保留盆腔自主神经的全直肠系膜切除术对中、低位直肠癌患者术后排尿和性功能的影响

目的:探讨保留盆腔自主神经的全直肠系膜切除术后患者排尿及性功能的变化。方法:行保留盆腔自主神经(PANP)加全直肠系膜切除术(TME)的中、低位DukesB期的直肠癌患者38例作为研究组,同期行TME的DukesB期患者35例作为对照组。研究组中低位前切除(LAR)21例,经腹会阴联合切除(APR)17例;对照组中LAR20例,APR15例。观察并比较二组患者术前后排尿、性功能之变化。结果:研究组与对照组术后排尿功能障碍发生率分别为15.7%(6/38)与40%(14/35)(P=0.013);研究组LAR与APR组性功能障碍发生率分别为9.5%(2/21)、29.4%(5/17),总的性功能障碍率为18.4%(7/38);对照组中分别为35%(7/20)、73.3%(11/15)和51.4%(18/35),研究组性功能障碍发生率明显低于对照组(P=0.002)。结论:Dukes B期患者行保留盆自主神经的全直肠系膜切除术能明显降低术后排尿、性功能障碍的发生率,提高患者术后生活质量。     

Bladder and sexual function following resection for rectal cancer in a randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic versus open technique

BACKGROUND: Bladder and sexual dysfunction are recognized complications of mesorectal resection. Their incidence following laparoscopic surgery is unknown. METHODS: Bladder and sexual function were assessed in patients who had undergone laparoscopic rectal, open rectal or laparoscopic colonic resection as part of the UK Medical Research Council Conventional versus Laparoscopic-Assisted Surgery In Colorectal Cancer (CLASICC) trial, using the International Prostatic Symptom Score, the International Index of Erectile Function and the Female Sexual Function Index. Sexual and bladder function data from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-CR38 collected in the CLASICC trial were used for comparison. RESULTS: Two hundred and forty-seven (71.2 per cent) of 347 patients completed questionnaires. Bladder function was similar after laparoscopic and open rectal operations for rectal cancer. Overall sexual function and erectile function tended to be worse in men after laparoscopic rectal surgery than after open rectal surgery (overall function: difference - 11.18 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) -22.99 to 0.63), P = 0.063; erectile function: difference -5.84 (95 per cent c.i. -10.94 to -0.74), P = 0.068). Total mesorectal excision (TME) was more commonly performed in the laparoscopic rectal group than in the open rectal group. TME (odds ratio (OR) 6.38, P = 0.054) and conversion to open operation (OR 2.86, P = 0.041) were independent predictors of postoperative male sexual dysfunction. No differences were detected in female sexual function. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic rectal resection did not adversely affect bladder function, but there was a trend towards worse male sexual function. This may be explained by the higher rate of TME in the laparoscopic rectal resection group.     

Male sexual and urinary function after laparoscopic total mesorectal excision

Background  Urinary and sexual dysfunction are potential complications of rectal surgery for cancer. This study retrospectively evaluated the frequency of such complications after laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (LTME) with autonomic nerve preservation. Methods  For this study, 50 men younger than 75 years who underwent radical LTME for mid and low rectal cancer were followed up for at least 12 months, interviewed, and administered a standardized questionnaire about postoperative functional outcomes and quality of life. Results  Sexual desire was maintained by 55.6%, ability to engage in intercourse by 57.8%, and ability to achieve orgasm and ejaculation by 37.8% of the patients. Distance of the tumor from the anal verge and adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatments were the significant predictors of poor postoperative sexual function. Seven patients (14%) presented transitory postoperative urinary dysfunction, all of whom were medically treated. Tumor stage and distance from the anal verge were independently associated with the postoperative global International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS). No differences were observed in urinary quality of life. Conclusions  In this series, LTME did not reproduce or improve on sexual and urinary dysfunction outcomes obtained in the best open TME series. Further trials are needed to evaluate functional outcome in rectal cancer patients.     

Major urinary dysfunction after mesorectal excision for rectal carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Urinary dysfunction may occur after mesorectal excision and pelvic autonomic nerve preservation (PANP) in patients with rectal carcinoma. The aim of this prospective study was to identify factors predictive of long-term urinary catheterization. METHODS: Two hundred and ten patients without significant urological problems underwent resection of rectal cancer with mesorectal excision. The number of patients with complete, partial or no identification of the nerves was documented and correlated with possible predictive factors for postoperative major urinary dysfunction. RESULTS: Eight patients (3.8 per cent) required long-term urinary catheterization: two after complete PANP (two of 168) and six in whom PANP was incomplete (six of 42) (P = 0.001). Multiple regression analysis identified incomplete PANP (odds ratio 13.8 (95 per cent confidence interval 2.7 to 71.3); P = 0.002) as a predictive factor for major urinary dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Major urinary dysfunction after mesorectal excision for rectal cancer is associated with an incomplete nerve-sparing technique.     

Total mesorectal excision preserves male genital function compared with conventional rectal cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND: The introduction of total mesorectal excision (TME) has been shown to improve local recurrence rates in rectal cancer. The present study investigated the impact of this more extensive and radical procedure with regard to autonomic pelvic nerve function. METHODS: Patients with resected primary rectal cancer were interviewed by means of a questionnaire asking about preoperative and postoperative urinary bladder and genital function. The results in patients after rectal cancer surgery without TME (group 1; n = 29) were compared with those obtained after introduction of the TME technique (group 2; n = 31). Patients in group 2 were older and had a lower level of anastomosis than patients in group 1. Other patient, treatment and tumour characteristics were comparable between the groups. RESULTS: : Newly acquired and permanent symptoms of bladder dysfunction after rectal excision were present as follows (group 1 versus group 2): difficulty in bladder emptying 7 versus 19 per cent; sensation of incomplete bladder voiding 17 versus 17 per cent; urgency 17 versus 14 per cent; incontinence 10 versus 3 per cent; dysuria 7 versus 7 per cent; and dribbling 14 versus 8 per cent. Male patients stated the following sexual functions before operation/after operation in group 1 versus group 2: interest in sex 80 per cent/40 per cent versus 63 per cent/37 per cent; sexually active 67 per cent/7 per cent versus 53 per cent/22 per cent; impotence 75 per cent/6 per cent versus 58 per cent/26 per cent; ability to have intercourse 75 per cent/13 per cent versus 67 per cent/29 per cent; ability to achieve orgasm 88 per cent/13 per cent versus 76 per cent/47 per cent; and orgasm with ejaculation 88 per cent/9 per cent versus 76 per cent/53 per cent. CONCLUSION: While both conventional rectal cancer surgery and TME result in similarly favourable postoperative bladder function, both techniques decrease sexual function. However, TME offers a significant advantage with regard to preservation of postoperative sexual function in men and constitutes a true advance in rectal cancer surgery compared with conventional techniques.     

直肠癌TME术中保留盆腔自主神经对男性性功能及排尿功能的影响

目的探讨直肠全系膜切除术(TME)中保留盆腔自主神经(PANP)对术后男性患者性功能及排尿功能的影响。方法回顾性分析我院2008年1月至2010年10月期间行直肠癌根治术的84例患者临床资料,根据不同的手术方式分为PANP+TME组(n=41)和TME组(n=43),对2组患者术后排尿及性功能障碍发生率和局部复发率情况进行比较。结果 PANP+TME组与TME组患者术后勃起功能障碍发生率分别为29.3%(12/41)和76.7%(33/43),射精功能障碍发生率为26.8%(11/41)和79.1%(34/43),排尿障碍发生率分别为24.4%(10/41)和79.1%(34/43),2组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。PANP+TME组和TME组术后局部复发率分别为9.8%(4/41)和11.6%(5/43),2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论直肠癌在TME基础上行PANP可以降低男性患者术后排尿和性功能障碍的发生率,且并不增加术后肿瘤局部复发率。     

低位直肠癌保肛手术中吻合器的应用

目的探讨吻合器在低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用效果。方法回顾性分析2004年11月至2009年8月256例直肠癌应用全直肠系膜切除联合吻合器行低位直肠前切除的临床资料。结果本组无死亡病例,无生殖功能障碍;发生吻合口漏2例,出现排尿功能障碍6例。结论全直肠系膜切除联合吻合器的应用可保持盆腔脏器功能,是治疗低位直肠癌的有效方法。     

Bladder and sexual dysfunction following laparoscopically assisted and conventional open mesorectal resection for cancer

BACKGROUND: Bladder and sexual dysfunction, secondary to pelvic nerve injury, are recognized complications of rectal resection. This study investigated the frequency of these complications following laparoscopically assisted and conventional open mesorectal resection for cancer. METHODS: A total of 170 patients with rectal cancer was identified from a previous randomized trial of laparoscopic versus open resection. A retrospective analysis of bladder and sexual function before and after operation was performed by means of postal questionnaires and telephone interviews. RESULTS: At the time of the study, 111 (65 per cent) of the 170 patients were alive, of whom 80 (72 per cent) responded. Of the responders, 40 patients had undergone laparoscopically assisted resection and 40 had had an open operation. No significant deterioration in bladder function following operation was observed, although two patients in the laparoscopic group required long-term intermittent self-catheterization. A significant difference in male, but not female, sexual function was noted, with seven of 15 sexually active men in the laparoscopic group reporting impotence or impaired ejaculation, compared with only one of 22 patients having an open operation (P = 0.004). All patients with bladder or sexual dysfunction in the laparoscopic group had resection of either bulky or low rectal cancers. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopically assisted rectal resection is associated with a higher rate of male sexual dysfunction, but not bladder dysfunction, compared with the open approach. This has implications, particularly for sexually active males with bulky or low rectal cancers, when deciding the best operative approach.     

TME技术在中、低位直肠癌手术中的应用价值

目的：探讨TME技术在中、低位直肠癌手术中的应用。方法：回顺性分析采用TME技术治疗37例直肠中、低位癌病人资料，评价采用TME技术的治疗结果及与传统手术技术的区别。结果：37例病人中，AR3例、LAR 25例、APR 7例、Parks 2例，吻合口瘘2例、口狭窄1例、卣肠阴道瘘1例、骶前出血1例，保肛率81％、骶前出血率2．7％。结论：TME技术是中、低位直肠癌手术应遵循的原则，不仅能提高保肛率、减少出血率、降低并发症发生率，而且能明显改善性功能和膀胱功能，提高患者的生活质量。     

全直肠系膜切除联合双吻合器在低位直肠癌手术中的应用

目的 探讨全直肠系膜切除(TME)联合双吻合器(DST)在低位直肠癌手术中的应用效果.方法 回顾性分析2004年至2006年15例直肠癌应用全直肠系膜切除联合双吻合器行低位直肠前切除的临床资料及经验.结果 本组无死亡病例.无排尿及性功能障碍.吻合口狭窄2例,经扩肛后治愈.结论 全直肠系膜切除联合双吻合器的应用可保持盆腔脏器功能,是治疗低位直肠癌的有效方法.     

A prospective study of sexual and urinary function before and after total mesorectal excision with autonomic nerve preservation for rectal cancer

BACKGROUND: Oncologic resection of rectal cancer has been reported to be associated with a significant (10%-60%) rate of sexual and urinary dysfunction. We hypothesize that curative total mesorectal excision (TME) with autonomic nerve preservation (ANP) can be done with high rates of preservation of such function. STUDY DESIGN: We studied prospectively preoperative and postoperative urinary and sexual function in patients who had sphincter-preserving operations for rectal carcinoma without preoperative irradiation. Standardized questionnaires were used preoperatively and postoperatively, including the International Prostatic Symptom Score and a score of quality of urinary function satisfaction. Urodynamic evaluation was performed preoperatively and 3 months after the operation. The sexual results were evaluated after 1 year. RESULTS: Twenty patients, 13 men and 7 women, had TME, with ANP technique. Fourteen patients had coloanal anastomosis, 4 had a stapled colorectal anastomosis, and 2 had an ileoanal anastomosis. In all patients, hypogastric and sacral splanchnic nerves were identified and preserved. There was no mortality. Tumors are graded by Astler-Coller classification: A1 in 3 cases, A2 in 3, B1 in 7, B2 in 2, C2 in 1, and D in 1. There was no difference in preoperative and postoperative urinary function, International Prostatic Symptom Score, or urodynamic results, nor in the results of the quality of urinary function questionnaire. Four of the 7 women (69%) were sexually active before undergoing the surgical procedure. Sexual activity and ability to achieve orgasm was unchanged in these women. No dyspareunia was reported. Nine of the 13 men (69%) were sexually potent in the preoperative period. Sexual activity and potency were unchanged in these men. Retrograde ejaculation was reported in 1 man who previously had had normal antegrade ejaculation. After 3 months, 4 patients reported a reduced rigidity of erection, returning to normal by 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: The authors conclude that TME and ANP for cancer limited to the mesorectum do not impair urinary and sexual function.     

腹腔镜与传统开腹术治疗直肠癌的手术并发症比较

目的 探讨腹腔镜下行结直肠肿瘤手术的可行性。方法 回顾性分析近3年110例腹腔镜下行结直肠癌切除于术的临床资料。中转开腹24例，腹腔镜下完成结直肠手术86例。其中右半结肠切除术5例，左半结肠切除术2例．乙状结肠切除术10例，Dixon术22例，Miles术46例，全大肠切除术1例。结果 全组尢手术纯亡病例？腹腔镜手术时间120～360（平均225）min．术中出血20～400（平均135）mL。淋巴结切除数1～30（平均8．7）个，阳性淋巴结数0～24（平均2．2）个。术中发生并发症6例：包括输尿管损伤1例，出血5例，均经及时中转于术解决。术后发生尿瘘2例，大出血2例，肠梗阻2例，均经冉手术治愈。术后12～72h均恢复胃肠功能。术后住院7～15（平均8．6）d。随访100例（90．9％），随访时间1～33（、平均14．3）个月。1例Miles术后3个月发生会阴部转移；3例术后6～15个月腹腔广泛种植转移。末发现套管针穿刺部位及小切口部位肿瘤转移。结论 腹腔镜下行结直肠肿瘤切除手术在技术上是町行的，且具有创伤小、出血少、胃肠干扰少、术后疼痛轻、恢复快等优点，可以达到安全根治性切除肿瘤的目的．     

基于盆腔自主神经为解剖标志的腹腔镜下直肠癌系膜 全切除术

目的:探讨以盆腔自主神经为解剖标志寻找安全的手术操作平面,进行腹腔镜下直肠癌的直肠系膜全切除(TME)的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月—2015年12月腹腔镜低位直肠癌切除术157例男性患者的临床资料及手术视频,将2012年后的81例患者作为观察组,该组患者术中以盆腔自主神经为解剖标志行TME,从中间入路进行解剖游离,采用双吻合器技术进行消化道重建,将2012年前未按以上解剖标志手术的76例作为对照组,比较两组手术相关指标以及对患者术后泌尿和性功能情况。结果:与对照组比较,观察组术中出血量明显减少(14.9 mL vs.26.5 mL)、手术质量3级率明显增加(89.2%vs.59.6%),淋巴结清扫数目明显增加(19枚vs.15枚),术后勃起功能障碍率明显降低(2.3%vs.4.5%,P0.05),尿潴留率明显降低(6.2%vs.10.5%)差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:TME中以盆腔自主神经为解剖标志可以最大程度完整切除直肠系膜的同时减少对盆腔内脏神经的损伤,而且对低位直肠癌TME手术的标准化和熟练掌握有帮助。     

Impact of Autonomic Nerve Preservation and Lateral Node Dissection on Male Urogenital Function after Total Mesorectal Excision for Lower Rectal Cancer

Introduction Urogenital dysfunction is a well recognized complication of rectal cancer surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of autonomic nerve preservation (ANP) and lateral node dissection (LND) on male urogenital function after total mesorectal excision for lower rectal cancer. Methods We studied, using a questionnaire, preoperative and current urogenital function in 47 male patients who underwent total mesorectal excision with the ANP technique for lower rectal cancer. Patients with and without LND were analyzed separately. Results A total of 37 patients (78.7%) (22 patients without LND, 15 with LND) returned the questionnaire. Among the 15 patients with LND, 2 underwent unilateral ANP. One patient without LND had urinary dysfunction preoperatively, and among the other 21 patients only 2 (9.5%) reported minor urinary complications postoperatively. After LND, 5 patients (33%) reported minor complications; there were no severe complications. Among patients who were sexually active prior to the operation, 90% and 70% of patients without LND and 50% and 10% of those with LND maintained sexual activity and ejaculation, respectively. However, 50% of patients who underwent low anterior resection or Hartmann resection without LND and all patients with abdominoperineal resection or LND reported reduced overall sexual satisfaction. Conclusions The ANP technique offers the great advantage of maintaining urogenital function after rectal cancer surgery. After LND, although the ANP technique minimized urinary dysfunction, sexual function, particularly ejaculation, was often damaged. Careful follow-up is important even after ANP to improve postoperative sexual satisfaction.     

Intraoperative identification and neurophysiologic parameters to verify pelvic autonomic nerve function during total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer

BACKGROUND: Preservation of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves is required to avoid urogenital function disturbances after total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal carcinoma. This study sought to determine whether intraoperative stimulation of parasympathetic nerves with monitoring of bladder contraction is useful in meeting this demand. STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective pilot study, 17 patients, 11 men and 6 women, underwent TME with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation performed by an experienced surgeon. The parasympathetic nerves were stimulated by an electrostimulation device (Screener 3625, Medronic), and the resulting bladder contraction was measured manometrically in all patients. Variations in pulse rate and voltage were measured to determine optimal stimulation parameters. A standardized questionnaire was used to record urogenital function disturbances. Residual urine volume was measured by ultrasound pre- and postoperatively. Shortterm outcomes data were evaluated to establish a possible association between intraoperative test results and postoperative bladder function. RESULTS: In 15 of 17 patients undergoing TME with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation for rectal carcinoma, the parasympathetic nerves were identified based on nerve stimulation-induced bladder contraction. Two patients with negative results on intraoperative nerve stimulation had persisting bladder dysfunction requiring an indwelling catheter after discharge from hospital. In spite of a short median followup of 2 months (range 1 to 4 months), in 7 of 10 men with intact erectile function prior to surgery, postoperative erectile dysfunction could be excluded. The study showed a pulse rate of 35 Hz and an electric potential of 12 V to be optimal stimulation parameters, associated with a mean intravesical pressure rise of 12.7 cm H(2)O (range 2.8 to 18.0 cm H(2)O). CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative nerve stimulation with monitoring of intravesical pressure represents a technically simple procedure for the identification and verification of function of pelvic parasympathetic nerves during TME for rectal carcinoma.     

Historical review of colorectal cancer surgery

The classical standard surgical technique for rectal carcinoma, abdominoperineal excision (Miles operation), has been gradually replaced by sphincter-saving surgery and more than 70% of rectal carcinomas are treated by anterior resection in which autosuture machines have played a major role in recent years. Wide lateral lymphadenectomy has been replaced by autonomic nerve preservation because of the high frequency of sexual and urinary dysfunction. Total mesorectal excision (TME) proposed by Heald et al which ignores the lateral nodes of the pelvic wall is the most popular technique in Western countries. The concept of TME is contradictory to that of wide lateral lymphadenectomy and the true merits of the latter should be examined in the near future. Minimally invasive surgery, including various procedures of local excision of low rectal tumors and colonoscopic polypectomy, has given great benefits to many patients. In Japan there seems to have been a lack of interest in adjuvant radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy in the past, but they should be more seriously considered for the adjuvant treatment of advanced rectal carcinoma in the future.     

腹腔镜与传统开腹术治疗直肠癌的手术并发症比较

目的 分析腹腔镜下全系膜切除术（TME）与开腹TME手术治疗直肠癌在并发症发生率方面的差别。方法 回顾43例腹腔镜和50例传统开腹手术治疗直肠癌患者的临床资料，分析并发症的发生原因及其发生率。结果 腹腔镜治疗组较传统阡腹组在术后肠功能恢复、早期下床活动、住院时间等方面均占优势。在术中损伤．吻合口瘘、术后性功能保护、排尿功能障碍、局部复发和切口转移上与传统开腹组均无明显差别。结论 腹腔镜下TME治疗直肠癌的效果同传统开腹术，术后患者自觉症状较开腹手术良好。     

直肠癌根治术中是否切除Denonvilliers筋膜的争议与展望

全直肠系膜切除（TME）是中低位直肠癌手术的金标准。传统的TME手术要求在Denonvilliers筋膜前方解剖并切除Denonvilliers筋膜,然而术后居高不下的排尿及性功能障碍发生率引起国内外学者对该理念的争议及质疑。对中低位直肠癌病人,应施行个体化治疗方案。对于肿瘤不位于直肠前壁及侧壁,或肿瘤局部分期较早的病人,应在保证肿瘤根治性的前提下,选择Denonvilliers筋膜后方施行TME手术,尽可能保留Denonvilliers筋膜的完整性,从而保护盆腔自主神经,避免术后排尿及性功能障碍,提高病人术后生活质量。     

腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术中保留盆腔自主神经对术后男性患者性功能的影响

目的:对比腹腔镜及开腹全直肠系膜切除术中保留盆腔自主神经对男性患者术后性功能的影响。方法:回顾分析2011年6月至2015年6月92例直肠癌根治术(均行Dixon术)患者的临床资料,其中45例行腹腔镜下保留盆腔自主神经的全直肠系膜切除术(腹腔镜组),47例开腹行保留盆腔自主神经的全直肠系膜切除术(开腹组),对比两组患者术后勃起功能障碍、射精功能障碍发生率及术后1年盆腔局部复发情况。结果:术后1、3、6个月,开腹组勃起功能障碍、射精功能障碍发生率明显高于腹腔镜组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后12个月后,两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。1年后两组患者盆腔局部复发率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术中保留盆腔自主神经在达到与开腹手术相同的根治效果的基础上,术后早期(6个月内)患者性功能恢复效果更好,且于术后12个月达到与开腹手术相同的保护患者性功能的效果,明显改善了男性患者的术后生活质量,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

全直肠系膜切除术治疗直肠癌95例临床分析

目的探讨全直肠系膜切除术（total mesorectal excision,TME）治疗直肠癌的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2006年1月,对95例中低位直肠癌患者行TME术治疗的临床资料,其中54例行Dixon术,8例行Parks术,33例行Miles术。结果全组病例无手术死亡。术后吻合口漏3例,吻合口狭窄2例,吻合口出血2例。在获得随访1～6年的91个病例中,性功能障碍21．9％（20／91）,局部复发7．7％（7／91）,其中吻合口复发1．1％（1／91）。结论直肠癌术中TME可明显降低直肠癌术后局部复发率,减少性功能障碍发生。