第2代抗精神病药对代谢的影响

目的：探讨奥氮平、奎硫平和齐拉西酮对首发精神分裂症患者血脂和体质量的影响。方法：选择件院治疗的首发精神分裂症患者114例．随机分为奥氮平组35例、奎硫平组41例、齐拉西酮组38例治疗前、治疗4周和治疗8周检测血脂水平和体质量。结果：奥氮平组治疗4周、治疗8周总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL）和体质量均较治疗前显著升高（P〈0．05）;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL）水平垃著降低（P〈0．05）;奎硫平组至治疗8周时,TC、TG、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL）和体质量均较治疗前显著升高（P〈0．05）;而齐拉西酮组治疗4周和治疗8周与治疗前比较,TC、TG、HDL、LDL、体质量水平差异均无显著性。在治疗8周奥氮平组、奎硫平组TC、TG、HDL、LDL、体质餐变化与齐拉西酮组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：齐拉西酮对精神分裂症患者血脂和体质量的影响较奥氮平、奎硫平小,奥氮平和奎硫平在精神分裂症治疗过程中均可导致血脂异常和体质量增加。     

齐拉西酮与奥氮平在精神分裂症患者中的疗效对比观察及糖脂代谢安全性研究

目的观察齐拉西酮与奥氮平在精神分裂症患者中的临床治疗效果及糖脂代谢安全性情况。方法取精神分裂症患者90例,随机分为对照组(n=45)和观察组(n=45)。对照组采用奥氮平治疗,观察组采用齐拉西酮治疗,采用全自动生化分析仪测定2组患者治疗前、后血脂及血糖水平,比较2组临床疗效及对糖脂代谢的影响。结果 2组治疗前PANSS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗后3周、8周PANSS评分,低于对照组(P0.05);2组治疗前血脂水平中TG、TC、HDL及LDL水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗后8周TC、TG、HDL及LDL水平,低于对照组(P0.05);2组治疗前FBS、INS及IRI水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗后FBS、INS及IRI水平,低于对照组(P0.05);2组治疗后药物不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者采用齐拉西酮治疗效果理想,对患者脂糖代谢的影响相对较小,值得推广应用。     

奥氮平与阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症糖脂代谢影响的对照研究

目的 研究阿立哌唑、奥氮平对首发精神分裂症患者血糖及血脂代谢的影响.方法 随机将61例首发精神分裂症患者分为奥氮平组和阿立哌唑组,比较治疗前及治疗后第6周末两组患者身高、体质量、血糖（FBG）、胰岛素（INS）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）变化.结果 治疗后第6周末奥氮平组FBG、INS、IRI、LDL、TG、TC、体质量及BMI均较治疗前明显升高（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）,治疗后第6周末奥氮平组上述指标较阿立哌唑组高（P＜0.05）.结论 与奥氮平相比,阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症患者FBG及血脂代谢影响较轻.     

非典型抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者脂代谢、骨转换生化指标的影响及路径分析

目的:探讨非典型抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者脂代谢、骨转换生化指标的影响及路径分析。方法:对采用利培酮或奥氮平单药治疗>6个月的精神分裂症患者(病例组,90例)进行血脂[总胆固醇(CHOL)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)]及骨转换生化指标血清骨钙素(BGP)和β胶原特殊序列(β-CROSSL)水平检测,结果与90名健康对照者(对照组)比较;采用AMOS17.0软件进行脂代谢对骨转换生化指标影响的路径分析。结果:病例组血清TG、LDL、BGP和β-CROSSL水平明显高于对照组,HDL水平低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);药物、脂代谢和骨转换生化指标的路径分析模型拟合指数(χ²/df)=0.99,P>0.05,显示药物对患者的脂代谢有正向直接影响,对骨转换生化指标有正向直接影响,血清LDL水平对骨转换生化指标有正向直接影响。结论:长期服用非典型抗精神病药的精神分裂症患者血清LDL水平异常,可能作为中介变量调节药物对骨转换生化指标的影响。     

齐拉西酮联合奥氮平对精神分裂症患者的效果及对血清BDNF水平的影响

目的 分析齐拉西酮联合奥氮平治疗精神分裂症患者及对血清脑源性神经营养因子（brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF）水平的影响。方法 本次研究对象来源于本院2020年1月～2023年1月住院的100例精神分裂症患者,根据抽签法分组（每组n=50）,对比组接受奥氮平治疗,观察组接受齐拉西酮+奥氮平治疗,对比两组阳性和阴性症状量表（Positive and Negative Symptom Scale,PANSS）评分、临床疗效、血清神经生长因子（nerve growth factor,NGF）、脑源性神经营养因子和不良反应总发生率。结果 观察组治疗后PANSS评分低于对比组,观察组临床总有效率（96.00%）高于对比组（72.00%）,观察组治疗后血清NGF、BDNF水平均低于对比组（P<0.05）。不良反应总发生率观察组（10.00%）与对比组（6.00%）无明显差异（P>0.05)。结论 齐拉西酮+奥氮平可有效减轻精神分裂症患者精神症状,改善神经营养,不增加不良反应。     

脑血管病患者血脂水平改变的临床意义

目的：探讨脑血管病患者血脂变化规律。方法：脑梗死患者106例、脑出血患者65例和非脑血管病患者83例;脑梗死组又分为初发和复发,＜60和≥60岁、以及合并高血压、糖尿病和冠心病等亚组。用比色法测定甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL－C）、总胆固醇（TC）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL－C）水平。结果：脑梗死组血清TC、TG和LDL－C水平明显高于对照组,而HDL－C水平与对照组无明显差异。老年脑梗死组TC、TG水平显著高于对照组;复发脑梗死组TC、LDL－C水平显著高于对照组;脑出血患者血脂指标和对照组相比无显著差异;合并高血压和糖尿病组血清TC、TG和LDL－C均高于单纯脑梗死组和对照组。结论：血清TC、LDL－C主要与复发性脑梗死有关,而TC、TG主要与老年脑梗死发生有关;血清TC、TG和LDL－C升高与脑梗死合并高血压和糖尿病有关。     

非经典抗精神病药对代谢的影响

目的：探讨非经典抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者血糖、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1C）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）和体质量的影响。方法：将176例精神分裂症患者分成氯氮平组（30例）、奥氮平组（30例）、奎硫平组（30例）、利培酮组（30例）、阿立哌唑组（30例）和齐拉西酮组（26例）,治疗6周。于治疗前和治疗6周测量空腹血糖、HbA1C、TG、HDL和体质量。结果：治疗前后血糖、HbA1C、TG、HDL和体质量在阿立哌唑组和齐拉西酮组无显著变化,氯氮平组和奥氮平组治疗后显著增高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;奎硫平组和利培酮组可引起体质量显著增加（P〈0.01）,但对血糖、HbA1C、TG、HDL影响不大。结论：阿立哌唑、齐拉西酮对精神分裂症患者代谢的影响较小,奎硫平、利培酮次之,氯氮平、奥氮平对患者代谢的影响最大。     

齐拉西酮与氯氮平、利培酮对精神分裂症患者脂代谢影响的对照研究

目的探讨氯氮平、利培酮、齐拉西酮三种抗精神病药物对精神分裂症患者脂代谢的影响。方法将符合CC-MD-3精神分裂症诊断标准的187例精神分裂症患者随机分成氯氮平、利培酮、齐拉西酮3组,分别给予单药治疗6个月。于治疗前及治疗第1、2、3、6个月末监测血脂、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL))等项指标,同时评定症状程度。结果治疗后较治疗前氯氮平组、利培酮组在血脂各指标数值均增加,且在体质量、TC项,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);氯氮平组在TG、LDL项,利培酮组在TG项差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);齐拉西酮组在血脂各项指标上,治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论氯氮平、利培酮对患者的血脂代谢均有影响,且氯氮平的影响大于利培酮,齐拉西酮的影响则不显著。     

四种非典型抗精神病药对血清催乳素和血脂的影响

目的探讨四种非典型抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者血脂和血清催乳素（PRL）的影响,以及血清PRL水平与药物疗效的关系。方法118例精神分裂症患者分为4组,分别予以喹硫平（29例）、氯氮平（30例）、奥氮平（30例）和利培酮（29例）治疗12周。于治疗前及治疗4、8及12周末予以阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定,测定血总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三脂（TG）高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、阿朴脂蛋白A—I（ApoA-1）、阿朴脂蛋白-B（Apo—B）及血清PRL浓度。结果（1）喹硫平组TG、HDL在12周末有显著升高（P〈0．05）,氯氮平组Apo—B在4、12周末有显著升高（P〈0．05）、LDL在8、12周末有显著升高（P〈0．05）,利培酮组除TG外其余血脂指标在8、12周末有显著升高（P〈0．05）,奥氮平组TG、HDL、LDL、ApoA-1、Apo—B在12周末有显著升高（P〈0．05）,TC在8与12周有显著升高（P〈0．05）。（2）利培酮组治疗8、12周后血清PRL明显升高（P〈0．01）。（3）氯氮平组和利培酮组PANSS一般病理分的减分率分别与PRL、LDL有显著相关;氯氮平组PRL与LDL有显著相关。结论利培酮、奥氮平、喹硫平和氯氮平均影响血脂代谢;氯氮平疗效与血清催乳素及LDL有关,利培酮疗效与LDL有关。     

老年精神分裂症齐拉西酮与奥氮平治疗疗效及对血糖、血脂水平的影响

目的比较齐拉西酮与奥氮平治疗老年精神分裂症临床疗效及对血糖、血脂代谢影响,为老年精神分裂症患者临床规范化治疗提供参考。方法按照随机数字表法将本院2011年10月~2014年2月期间98例老年精神分裂症患者分组为对照组与观察组,各49例。观察组采用齐拉西酮治疗;对照组采用奥氮平治疗。于治疗前及治疗3个月后检测两组患者血糖、血脂及体质指数水平、阴性阳性症状量表(PANSS)评分;统计两组患者临床疗效、不良反应。结果治疗后,两组患者PANSS评分较治疗前明显下降,但观察组与对照组比较,无统计学意义,P0.05;观察组治疗总有效者45例,总有效率为91.8%与对照组44例,89.8%比较,无统计学意义,P0.05。对照组治疗后血脂、空腹血糖(FPG)及BMI较治疗前明显升高,P0.05;而观察组治疗后血脂、FPG及BMI较治疗前比较,P0.05;且两组间比较,P0.05。观察组不良反应TESS评分为(3.10±0.19)分明显低于对照组(4.97±0.72)分,P0.05。结论与奥氮平相比,采用齐拉西酮治疗老年精神分裂症效果与其相当,但齐拉西酮治疗对患者血脂和血糖及体质量影响较小,同时不良反应较少,因此可作为临床治疗优选药物。     

The neuroendocrinology of stress and the pathophysiology and therapy of depression and anxiety

Clinical and preclinical studies have gathered substantial evidence that stress response alterations play a major role in the development of major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The stress response, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) system and its modulation by corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH),corticosteroids,and their receptors, and the roles of natriuretic peptides and neuroactive steroids are described. We review the role of the HPA system in major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder and its possible relevance for treatment. Impaired glucocorticoid receptor function in major depression is associated with an excessive release of neurohormones such as CRH, to which a number of signs and symptoms characteristic of depression can be ascribed. In panic disorder, a role of central CRH in panic attacks has been suggested. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is causally involved in sodium lactate-induced panic attacks. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical data on its anxiolytic activity suggest that nonpeptidergic ANP receptor ligands may be potentially useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by a peripheral hyporesponsive HPA system and elevated CRH concentrations in the CSF. This dissociation is probably related to an increased risk of this disorder. We further review recent data that describe an important role of GABA(A)-receptor modulatory,3 alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids in major depression, anxiety, and its treatment. Antidepressants are effective in both depression and anxiety disorders and have major effects on the HPA system,especially on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Normalization of HPA system abnormalities is a strong predictor of the clinical course, at least in major depression and panic disorder. Currently,CRH-R1 or glucocorticoid receptor antagonists and ANP receptor agonists are being studied and may provide future treatment options more closely related to the pathophysiology of these disorders.     

Polymorphisms of DRD4 and DRD3 and risk of avoidant and obsessive personality traits and disorders

We investigated whether polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and polymorphisms of the dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) were associated with personality disorder symptomatology rather than with personality traits such as novelty seeking. DNA was obtained from 145 depressed patients in a clinical trial. These patients were assessed for the presence of personality disorder symptoms and disorders. The 2-repeat allele of the DRD4 exon III polymorphism was associated with increased rates of avoidant and obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. The T,T genotype of the DRD4 -521 C>T polymorphism was also associated with increased rates of avoidant and obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. The Gly9,Gly9 genotype of the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism was associated with increased rates of obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. None of these three polymorphisms were associated with novelty seeking or other temperament traits on the Temperament and Character Inventory. Our results suggest that genetic polymorphisms of DRD4 and DRD3 may well be associated with personality traits, and that conflicting findings to date may arise from the problem of phenotype definition.     

沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用

本文目的是对沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用进行综述,以期为地中海贫血患儿的心理康复提供参考。地中海贫血是以珠蛋白生成障碍为主要特征的遗传性疾病,由于长期输血治疗,患儿存在较多的心理和行为问题。沙盘游戏疗法作为一种有效、实用的儿童心理治疗方法,对提高地中海贫血患儿的康复效果、改善生存质量有重要的临床意义。     

癫痫共病抑郁的机制及临床诊疗

本文目的是探讨癫痫共病抑郁的可能机制及临床诊疗。癫痫是一种常见的、慢性的、致残性的神经疾病,癫痫患者生活质量下降,存在明显的负性情绪,常伴发各种精神疾病。癫痫与抑郁具有共同的神经生物学基础,可能存在共同的发病机制。本文从癫痫共病抑郁的发病机制、临床诊断及治疗方面予以总结归纳。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Seclusion and restraint and prediction of violence

The authors studied the use of seclusion and restraint on an inpatient unit in a state psychiatric hospital. Of 69 randomly selected inpatients, 51% experienced seclusion or restraint at least once. More psychotic than nonpsychotic patients required seclusion or restraint. However, neither psychosis/nonpsychosis nor voluntary/involuntary admission status predicted the likelihood of violent threats or actions. Patients experiencing seclusion and restraint showed a nonsignificant trend toward longer mean length of stay in the hospital. The frequency of patient behavior leading to seclusion or restraint appeared to be directly related to the stimulation caused by the presence of many staff members and other patients.     

Comparison of trigeminal and spinal modulation of pain and nociception

Modulation of pain and nociception by noxious counterstimulation, also called "diffuse noxious inhibitory controls" or DNIC-like effect, is often used in studies of pain disorders. It can be elicited in the trigeminal and spinal innervation areas, but no study has previously compared effects in both innervation areas. Therefore, we performed a study comparing DNIC-like effects on the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) and the nociceptive blink reflex as well as the respective pain sensations. In 50 healthy volunteers, the blink reflex elicited with a concentric electrode and the NFR were recorded before and after immersion of the contralateral hand in cold water. Responses were recorded as the subjective pain sensation and the reflex size. The cold water immersion of the contralateral hand elicited a reduction of both subjective pain sensation and reflex amplitude following the stimulation of both reflexes. However, there were no strong correlations between the individual reductions of both subjective pain sensation and reflex amplitude for both reflexes, and neither when results of the two reflexes were compared with each other. The dissociation between DNIC-like effects on pain and on nociception, which had been found previously already for the NFR, implies that both effects need to be studied separately.