152例老年急性冠脉综合征的临床特点及高危因素的比较

通过对滕州市中心人民医院心血管内科的ACS临床病例研究分析,结合文献研究,总结分析此病各项指标与性别的相关性。87例老年女性患者与65例老年男性患者出现不稳定型心绞痛、非ST段抬高心梗以及ST段抬高心梗在患病数差异统计中无统计学意义;87例老年女性患者与65例老年男性患者在心梗史、冠脉血管再通史、中风史、周围血管疾病、吸烟史、高血压、高血脂、高血糖在患病数差异统计中无统计学意义。在相近年龄范围中,不同性别老年ACS患者中,男性出现不稳定心绞痛和非ST段抬高心梗的比率较女性高,而男性患有ST段抬高心梗的比率较女性低;ACS的老年男性患有高血压、糖尿病和高血脂比率较低于女性,并且男性的吸烟史、心肌梗死史、周围血管疾病史、冠脉血管再通史以及中风史的比率较女性高。     

非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征伴发肥胖的患者心血管疾病危险因素特征

目的:分析肥胖患者的非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征的临床特征和结局。方法:①不稳定心绞痛/非ST段抬高心肌梗死治疗策略登记注册研究回顾性登记了首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院心内科2000-01/2002-12首次因不稳定性心绞痛或非ST段抬高心肌梗死住院的患者1013例,记录患者临床特点、治疗方法以及住院事件的发生率等情况。②纳入不稳定心绞痛/非ST段抬高心肌梗死治疗策略登记注册中有体质量、身高记录的患者869例,其中肥胖患者480例,非肥胖患者389例,比较肥胖患者与非肥胖患者的危险因素特征。结果:不稳定心绞痛/非ST段抬高心肌梗死治疗策略登记注册中有体质量、身高记录的患者869例进入结果分析。①肥胖患者年龄明显小于非肥胖患者(P<0.01),既往有高血压史者明显多于非肥胖患者(P=0.028),而有吸烟史、糖尿病史、脑卒中史、周围血管病史、冠心病家族史比例差异不明显。②肥胖患者的舒张压、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、尿酸、肌酐水平、白细胞计数明显高于非肥胖者(P<0.05～0.01),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇明显低于非肥胖者(P<0.01)。③肥胖和非肥胖患者冠状动脉三支或左主干发生病变及院内不良心脏事件的发生率比例差异不明显(43.1%,2.7%;38.9%,4.1%,P<0.05);肥胖患者的血运重建的比例明显高于非肥胖者(79.4%,70.3%,P=0.006)。结论:①在非ST段抬高的冠状动脉综合征患者中,肥胖患者的年龄较轻,具有舒张压高、三酰甘油和总胆固醇高而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇低、尿酸水平高的特点,同时白细胞总数也高,说明伴有肥胖的非ST段抬高的冠状动脉综合征患者更多地具备了代谢综合征的特点。②未发现肥胖患者不良心脏事件发生率高。     

替格瑞洛在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊PCI中的应用效果

目的探讨替格瑞洛在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊PCI(经皮冠状动脉介入治疗)中的临床效果。方法选取行急诊PCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者60例,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组30例,对照组给予氯吡格雷治疗,观察组给予替格瑞洛治疗,比较两组患者的临床治疗效果。结果治疗后观察组ADP途径血小板抑制率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组MACE(主要不良心血管事件)发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组出血风险与对照组比较,差异未见统计学意义(P0.05)。结论急诊PCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者给予替格瑞洛效果显著,心血管不良事件及并发症少。     

氨基端前脑钠肽对急性心肌梗死患者院内预后的判断价值

目的观察急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者入院时的氨基端前脑钠肽(NT-proBNP)变化,并分析其与患者预后的关系。方法 104例AMI患者,于入院时即测定NT-proBNP并记录患者的心电图变化、院内心血管不良事件及治疗情况等。根据心电图变化分为ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)和非ST段抬高心肌梗死(NSTEMI)。分析发生院内心血管不良事件患者入院时的NT-proBNP水平。结果在所有患者中,NT-proBNP值随着Killip分级的增加而升高,NT-proBNP值和Killip分级的关系呈正相关(r=0.522,P<0.01)。在相同的Killip分级中,STEMI组和NSTEMI组NT-proBNP值的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);住院期间两组心血管不良事件发生率之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对于所有104例患者,住院期间发生心血管不良事件患者NT-proBNP值明显高于无心血管不良事件组患者(P<0.01);使用NT-proBNP水平来预判院内心血管不良事件,ROC曲线下面积为0.851,选取界值327.40pg/ml,判断院内心血管不良事件的敏感性为94%,特异性为55%;选取界值5621.00pg/ml,判断院内心血管不良事件的敏感性为37%,特异性为96%。结论 AMI发病初期的NT-proBNP值可预测AMI患者的短期预后,且不受心肌梗死的类型的影响;NT-proBNP值在正常参考值范围内发生心血管不良事件的风险低。     

血浆脑钠素水平测定对无ST段抬高的急性冠状动脉综合征患者预后的预测价值

目的探讨血浆脑钠素(BNP)对无ST段抬高的急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者预后的预测价值。方法对192例无ST段抬高的ACS患者(ACS组),20例性别、年龄相匹配的健康体检者(正常对照组)进行血浆BNP测定,并观察6个月内心血管事件(包括不稳定型心绞痛、急性心肌梗死、心力衰竭、全因死亡)发生情况。结果ACS组血浆BNP(36.45±14.96)ng/L,明显高于正常对照组(11.45±3.95)ng/L(P<0.01);在ACS组内,心肌梗死(AM I)亚组中血浆BNP(43.19±15.26)ng/L,明显高于不稳定型心绞痛(UA)亚组(31.73±12.85)ng/L(P<0.01);正常对照组无1例发生心血管事件;ACS组中,BNP>30 ng/L亚组心血管事件发生率为29.5%,显著高于BNP正常亚组的16.3%(P=0.029),比数比(OR)2.146(95%可信区间为1.07~4.29),血浆BNP>30 ng/L判断心血管事件的阳性预测值为29.5%,阴性预测值为83.6%。结论血浆BNP检测对无ST段抬高的ACS患者预后有较好的判断价值。     

探讨标准化急救护理流程在ST段抬高型心肌梗死中的应用效果

目的 探究标准化急救护理流程在ST段抬高型心肌梗死中的应用效果.方法 选取2022年1月至2022年12月在我院的80例ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者作为研究对象.依据随机分组法将患者分为对照组和观察组,每组各40例.对照组采用常规急救流程,观察组采用标准化急救护理流程.对比两组患者的成功率、满意度评分、耗时指标、ST段降低指标及不良心血管事件发生率.结果 观察组抢救成功率高于对照组(P<0.05).观察组的各项耗时指标均低于对照组(P<0.05).结论 ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者实施标准化急救护理流程,能够提高患者的抢救成功率,减少不良心血管事件,提高满意度.     

不同药物洗脱支架治疗老年急性心肌梗死疗效观察

目的探讨老年ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者应用雷帕霉素洗脱支架与紫杉醇洗脱支架经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的安全性及有效性。方法 129例≥65岁ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者,随机分为雷帕霉素组68例和紫杉醇组61例,分别应用雷帕霉素洗脱支架与紫杉醇洗脱支架经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,分析2组患者冠状动脉靶血管特点、手术成功率及术后12个月主要不良心脏事件及术后9个月晚期管腔丢失和支架内再狭窄情况。结果手术成功率100%,2组术后9个月晚期管腔丢失和支架内再狭窄发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组术后12个月病死率及心肌梗死、靶血管重建、主要不良心脏事件、支架内血栓形成的发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论老年ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者使用雷帕霉素或紫杉醇支架经皮冠状动脉介入治疗近期治疗效果和安全性均较可靠。     

替格瑞洛联合阿司匹林治疗非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死的疗效观察

目的分析替格瑞洛联合阿司匹林治疗非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死的效果。方法纳入116例非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各58例,两组均接受阿司匹林口服,在此基础上对照组联合氯吡格雷,观察组联合替格瑞洛,比较两组临床效果。结果观察组总有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组不良心血管事件发生率、再住院率高于观察组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论针对非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死在接受PCI治疗前采用替格瑞洛联合阿司匹林抗血小板治疗方案可获得良好疗效,降低心血管不良事件发生,减少再住院率,值得临床推广应用。     

急性心肌梗死经皮腔内冠脉介入治疗后心电图ST段回落不良对临床预后的影响

目的探讨ST段抬高型急性前壁心肌梗死急诊直接经皮腔内冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后,心电图ST段回落(STR)对临床预后的影响。方法对65例ST段抬高型急性前壁心肌梗死患者进行急诊直接PCI术前、术后1h各记录心电图1次,检测STR情况。PCI术后1hSTR≥50%患者为STR组(46例),STR<50%者为STR不良组(19例),术后1、6、12个月各进行三维彩色超声心动图检查1次,测量患者左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末径(LVEDd)。随访1年,观察患者PCI术后1年内心血管事件发生率。结果 STR不良组1、6、12个月的LVEF值低于STR组(P均<0.05),LVEDd值大于STR组(P均<0.05),心血管事件发生率稍高于STR组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 ST段抬高型急性前壁心肌梗死直接PCI后1hSTR不良者预后差、心血管事件发生率较高、左室心功能恢复不良。     

氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林治疗老年 ST 段抬高型急性心肌梗死的疗效及安全性分析

目的：探讨氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林治疗老年 ST 段抬高型急性心肌梗死的疗效及安全性。方法将180例行溶栓治疗的老年 ST 段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者随机分入对照组与观察组,每组各90例。给予对照组患者口服阿司匹林治疗,观察组患者接受氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林治疗,连用4周。比较两组死亡、再发心肌梗死、梗死后心绞痛的联合终点事件发生率、患者 ST-T 的改变以及出血并发症发生率。结果观察组联合终点事件发生率为5．6％,显著低于对照组23．3％（P ＜0．05）;观察组与对照组心电图判定 ST-T 治疗有效率分别为95．6％和75．5％,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;观察组与对照组出血并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（10．0％比6．7％,P ＜0．05）。结论氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林治疗老年 ST 段抬高型急性心肌梗死可显著降低心血管事件发生率,且不增加出血并发症。     

老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者冠脉介入术后服用麝香保心丸的临床疗效及安全性

目的评价老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者冠脉介入术后服用麝香保心丸的临床疗效及安全性。方法 66例择期行冠脉介入术的老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为对照组与试验组各33例。2组行经皮冠状动脉介入术,对照组术后给予阿司匹林肠溶片、硫酸氢氯吡格雷片;试验组在对照组的基础上给予麝香保心丸。治疗结束后比较2组肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、脑钠尿肽(BNP)、肌钙蛋白T(Tn T)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)水平以及不良反应发生情况。结果试验组持续ST段抬高0.2 m V患者比例和心绞痛、再次心肌梗死、心源性死亡以及心因性死亡等心血管事件发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,2组血清肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶、脑钠尿肽以及肌钙蛋白T水平显著低于治疗前,且试验组治疗后上述指标水平均显著低于对照组(P0.05),左心室射血分数水平显著高于治疗前,且试验组治疗后水平显著高于对照组(P0.05)。2组不良反应发生率相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者冠脉介入术后服用麝香保心丸的临床疗效显著,安全性较高。     

aVR导联ST段抬高预测前壁心肌梗死预后分析

目的探讨心电图aVR导联ST段抬高对急性前壁心肌梗死患者预后的价值。方法选取急性前壁心肌梗死患者65例，对其心电图和冠状动脉结果及临床资料进行对比分析。根据心电图aVR导联ST段变化分为抬高组（ST段抬高〉0．05mV）、无抬高组。结果aVR导联ST段抬高组左主干及左前降支的病变显著多于无ST段抬高组；发生多支病变和心脏不良事件多于无ST段抬高组，两组有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论aVR导联ST段抬高对预测急性前壁心肌梗死有重要价值，临床上应高度重视。     

急性冠脉综合征患者伴低血压或肺水肿的分析

目的探讨急性冠脉综合征患者发病后出现低血压不伴肺水肿或出现肺水肿而不伴低血压的差异及其可能原因。方法选择差别出现低血压或肺水肿的急性冠状动脉综合征患者病例105例,出现低血压而未出现肺水肿的定为低血压组,出现肺水肿而未出现低血压的定为肺水肿组,分别对两组病例进行回顾性分析和比较。其中男性87例,ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEM I)患者80例,非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTE-M I)患者16例,UAP患者9例。低血压组年龄(67.1±10.32)岁,肺水肿组年龄(74.2±7.8)岁。结论低血压的发生主要由急性冠状动脉综合征后心输出量下降引起;肺水肿的发生与肺循环的失代偿有关,且与年龄和高血压病史呈正相关。     

急性冠状动脉综合征血清NT-proBNP、hs-cTnT、hs-CRP和CK-MB检测及其临床意义

目的探讨急性冠状动脉综合征患者血清生物标志物水平及其临床意义。方法选择急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者157例,其中ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死(STEMI)82例及非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死(NSTEMI)45例;不稳定心绞痛(UAP)30例、同期冠状动脉造影(CAG)阴性患者35例作为对照组。所有对象均检测NT-proBNP、hs-cTnT、hs-CRP及CK-MB并进行分析。结果 ACS综合征组血清NT-proBNP、hs-cTnT、hs-CRP及CK-MB水平均较对照组高,差异有统计学意义(Z分别=5.49、2.65、3.45、3.85,P均<0.05)。NT-proBNP与hs-cTnT和CK-MB呈正相关性(r分别=0.65、0.22,P均<0.05);NT-proBNP诊断ACS的ROC曲线下面积为0.857。结论 ACS患者血清生物标志物升高,联合检测对早期防控ACS具有积极的临床意义。     

Persistent ST segment elevation: a new ECG finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a primary disease of myocardium resulting in myocardial hypertrophy without any inciting pressure or volume overload. The typical triad of symptoms includes exertional angina, syncope, and shortness of breath. Sudden cardiac death, the most dreadful complication of this disorder, can be the first manifestation of the disease and is more common in young patients. Elderly patients, on the other hand, may have a relatively benign course with normal or near-normal life span. The electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiography are the two most useful measures to diagnose hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The electrocardiographic features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are numerous, including ST segment elevation that may simulate other ST segment elevation syndromes, including acute myocardial infarction, variant angina pectoria, acute pericarditis, bundle branch blocks, ventricular paced rhythm, dyskinetic ventricular segment, ventricular aneurysm, left ventricular hypertrophy, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and early repolarization syndrome. This report describes a case of an asymptomatic patient who presented with ST segment elevation of acute injury type and, therefore, was admitted to rule out silent myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction was ruled out by cardiac enzyme levels, but ST segment elevation remained persistent in all of the subsequent ECGs. Echocardiography was performed, which clearly showed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and a high intracavity pressure gradient. Subsequently, retrieval of old ECGs showed a similar type of ST segment elevation in the patient's previous ECGs.     

Differential diagnosis of the association of gastrointestinal symptoms and ST segment elevation,in the absence of chest pain

This is a review of the underlying causes of the association of ST segment elevation and gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia, in patients who do not have chest pain. The review was based on anecdotal reports in Googlescholar and Pubmed using the search terms, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, ST elevation, myocardial infarction, and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Those patients who did not have acute myocardial infarction as the cause of the association of ST segment elevation and gastrointestinal symptoms were compared with counterparts with similar symptoms who had well authenticated acute myocardial infarction or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy as the underlying cause of ST segment elevation. The underlying causes of gastrointestinal symptoms which could be associated with ST segment elevation in the absence of either acute myocardial infarction or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy comprised pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, perforated gastric ulcer, intestinal obstruction, acute appendicitis, acute pancreatitis, acute cholecystitis, pheochromocytoma, bacterial meningitis, diabetic keto acidosis, and cannabis abuse. However, each of those disorders could also coexist either with acute myocardial infarction or with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. The coexistence of ST segment elevation and gastrointestinal symptoms(without chest pain) was also documented in patients with esophageal perforation, mesenteric ischaemia, aortic dissection, Kounis syndrome, and in electrolyte disorders. In the context of presentation with gastroenterological symptoms but without concurrent chest pain, echocardiography appeared to be useful in distinguishing between “pseudo” myocardial infarction characterised by ST segment elevation in the absence of cardiac disease vs ST segment elevation attributable either to acute myocardial infarction or to Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.     

Admission ECG predicts long-term outcome in acute coronary syndromes without ST elevation

BACKGROUND: Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) without ST elevation are a frequent cause of hospital admission, myocardial infarction and death. AIM: To explore the role of the ECG in stratifying ACS patients. DESIGN: Prospective, centrally-coordinated multicentre registry involving 56 centres throughout the UK. METHODS: Consecutive patients admitted with ACS without ST elevation on the presenting ECG (n = 1046) were followed for 6 months. A subgroup (n = 653) were flagged with the UK Office for National Statistics and followed-up for death over 4 years. Results: Mean follow-up for the group as a whole was 2.4 years. In the first 6 months, the death rate was 7.3%. Survival at 1 year was 90.8% (95%CI 88.2%-92.8%); at 45 months it was 77.8% (95%CI 74.1%-81.1%). We compared data in those with ST depression or bundle branch block on the admission ECG (n = 304, 29%) with those with T wave inversion, Q waves and minor ST segment changes (n = 576, 55%) and those with a normal ECG (n = 166, 16%). Their respective incidences of death were 15%, 5% and 2% (p < 0.01) at 6 months, and 38%, 22% and 7% (p < 0.01) at 4 years. Discussion: Rates of adverse events are high in patients admitted to UK hospitals with ACS without ST elevation. The ECG remains a very important and simple discriminator of both short- and long-term risk, enabling more aggressive, proven therapies to be targeted towards those at highest risk.     

Which diagnostic tests are most useful in a chest pain unit protocol?

Background

The chest pain unit (CPU) provides rapid diagnostic assessment for patients with acute, undifferentiated chest pain, using a combination of electrocardiographic (ECG) recording, biochemical markers and provocative cardiac testing. We aimed to identify which elements of a CPU protocol were most diagnostically and prognostically useful.

Methods

The Northern General Hospital CPU uses 2–6 hours of serial ECG / ST segment monitoring, CK-MB(mass) on arrival and at least two hours later, troponin T at least six hours after worst pain and exercise treadmill testing. Data were prospectively collected over an eighteen-month period from patients managed on the CPU. Patients discharged after CPU assessment were invited to attend a follow-up appointment 72 hours later for ECG and troponin T measurement. Hospital records of all patients were reviewed to identify adverse cardiac events over the subsequent six months. Diagnostic accuracy of each test was estimated by calculating sensitivity and specificity for: 1) acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with clinical myocardial infarction and 2) ACS with myocyte necrosis. Prognostic value was estimated by calculating the relative risk of an adverse cardiac event following a positive result.

Results

Of the 706 patients, 30 (4.2%) were diagnosed as ACS with myocardial infarction, 30 (4.2%) as ACS with myocyte necrosis, and 32 (4.5%) suffered an adverse cardiac event. Sensitivities for ACS with myocardial infarction and myocyte necrosis respectively were: serial ECG / ST segment monitoring 33% and 23%; CK-MB(mass) 96% and 63%; troponin T (using 0.03 ng/ml threshold) 96% and 90%. The only test that added useful prognostic information was exercise treadmill testing (relative risk 6 for cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction or arrhythmia over six months).

Conclusion

Serial ECG / ST monitoring, as used in our protocol, adds little diagnostic or prognostic value in patients with a normal or non-diagnostic initial ECG. CK-MB(mass) can rule out ACS with clinical myocardial infarction but not myocyte necrosis(defined as a troponin elevation without myocardial infarction). Using a low threshold for positivity for troponin T improves sensitivity of this test for myocardial infarction and myocardial necrosis. Exercise treadmill testing predicts subsequent adverse cardiac events.     

网织血小板和血小板参数在急性冠脉综合征中的变化及意义

目的:探讨急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者网织血小板(RP)和血小板参数的变化及意义。方法:随机选取ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)27例为STEMI组,非ST段抬高心肌梗死(NSTEMI)25例为NSTEMI组,不稳定心绞痛(UA)31例为UA组,健康体检者30例为对照组进行检测。用CD61-PE单抗标记血小板,噻唑橙(TO)为染料,应用富含血小板血浆(PRP)法检测RP;用COULTERJT型全自动血液分析仪测定血小板参数[血小板计数(PLT)和血小板平均体积(MPV)]。结果:STEMI、NSTEMI、UA组3组RP%均显著性高于对照组(P<0.05);STEMI、NSTEMI组的RP%显著高于UA组(P<0.05);STEMI、NSTEMI组的MPV均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:RP可能成为评估ASC患者血小板活性的新指标,它和MPV的检测可能对ACS有着一定的临床意义。     

中青年冠心病的特点及其危险因素的分析

目的探讨中青年冠心病的临床和冠状动脉造影的特点,并且对其危险因素进行分析,以便更好地预防和治疗冠心病。方法对126例中青年组（≤50岁）和120例老年组（〉50岁）冠心病患者的临床资料（包括冠状动脉造影）进行回顾性分析和比较。结果中青年组以突然发病者居多,高血压、酗酒、家族史、高胆固醇、高LDL及低HDL者均高于老年组,但差异无统计学意义;老年组糖尿病和高尿酸者高于中青年组,但差异无统计学意义;中青年组抽烟、高甘油三酯多于老年组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组冠状动脉造影结果差异无统计学意义。结论中青年人与老年人在冠心病发病特点、危险因素、冠状动脉造影大致相似,但也存在一定的差异,其中吸烟、高甘油三酯血症是青年冠心病患者突出的危险因素,可促使其提早发生冠心病。