皮质发育障碍大鼠模型学习记忆行为和海马长时程增强的研究

目的：研究皮质发育障碍（DCD）大鼠模型空间学习记忆及离体海马长时程增强（LTP）变化,探讨DCD大鼠模型认知功能损伤的机制。方法：建立DCD大鼠模型,采用Morris水迷宫实验对DCD大鼠模型和正常对照组进行空间学习、记忆的行为学检测,应用膜片钳技术研究DCD大鼠模型海马脑片CA1区LTP的改变。结果：Morris水迷宫实验中DCD大鼠与正常对照组相比逃避潜伏期延长,穿过原平台位置次数和在原平台象限探索时间百分率下降;DCD大鼠模型海马脑片CA1区LTP诱出率、幅值增加百分率与正常对照组相比均明显降低[（40％vs100％,P〈0．05;（108±5．6）％vs（132±15．4）％,P〈0．05）]。结论：DCD大鼠模型的空间学习记忆能力降低,海马突触可塑性也发生降低。     

丙泊酚对大鼠空间学习、记忆及脑内nNOS表达的影响

目的探讨丙泊酚对大鼠空间学习、记忆及对海马和基底前脑神经型一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）表达的影响。方法成年雄性Wistar大鼠60只随机分为P50（丙泊酚50mg／kg）、P100（丙泊酚100mg/kg）、NS（0．9％生理盐水10ml／kg）组（丙泊酚及生理盐水腹腔注射后30min测试）,及P100-1、P100-3和P100-5组（分别为丙泊酚100mg/kg腹腔注射后第1、3和5h测试）,每组10只。实验采用Morris水迷宫进行空问学习记忆测试,应用免疫组化法检测海马和基底前脑神经元nNOS的表达。结果与NS组相比,P50和P100组及P100-1和P100-3组第2～5天的逃避潜伏期显著延长,平台象限路径百分比显著减少（P〈0．01）。P50和P100组海马及基底前脑神经元nNOS表达显著减少,与其逃避潜伏期呈显著负相关（P〈0．01）,与其平台象限路径百分比呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）。P100-1和P100-3组海马及基底前脑神经元nNOS表达也显著减少（P〈0．01）。结论丙泊酚可能通过抑制大鼠海马及基底前脑nNOS的表达抑制其空间学习、记忆过程。     

戊四氮点燃癫痫大鼠学习记忆功能及海马神经元钙调素依赖性蛋白酶Ⅱ表达的变化

目的 观察戊四氮（PTZ）点燃癫痫对大鼠学习记忆功能的影响及海马神经元钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ（CaMKⅡ）表达的变化。方法 腹腔内连续注射PTZ制备点燃癫痫大鼠模型,用Morris水迷宫评测大鼠学习和记忆功能,用免疫组织化学技术观察海马神经元α-CaMKⅡ的表达。结果 与对照组大鼠比较,在Morris水迷宫试验中,PTZ组寻找平台的逃避潜伏期显著延长（P<0.05）,游泳距离显著增加（P<0.05）,穿越平台的次数及在平台象限的游泳距离的百分率显著减少（P<0.05）,搜索策略变差,同时伴有海马CA1、CA3区α-CaMKⅡ表达明显减少（P<0.05）。结论 PTZ点燃癫痫大鼠学习和记忆功能受损可能与海马CA1、CA3区α-CaMKⅡ表达减少有关。     

电针对海洛因成瘾大鼠学习记忆及海马CREB表达的影响

目的：探讨电针对海洛因成瘾大鼠学习记忆的影响及作用机制。方法130只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、海洛因成瘾组（简称成瘾组）和海洛因成瘾后作电针治疗组（简称电针组）。进行跳台实验测试大鼠学习记忆能力,并用免疫组化方法检测鼠脑海马环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白（CREB）和磷酸化CREP（P—CREB）的表达。结果：成瘾组大鼠学习记忆下降（P％0．01）,电针组大鼠学习记忆有所改善（P〈0．01）;成瘾组大鼠海马CREB、P—CREB表达较对照组增高（P〈0．05）,电针组更高（P〈0．01）。结论：电针治疗可在一定程度上对抗海洛因成瘾大鼠所致的学习记忆下降,其机制可能与海马内CREB、P—CREB表达变化有关;CREB、PCREB参与学习记忆及海洛因成瘾的形成。     

慢性复合应激性学习记忆增强大鼠海马神经细胞增殖和突触后酪氨酸激酶表达的变化

目的探讨慢性复合应激性学习记忆增强大鼠海马结构各亚区神经细胞数量变化,以及突触后致密物酪氨酸激酶（Fvn）在海马内表达的变化及其意义。方法39只大鼠随机分为复合应激组、单一应激对照组和正常对照组。复合应激组动物进行6周的垂直旋转、睡眠剥夺、捆绑（6h／d）和夜间光照等慢性复合性应激实验;单一应激对照组进行6周的单一捆绑对照,6h／d。实验结束后,所有动物分别进行3d的Morris水迷宫测试,记录其学习和记忆成绩：并运用尼氏染色方法观察海马各区神经细胞数量的变化;同时采用免疫组织化学、RT-PCR方法检测Fvn在海马CA3区的表达变化以及海马Fyn mRNA水平的变化。结果单一应激对照组动物学习记忆成绩受损（P〈0．05）;复合应激组的学习与记忆成绩优于对照组（P〈0．05）;与对照组相比,复合应激组和单一应激组动物海马各区神经细胞数量明显增多（P〈0．05）;Fyn在复合应激组海马CA3区辐射层阳性表达比对照组明显增强（P〈0．05）,但单一应激对照组的则减弱（P〈0．05）;同时复合应激组动物的Fyn mRNA水平明显上调（P〈0．05）,而单一应激对照组的则明显下调（P〈0．05）。大鼠的学习记忆成绩与Fvn的表达呈正相关。结论6周慢性复合性应激使大鼠的学习与记忆能力加强;海马各区神经元数量增多;Fyn在海马中的表达和FynmRNA转录水平均增加。提示Fyn参与了慢性复合性应激增强大鼠学习记忆能力的过程。     

还脑益聪方对早期认知功能障碍大鼠血浆P-选择素、血浆纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂和血液流变学指标的影响

目的观察中药复方还脑益聪方对复合因素所致早期认知功能障碍大鼠行为学及血浆P-选择素、血浆纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂（PAI-1）和血液流变学指标的影响。方法采用皮下注射D-半乳糖及喂饲半高脂饲料（6周）的方法造成大鼠认知功能障碍,Morris水迷宫行为学测试确定模型成功的动物,随机分成四组（每组12只）：模型对照组给予等量水,盐酸多奈哌齐（hydrochloricdonepezil）组（0．4mg／kg,体质量,下同）,还脑益聪方低剂量组（7g生药／kg）,还脑益聪方高剂量组（14g生药／kg）,同时灌胃给药,并设立正常对照组,给予等量水。4周后,对大鼠行为学检测,应用酶联免疫法（ELISA法）检测大鼠血浆P-选择素及PAI-1含量和血液流变学各项指标。结果与正常对照组大鼠比较,造模后大鼠水迷宫测试,潜伏期显著延长（P〈0．05）,寻台路程明显延长和穿台次数显著减少（P〈0．01）,存在空间学习记忆能力减退。同时,血清P-选择素含量和PAI-1含量显著升高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,血液黏度及血小板聚集性增加（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）等流变学指标改变。与模型组比较,还脑益聪方高剂量组可增加大鼠穿台次数和减少寻台路程（P〈0．01）,降低P·选择素及PAI-1的含量（P〈0．05）,降低低剪切率下的血液黏度（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,降低红细胞聚集指数（P〈0．01）和血浆纤维蛋白原（FDP）含量（P〈0．05）。结论还脑益聪方对D-半乳糖及半高脂饲料造成的大鼠认知功能障碍有明显的改善作用,显著提高动物的空间学习记忆能力,并能抑制大鼠P-选择素和PAI-1水平,改善血液的流变性。     

电针对海洛因成瘾大鼠学习记忆及海马神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的：探讨电针对海洛因成瘾大鼠学习记忆及海马神经细胞凋亡的影响及机制。方法：采用递增法建立海洛因成瘾大鼠模型,设对照组、成瘾组、成瘾＋电针处理组（电针组）,三组大鼠跳台实验测试大鼠学习记忆,并取三组大鼠脑海马组织,运用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡）。结果：跳台实验结果表明：与对照组比较,成瘾组大鼠学习记忆成绩降低（P〈0．01）,电针组大鼠学习记忆成绩有所改善（P〈0．01）;流式细胞仪结果显示：与对照组相比,成瘾组大鼠海马细胞凋亡率增加（P〈0．01）,电针组大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡率较成瘾组降低（P〈0．05）。结论：海洛因成瘾大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡增加;电针针刺治疗可抑制海洛因引起的海马神经细胞凋亡;海洛因引起海马神经细胞凋亡可能是海洛因损害学习记忆的机制之一,电针针刺治疗可改善海洛因成瘾大鼠的学习记忆,其机制可能与针刺可抑制海马神经细胞凋亡有关。     

母鼠孕哺期铅暴露及补充铁、钙对子代神经系统的影响

目的观察孕哺期铅暴露及补充铁和钙对子代学习记忆能力及海马细胞中生长抑素（SS）表达的影响。方法母鼠从孕期第1天至仔鼠出生第30天哺乳期间给以下干预：对照组（A）：饮用去离子水;染铅组（B）：饮用浓度为0．1％醋酸铅去离子水;铁＋铅组（C）：饮用浓度为0．1％醋酸铅的去离子水同时每天灌胃3．0mg／kg铁;铁＋钙＋铅组（D）：饮用浓度为0．1％醋酸铅的去离子水同时每天灌胃3．0mg／kg铁和250mg／kg钙。Y-迷宫试验用于检测仔鼠的学习记忆能力,采用免疫组织化学的方法观察仔鼠海马细胞中生长抑素（SS）阳性神经元。结果B组与A组比较,仔鼠Y-迷宫试验的错误次数明显增多（P〈0．05）,海马CA1、CA3区SS阳性神经元数量减少（P〈0．05）。D组Y-迷宫试验的错误次数比B组明显减少（P〈0．05）,海马CAI区SS阳性神经元数量增多,有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。C组则未表现上述变化。结论孕哺期母体铅暴露会损害仔鼠的学习记忆能力,补充钙剂可有所改善,而补充铁则没有明显改变,并能从海马组织中SS表达的改变得到印证。     

血管性痴呆小鼠P300电位的特征及其意义

目的：探讨具有学习、记忆功能改变的血管性痴呆小鼠P300电位的测定、变化特征及其意义。方法：双侧颈总动脉线结反复缺血-再灌注法制备血管性痴呆小鼠模型,并设正常组、假手术组,利用跳台试验和水迷宫试验观测其行为学改变,将正常组、假手术组与血管性痴呆组P300测定结果相比较。结果：血管性痴呆模型组小鼠学习、记忆成绩较假手术明显降低（P〈0．05）,N2、P3潜伏期明显延长（P〈0．01）,P3波幅下降（P〈0．05）。结论：血管性痴呆小鼠学习、记忆成绩下降,水迷宫完成时间显著延长,错误次数显著增多,P300潜伏期也显著延长;血管性痴呆小鼠认知功能与P300的特征相一致。     

胰岛素对糖尿病大鼠海马一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元变化的影响

观察实验性糖尿病大鼠海马一氧化氮合酶（NOS）阳性神经元变化及胰岛的治疗作用。给成年SD大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素制备糖尿病大鼠模型，每日给予长效胰岛素2－3U使血糖低于10mmol/L，于第3月及第6月末以NADPH－d组化法显示海马NOS阳性神经元。并做Morris水迷宫行为学测试。海马NOS阳性神经元密度变化如下：糖尿病组齿状回3月时显著减少（P＜0．01），6月时更明显（P＜0．01）；CA1区6月时显著降低（P＜0．01）；治疗组齿状回3月时恢复正常，而6月时低于正常（P＜0．01）但高于糖尿病组3月时（P＜0．05），CA1区3月，6月均恢复正常。行为学测试中各组大鼠逃避潜伏期变化与齿状回NOS阳性神经元密度变化一致。以上变化可能与糖尿病学习记忆功能损伤有关。胰岛素治疗可延缓其发生。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.