Ⅱ型糖尿病患者视网膜病变与糖化血红蛋白及糖化血清蛋白的关系

目的:进一步探讨糖化血红蛋白(HBALC)及糖化血清蛋白(GSP)在糖尿病视网膜病变中的意义。方法:对100例II型糖尿病患者进行HBALC及GSP检测及检查眼底并回顾性分析了168例II型糖尿病患者上述3项指标。根据有无视网膜病变(DR)及DR的轻重将所有患者分成3组,比较HBALC及GSP的结果。结果:单纯型及增殖型DR组HBALC及GSP值明显高于非DR组,且GSP值差异更加显著;单纯型DR组及增殖型DR组的HBALC及GSP值无明显差异。结论:HBALC及GSP可作为糖尿病患者发现DR的指标,两者结合考虑更有助于DR的发现。     

糖尿病视网膜病变患者糖化血红蛋白检测与评价

糖尿病视网膜病变患者糖化血红蛋白检测与评价华西医科大学附属一院眼科孙静，杨兰芬糖尿病视网膜病变（ｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｒｅｔｉｎｏｐａｔｈｙ，ＤＲ）是糖尿病严重并发症之一，是导致失明的重要原因［１］。目前对ＤＲ发生发展的机理缺乏一致的认识，大多数学者认为血...     

糖尿病视网膜病变患者糖化血红蛋白测定的临床意义

目的探讨糖尿病合并糖尿病视网膜病变患者糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)测定的临床意义;方法239例Ⅱ型糖尿病患者测定糖化血红蛋白水平及进行眼底检查或眼底荧光造影检查,对糖尿病视网膜病变发生率和病变程度与HbAlc水平的关系作统计学分析;结果HbAlc水平越高,视网膜病变的发生率越高(P＜0.05),HbAlc≥8%时视网膜病变的发生率明显升高;HbAlc水平与视网膜病变的程度呈显著相关性(r1=0.599,P＜0.01);视网膜病变的程度与空腹血糖(FBG)和病程呈正相关(r2=0.413,r3=0.431,P＜0.01)结论定期监测糖尿病和糖尿病视网膜病变患者的HbAlc水平有重要的临床价值.     

住院糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变患病率及知晓率调查分析

调查本院住院糖尿病患者中糖尿病视网膜病变（ DR）的患病率及患者对DR相关知识的知晓率。方法连续收集我院自2010年10月至2011年10月在我院内分泌科首次住院的糖尿病患者168例,采用问卷调查方式对所有患者进行DR相关知识问卷调查,并进行散瞳眼底检查,按照国际DR分期标准对眼底检查结果进行分析。结果患者中对于糖尿病可以引起眼部病变的知晓率为56．55％,知道DR的占45．24％,知道DR可使用激光治疗的占38．69％,知道激光治疗可以极大的降低严重视力下降的发生风险的患者占8．93％。168例患者中有66例（132只眼）发现DR,患病率39．3％,眼底病变分期：2期22．73％,3期34．85％,4期29．54％,5期12.88％。结论住院糖尿病患者DR知晓率较低,多数患者缺乏DR相关知识,不知道眼底激光及其治疗益处,其DR的病情相对更为严重。因此,内分泌科医师应加强DR知识科普宣传并督促患者定期行眼底检查,以避免重度视力下降发生的可能。     

绵阳市社区糖尿病视网膜病变的患病率调查及相关因素分析

目的：探讨绵阳市糖尿病(DM)患者中糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)患病率和相关因素。 方法：普查社区登记确诊的749例DM患者,通过询问和检查获得病史资料,采用眼底检查或眼底血管荧光造影确立DR诊断,并分别检测空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血清脂联素。结果：DM患者749例中共确诊DR患者151例,DR的患病率为20.2%。非增殖型和增殖型DR分别为108例（71.5%）和43例（28.5%）。空腹血糖在DM、非增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变(NPDR)和增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)患者中分别为7.86±0.93mmol/L,8.24±217mmol/L,8.35±3.89mmol/L,三者比较无明显差异（P＞0.05）。糖化血红蛋白和血清脂联素在这三类居民中测得的结果分别为 6.24%±1.34%,7.12%±1.51%,7.94%±1.75%和8.48±2.89mg/L,6.74±2.11mg/L,4.57±1.82mg/L,三者比较有明显差异。结论：在DM居民中DR患病率高,需密切监测DM患者的高糖化血红蛋白和低血清脂联素,以控制DR患病。     

2型糖尿病住院患者糖尿病视网膜病变患病率及危险因素分析

目的调查40岁以上2型糖尿病(diabetic mellitus,DM)住院患者中糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)的患病率及危险因素,为DR的临床防治提供依据。方法选取2009年3月至7月广东省人民医院内分泌科住院的40岁以上的2型DM患者240例进行调查,内容包括患者的基本情况、相关病史资料、实验室检查以及眼部检查等,调查DR、增生性糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病黄斑水肿的患病率,分析并探讨影响DR发生、发展的危险因素。结果 DR、增生性糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病黄斑水肿患病率分别为35.00%、9.17%、7.92%。DM病程、收缩压、胆固醇、肌酐、尿素氮、24h尿白蛋白量、24h尿白蛋白浓度、尿微量蛋白浓度、胰岛素使用、合并周围神经病变、合并肾脏病变与DR的发生、发展有关。Logistic回归分析发现病程、24h尿白蛋白量、合并周围神经病变是DR发生、发展的独立危险因素。结论病程、24h尿白蛋白量、合并周围神经病变是DR发生、发展的独立危险因素。     

妊娠期糖尿病视网膜病变临床分析

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病视网膜病变进展和防治效果。方法:通过糖尿病筛查确诊的妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)伴糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)孕妇28例(A组),GDM不伴DR孕妇28例(B组),正常孕妇28例(C组),分别在妊娠6,9mo和产后6mo对三组孕妇进行视力、眼底照相、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)等检查。结果:GDM的发病率为5.6%,妊娠期DR的发生率为16.7%,妊娠期DR的进展率为39.3%。在妊娠9mo时,A组的平均最佳矫正视力(BCVA)低于B组和C组(P<0.05),B组和C组的视力无统计学差异(P>0.05);A组平均最佳矫正视力(BCVA)在妊娠9mo低于妊娠6mo和产后6mo(P<0.05)。妊娠6,9mo和产后6mo,HbAlc为A组>B组>C组(P<0.05)。结论:妊娠会促进DR进展,可能与血中HbAlc增高有关,密切观察和严格控制血糖,能够有效减低糖尿病孕妇的视力损害。     

上海市北新泾街道糖尿病患者视网膜病变的患病率调查

目的 探讨上海市北新泾街道患有糖尿病（DM）居民中糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）患病率和相关因素。 方法 根据居民健康档案获得患DM的居民，通过询问和检查获得病史资料、视力、眼部病变、眼压资料，采用眼底照相方法确立DR诊断。 结果 实际受检535人，受检率为90.68%。共确诊DR患者146例，DR的患病率为27.29%。单纯型和增生型DR的患病率分别为22.99%和4.30%。DM病程为影响DR患病的独立因素。DM病程，同时罹患周围神经病变和体重指数是依次影响DR病情发展到增生型的独立因素。 结论 在DM居民中DR患病率高；需密切监测高危DM居民以控制DR患病。 (中华眼底病杂志, 2006, 22: 31-34)     

1型糖尿病视网膜病变患者血清唾液酸浓度的增加

目的：探讨血清唾液酸和糖尿病性视网膜病变几个阶段之间潜在的关联。方法：1型糖尿病视网膜不同程度病变组40例。对照组30例,对其血清唾液酸水平进行研究。结果：结果显示,研究组与对照组相比有较高的血清唾液酸浓度（95.95±9.5vs45.05±19.91mmoL/L,P=0.0001）。我们也观察到糖尿病性视网膜病变的水平逐步上升,其浓度升高（P〈0.05）,但相关性较弱。血清唾液酸浓度与血糖浓度呈正相关（r=0.67,P=0.0001）。结论：血清唾液酸浓度的增加与视网膜病变阶段有关。这对确定1型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的程度有帮助。但是,仍然需要更详细的研究,以得到更精确的结论。     

1型糖尿病视网膜病变患者血清唾液酸浓度的增加

目的:探讨血清唾液酸和糖尿病性视网膜病变几个阶段之间潜在的关联。方法:1型糖尿病视网膜不同程度病变组40例。对照组30例,对其血清唾液酸水平进行研究。结果:结果显示,研究组与对照组相比有较高的血清唾液酸浓度(95.95±9.5 vs 45.05±19.91mmoL/L,P=0.0001)。我们也观察到糖尿病性视网膜病变的水平逐步上升,其浓度升高(P<0.05),但相关性较弱。血清唾液酸浓度与血糖浓度呈正相关(r=0.67,P=0.0001)。结论:血清唾液酸浓度的增加与视网膜病变阶段有关。这对确定1型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的程度有帮助。但是,仍然需要更详细的研究,以得到更精确的结论。     

Population-Based Study of Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Kinmen, Taiwan

Purpose

This study was conducted to assess the prevalence and associated factors of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy among type 2 diabetic patients in Kinmen, Taiwan.

Methods

From 1991 to 1993, 971 type 2 diabetic patients in Kinmen underwent diabetic retinopathy screening performed by a panel of ophthalmologists using indirect ophthalmoscopy and 45° color fundus retinal photographs.

Results

Of the 971 patients screened in 1991–1993, 578 (59.5%) were examined for this study. Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed in 127 patients (22.0%), including nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy in 13.3%, proliferative diabetic retinopathy in 1.4%, legal blindness in 1.4%, and ungradable diabetic retinopathy in 5.9%. Significant associated factors of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy based on multiple logistic regression analysis were fasting plasma glucose (FPG) at baseline [≥126?mg/dl vs. <126?mg/dl; odds ratio (OR) = 2.89; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01–9.09], 2-h postload at baseline (≥200 vs. <200?mg/dl; OR = 1.48; 95% CI, 1.09–2.07); HbA_1c at follow-up (≥7% vs. <7%; OR = 6.54; 95% CI, 3.01–14.20), duration of diabetes (≥15 years vs. <10 years; OR = 6.72; 95% CI, 2.13–21.18), and incremental systolic blood pressure between baseline and follow-up (OR = 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00–1.04).

Conclusions

In addition to the longer duration of type 2 diabetes, FPG at baseline, poorly controlled glucose concentration, and altered blood pressure may increase the risk of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2006;50:44–52 © Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2006     

Anemia and Diabetic Kidney Disease Had Joint Effect on Diabetic Retinopathy Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

PurposeWhether the association between diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is leveraged by anemia remains unclear. This study is to evaluate the joint effect of DKD and anemia on DR.MethodsData were collected from electronic medical records of 1389 patients with T2DM in the Yiwu Central Hospital of Zhejiang Province from 2018 to 2019. Based on retinal examination findings, patients were classified as without diabetic retinopathy (non-DR), non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Odds ratio (OR) from multinomial logistic regression models adjusting for potential risk factors of DR were used to evaluate associations of DKD, renal function measures, and anemia with risk of NPDR and PDR. Path analysis was performed to help understand the association of DKD and hemoglobin (Hb) with DR.ResultsThe study included 901 patients with non-DR, 367 patients with NPDR and 121 patients with PDR. Both high DKD risk and abnormal renal function measures were significantly associated with PDR. Anemia was associated with increased risk of NPDR (OR = 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18–2.58) and PDR (OR = 3.71, 95% CI = 2.23–6.18). DKD severity and anemia had joint effect on NPDR (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.32–3.96) and PDR (OR = 11.31, 95% CI = 5.95–21.51). These associations were supported by path analysis.ConclusionsDKD severity, abnormal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) were associated with increased risk of DR in patients with T2DM, and anemia had joint effect on these associations. Improving Hb level may decrease the risk of DR in patients with T2DM.     

Plasma Homocysteine is Associated with Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetic Patients in the Absence of Nephropathy

Introduction: Previous cross-sectional studies suggested that plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is associated with retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) only in cases of impaired renal function. The objective of this study was to examine whether there is an independent relationship between tHcy and retinopathy in normoalbuminuric T1DM patients with normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Methods: The study included 163 normoalbuminuric patients with T1DM and normal renal function (eGFR >60?≤?125?ml?min^?1 1.73?m^?2). Urinary albumin excretion rate (UAE) was measured from at least two 24?h urine samples. Photodocumented retinopathy status was made according to the EURODIAB protocol. tHcy level was measured with the chemiluminescent immunoassay. Results: Retinopathy was present in 48% of normoalbuminuric patients. Patients with retinopathy were older (49 vs 42 years, p?=?0.001), had higher systolic blood pressure (130 vs 120?mmHg, p?=?0.001), triglycerides (0.89 vs 0.77?mmol/L, p?=?0.01), tHcy (9.8 vs 9.1?µmol/L, p?=?0.04), and lower eGFR (100 vs 106?ml?min^?1 1.73?m^?2, p?=?0.03). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, after adjustment for variables that reached statistical significance in the univariate analysis, only tHcy was significantly associated with a risk of retinopathy in our subjects (p?=?0.02), with odds ratios of 1.02 to 1.43. Conclusion: These data suggest that tHcy is independently associated with retinopathy in normoalbuminuric T1DM with normal eGFR. The mechanisms relating tHcy and retinopathy in T1DM are not clear. Prospectives studies are needed to confirm whether higher tHcy in normoalbuminuric T1DM patients has predictive value for development of retinopathy.     

Impacts of Systemic Hypertension on the Macular Microvasculature in Diabetic Patients Without Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy

PurposeTo identify the impact of hypertension (HTN) on macular microvasculature in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients without clinical diabetic retinopathy.MethodsIn this retrospective cross-sectional study, subjects were divided into three groups: controls (control group), patients with T2DM (DM group), and patients with both T2DM and HTN (DM + HTN group). The vessel length density (VD) was compared among the groups. Linear regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with VD.ResultsThe VD in the control, DM, and DM + HTN groups was 20.43 ± 1.16, 19.50 ± 1.45, and 18.19 ± 2.06 mm⁻¹, respectively (P < 0.001). The best-corrected visual acuity (B = −9.30; P = 0.002), duration of T2DM (B = −0.04; P = 0.020), HTN (B = −0.51; P = 0.016), signal strength (B = 1.12; P < 0.001), and ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer thickness (B = 0.06; P < 0.001) were significant factors affecting VD in patients with T2DM. Additionally, the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (B = −0.49; P = 0.016) was significantly associated with VD in patients with both T2DM and HTN.ConclusionsPatients with T2DM had impaired macular microvasculature, and patients with T2DM with HTN exhibited greater impairment of the microvasculature than did patients with T2DM only. Additionally, physicians should be aware that the macular microvasculature would be more vulnerable to hyperglycemic damage under ischemic conditions by HTN.     

Association Analysis of Polymorphisms in Genes Related to Oxidative Stress in South Indian Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Retinopathy

Background: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is polygenic with a multitude of genes contributing to disease susceptibility. The present study aimed at exploring the association between DR and seven polymorphisms in oxidative stress-related genes, i.e. ACE, eNOS, p22phox subunit of NAD(P)H oxidase, PARP-1 and XRCC1 in South Indian T2DM subjects.

Materials and methods: The study included 149 T2DM subjects with DR (diagnosed through funduscopic examination) and 162 T2DM patients with no evidence of DR. The selected polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Taqman allele discrimination assay.

Results: There was no significant difference in the genotype and allele distribution of ACE ins/del, eNOS-786T>C, 894G>T, 4a4b and p22phox 242C>T polymorphisms between T2DM groups with and without DR. Contrastingly, there appeared to be a significant association of PARP-1 Val762Ala and XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphisms with DR, wherein 762Ala allele seemed to confer significant protection against DR (p?=?0.01; OR?=?0.51 [0.3–0.86]), while the presence of 399Gln allele was associated with an enhanced risk for DR (p?=?0.02; OR?=?1.52 [1.07–2.15]). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a significant and independent association of Val762Ala and Arg399Gln polymorphisms and other putative risk factors with DR in T2DM individuals.

Conclusions: The polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes PARP-1 and XRCC1 tended to associate significantly with DR. While Val762Ala polymorphism was associated with reduced susceptibility to DR, the Arg399Gln polymorphism contributed an elevated to risk for DR in South-Indian T2DM individuals.     

Risk Factors for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in African Americans with Type 2 Diabetes

Purpose: To assess personal and demographic risk factors for proliferative diabetic retinopathy in African Americans with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In this prospective, non-interventional, cross-sectional case-control study, 380 African Americans with type 2 diabetes were enrolled. Participants were recruited prospectively and had to have either: (1) absence of diabetic retinopathy after ≥10 years of type 2 diabetes, or (2) presence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy when enrolled. Dilated, 7-field fundus photographs were graded using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study scale. Covariates including hemoglobin A_1C (HbA_1C), blood pressure, height, weight and waist circumference were collected prospectively. Multivariate regression models adjusted for age, sex and site were constructed to assess associations between risk factors and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Results: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy was associated with longer duration of diabetes (odds ratio, OR, 1.62, p < 0.001), higher systolic blood pressure (OR 1.65, p < 0.001) and insulin use (OR 6.65, p < 0.001) in the multivariate regression analysis. HbA_1C was associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the univariate analysis (OR 1.31, p = 0.002) but was no longer significant in the multivariate analysis.

Conclusions: In this case-control study of African Americans with type 2 diabetes, duration of diabetes, systolic hypertension and insulin use were strong risk factors for the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Interestingly, HbA_1C did not confer additional risk in this cohort.     

槲皮素对糖尿病大鼠视网膜单核细胞趋化蛋白-1表达的影响

目的 探讨槲皮素干预糖尿病大鼠视网膜病变的机制.方法 清洁雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为正常对照组和糖尿病动物组,将成模大鼠随机分为糖尿病组,导升明组,槲皮素组.治疗20周.观察糖尿病大鼠一般情况变化,视网膜血管铺片观察毛细血管内皮细胞数(E)和周细胞数(P),并计算E/P比值,免疫组织化学法观察MCP-1在视网膜的表达,ELISA法检测玻璃体内MCP-1浓度.结果 20周时,与糖尿病阴性对照组相比,槲皮素治疗组体重明显增加,周细胞数明显增多,E/P值明显降低.与导升明阳性对照组相比,槲皮素治疗组体重、周细胞数和E/P值无明显差异.20周时,正常对照组视网膜血管未见MCP-1阳性细胞表达糖尿病组走形迂曲的视网膜毛细血管壁上有大量MCP-1阳性细胞表达,而槲皮素和导升明组视煳膜血管铺片MCP-1表达情况与糖尿病组相比,无明显差别.20周时,正常大鼠玻璃体内存在少量MCP-1,糖尿病组、导升明组和槲皮素组大鼠玻璃体内含有大量MCP-1,相互之间无明显差异.结论 槲皮素对实验性大鼠视网膜病变有一定的治疗作用,但其作用不是通过抑制炎症介质MCP-1表达实现的.     

Higher Serum Uric Acid Levels Are Associated With an Increased Risk of Vision-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

PurposeTo investigate the association between serum uric acid (SUA) levels and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR) in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsThis cross-sectional study evaluated 3481 patients with type 2 diabetes from four communities in China between 2016 and 2019. VTDR was defined as severe nonproliferative, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, or clinically significant macular edema evaluated by fundus photography and optical coherence tomography. Potential association between SUA and VTDR was examined using multivariable logistic regression. Sub-group analyses based on sex were constructed.ResultsA total of 305 participants had VTDR. Both higher SUA (odds ratio [OR], 1.22 per 100 µmol/L; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–1.44; P = 0.013) and hyperuricemia (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.07–2.04; P = 0.019) were positively associated with VTDR after adjustment for relevant covariates. Compared with those in the lowest SUA quartile, participants in the third (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.07–2.39; P = 0.022) and fourth (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.37–3.08; P = 0.001) sex-specific SUA quartiles showed a significantly increased risk of VTDR after adjustment. No sex-related difference was observed.ConclusionsHigher SUA levels were associated with an increased risk of VTDR in patients with type 2 diabetes in both sexes, although females seemed to be more sensitive to high SUA than males. Prospective cohort studies are needed to verify SUA as a biomarker for predicting the risk of VTDR. Whether decreased SUA levels could decrease the risk of VTDR also requires further investigation.