植预处理的护理

目的 探讨异基因外周血造血干细胞移植(allo-PBSCT)预处理的相关毒性及护理特点,以提高护士对相关病情的观察及护理水平,使患者的移植手术顺利进行.方法 对7例行allo-PB-SCT的患者行移植前的各项准备,并均行颈内静脉置管.预处理方案均采用不合全身放疗(TBI)的清髓性联合化疗方案:马利兰(BU)+环磷酰氨(CY).结果 7例患者均顺利度过预处理期,并成功接受干细胞移植.结论 在预处理中加强细致、全面的观察及护理,并及早发现问题,及时处理不良反应是保证患者安全,顺利进行allo-PBSCT的前提,是PBSCT成功很关键的一环.     

单倍型造血干细胞移植后血小板减少的预后意义

异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)是血液系统恶性肿瘤患者的有效治疗方法。血小板减少是allo-HSCT后常见的并发症,如持续孤立性血小板减少症(prolonged isolated thrombocytopenia,PT)或继发性血小板恢复失败(secondary failure of platelet recovery,SFPR)。PT最早在1985年被提出[1],后被定义为HSCT后3个月以上PLT≤80×109/L,其余血细胞均恢复正常,并且没有明确的引起血小板减少的原因(植入失败、潜在恶性肿瘤复发、药物等)[2]。SFPR指移植后血小板重建后再次出现PLT<20×109/L连续7 d或需要血小板输注维持PLT>20×109/L[3]。以往多项研究显示,HLA全相合allo-HSCT后血小板减少是影响患者总生存(OS)的危险因素[3-4]。为分析单倍型造血干细胞移植(haplo-HSCT)后血小板减少的预后意义,我们对92例haplo-HSCT患者进行回顾性分析。     

Donor lymphocyte apheresis for adoptive immunotherapy compared with blood stem cell apheresis

Donor lymphocyte transfusion has gained considerable interest as adoptive cellular immunotherapy for prevention or treatment of relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. This study was designed to compare the yield of CD3⁺, CD3⁺4⁺, CD3⁺8⁺, CD19⁺, CD3^?56⁺16⁺, and CD34⁺ cells contained in apheresis products from 61 consecutive non‐cytokine treated, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐matched donors for lymphocyte collection with the corresponding apheresis‐derived cell yield from 112 consecutive, HLA‐matched donors for blood stem cell collection who received recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG‐CSF, filgrastim) 6 μg/kg every 12 hours until cell collection was completed. Apheresis was started on day 4 or 5 of rhG‐CSF treatment. The yield of lymphoid subsets was significantly different in the two sample groups, rhG‐CSF treated product yields exceeding untreated product yields by a median of 2.1‐fold (range: 1.3–2.6). However, the CD34⁺ cell yield in rhG‐CSF‐treated apheresis products exceeded untreated products by 26‐fold. A single untreated apheresis procedure was usually sufficient to collect a target dose of 1 × 10⁸/kg CD3⁺ cells. Untreated apheresis products contained a median of 0.2 × 10⁶/kg CD34⁺ cells. A potential engraftment dose of ≥0.5 × 10⁶ CD34⁺ cells per kg of recipient body weight was contained in 16% of 57 untreated apheresis products. One single apheresis performed in a normal, untreated donor provides a sufficient amount of CD3⁺ cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Compared with that of an rhG‐CSF stimulated apheresis product, the CD34⁺ cell count is usually, but not always, below the engraftment dose range. RhG‐CSF treatment has little effect on the yield of lymphoid subsets collected by apheresis but is highly selective of the release of CD34⁺ cells. This report provides baseline data for studies that will show whether other cytokines such as granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) and/or Flt‐3 Ligand can immunomodulate allotransfusates in vivo to improve the graft‐vs.‐leukemia (GVL) effect after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, while lowering the incidence and severity of graft‐vs.‐host disease (GVHD). J. Clin. Apheresis. 16:82–87, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

异基因外周血造血干细胞移植预处理的护理

目的探讨异基因外周血造血干细胞移植（allo-PBSCT）预处理的相关毒性及护理特点，以提高护士时相关病情的观察及护理水平，使患者的移植手术顺利进行。方法对7例行allo-PB-SCT的患者行移植前的各项准备，并均行颈内静脉置管。预处理方案均采用不含全身放疗（TBI）的清髓性联合化疗方案：马利兰（BU）＋环磷酰氨（CY）。结果7例患者均顺利度过预处理期，并成功接受千细胞移植。结论在预处理中加强细致、全面的观察及护理，并及早发现问题，及时处理不良反应是保证患者安全，顺利进行allo-PBSCT的前提，是PBSCT成功很关键的一环。     

自体外周血干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足

背景:糖尿病下肢血管病变与糖尿病足的传统治疗方法主要有药物、介入或手术治疗.严重的往往需要截肢治疗,显著影响了患者的生活质量.治疗性血管生成是近年来国内外广泛开展的一项新技术.目的:评估糖尿病足忠者行自体外周血干细胞移植的疗效.方法:选择大连医科人学附属第二医院北院综合治疗科收治的接受降糖药物和改善微循环扩血管药物治疗效果不佳的糖尿病足患者30例,男16例,女14例:年龄46～72岁;其中双下肢病变14例,单肢病变16例,患足共计44例.糖尿病病程3～7年不等:其中有5例在外院建议截肢.全部患者均通过自体外周细胞动员,达到标准后,采集自干细胞悬液,在患足同侧小腿肌肉局部注射.存外周血干细胞移植的同时给予 E1.丁格地尔和刺五加等药物治疗,足部溃疡定期换约及清创治疗.移植成功后.观察经皮氧分压和皮温足部感觉,溃疡及坏疽情况,不良反应等.结果与结论:纳入糖尿病足患者30例,其中 1例同并心脑血管疾病在随访期病故,其余29例患者进入结果分析.对所有病例行6个月定期观察和随访,发现外周血干细胞移植后7～14d,30例患者(44足)疼痛明显缓解,患足皮氧分压和皮温显著上升,足部感觉明显增强.1～6周后,感染得到控制,12～16周,29例患者溃疡处坏疽明显好转,出现新生肉芽组织.6个月后4例完全愈合.15例患者在血细胞动员时感骨骼和肌肉酸痛,移植后5 d患者均感觉足部及小腿肌肉轻度胀痛.提示自体外周血干细胞移植能有效增加患者下肢血流.促进溃疡愈合,可使一部分患者有免除截肢和改善生活质量的效果.     

自体外周血干细胞移植病人的健康教育

[目的]为56例进行自体外周血造血干细胞移植(APB-SCT)的病人提供全程的健康教育,使病人在层流病房中很好地配合治疗及护理,减少并发症,顺利转出层流病房。[方法]采取一对一交谈法、病人现身说法等形式,从病人心理、层流室环境、无菌观念、化疗、回输造血干细胞过程、Ⅳ度骨髓抑制期、转出层流室和出院进行全面的健康教育。[结果]56例病人在干细胞移植的各个阶段都能积极配合医护工作,平均15.2d就完成整个自体外周血造血干细胞移植过程,顺利转出层流病房。[结论]56例病人经过全程健康教育,能正确认识自体外周血干细胞移植的过程及在层流室中配合医护工作,心身协调地完成治疗。