内窥镜取大隐静脉在冠状动脉搭桥术中的应用

目的 比较内窥镜与传统手术方法在冠状动脉搭桥术提取大隐静脉中的临床效果.方法 自2007年3月至2008年6月,215例患者接受冠状动脉搭桥手术,87例接受内窥镜手术方法提取大隐静脉,128例接受传统手术方法提取大隐静脉.结果 术后随访1～17个月,内窥镜组在腿部伤口愈合、疼痛、腿部水肿恢复、皮肤感觉方面明显优于传统手术组,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).结论 内窥镜提取大隐静脉手术创伤小,可以显著降低腿部伤口的并发症发生率,提高患者满意度,而且不影响静脉质量,是一种较好的方法.     

Ultrasound use in cardiothoracic surgery

With the advent of minimally invasive surgical techniques, patients in the United States currently are undergoing safer, more comfortable surgical procedures than in the past. Traditionally, saphenous vein harvesting techniques involved open surgical techniques that could become sources of postoperative complications, including pain, poor wound healing, increased length of hospital stay, and higher costs for the patient and hospital. These complications were the impetus for developing minimally invasive techniques for vein harvesting. Minimally invasive saphenous vein harvesting is performed through small incisions and subcutaneous tunnels. The procedure offers an atraumatic conduit for the coronary artery bypass procedure and decreases the number of leg wound complications. Ultrasound devices currently offer a quick, accurate method for locating veins before harvest, thereby avoiding wound complications and injuries.     

非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术围手术期护理

目的探讨非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术围手术期护理方法。方法对50例非体外循环下行冠状动脉搭桥患者,术前加强心理护理、控制血压、合理氧疗、呼吸功能训练、备选血管的护理等措施,术后加强患者心血管系统和呼吸系统的监测、血管活性药物应用、引流管护理、血糖监测、维持电解质平衡等措施。结果 50例患者中切口感染6例,并发快速型房颤5例,经药物治疗好转。除2例死亡外,其余患者均痊愈出院,无护理并发症。结论冠状动脉搭桥术风险大,细心、细致、周到的护理是保证手术成功的关键。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术中联合应用内窥镜采集大隐静脉和直视采集桡动脉与单纯应用内窥镜采集大隐静脉的比较

目的:探讨内窥镜采集大隐静脉联合直视采集桡动脉在冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用效果。方法:2009年1月至2010年6月,35例冠状动脉旁路移植患者联合应用内窥镜采集大隐静脉(EVH)和直视桡动脉采集(联合组),同期28例患者单纯应用EVH(单纯组)。对比两组患者搭桥支数、切口并发症、采集大隐静脉时间、采集大隐静脉长度,采集移植血管长度,采集移植血管时间。结果:两组患者搭桥支数[联合组(3.56±0.76)支,单纯组(3.48±0.82)支,P=0.78]和切口并发症(联合组17.1%,单纯组14.3%,P=0.61)均无明显差异。联合组采集大隐静脉长度较单纯组显著短[联合组(23.6±3.4)cm,单纯组(42.1±7.2)cm,P<0.001],采集大隐静脉时间显著较单纯组少[联合组(33.2±10.8)min,单纯组(44.3±11.4)min,P<0.001]。联合组采集桡动脉血管长度(17.5±2.6)cm,耗时(36.5±6.7)min。两组采集移植血管长度无明显差异[联合组(43.4±6.1)cm,单纯组(42.1±7.2)cm,P=0.82],采集移植血管时间联合组明显少于单纯组[联合组34.1±8.7)min,单纯组(44.3±11.4)min,P<0.001]。结论:在冠状动脉旁路移植术中联合内窥镜采集大隐静脉和直视采集桡动脉,减少了内窥镜采集大隐静脉的长度,缩短了手术时间,有较好的临床应用价值。     

Coronary artery spasm of the native right coronary artery during off–pump coronary surgery of the left coronary artery system

Native coronary artery spasm is a very rare complication during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. We report the case of a 74-year-old man who experienced angiographically documentated right coronary artery spasm while undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting on the diseased left coronary system. Despite two episodes of ventricular fibrillation and persistent ST segment elevation of the posterior wall, the off-pump procedure was successfully completed by grafting the left internal thoracic artery to the left anterior descending artery and a saphenous vein graft to the Ramus intermedius. The immediate postoperatively performed coronary angiography demonstrated patent anastomoses and two areas of significant spasticity within the course of the right coronary artery. Intracoronary nitroglycerin infusion into the ostium of the right coronary artery resolved the spasms of this nondiseased vessel as well as the associated ST segment elevations.     

内窥镜辅助下国产大隐静脉采集系统在冠脉旁路移植术中的应用

目的:总结内窥镜辅助下国产大隐静脉采集系统采集大隐静脉(endoscopic vein harvestingEVH)在冠脉旁路移植术(CABG)中应用的早期临床效果。方法:自2010年1-12月84例连续进行冠脉旁路移植术的患者中,36例采用EVH,48例采用间断皮肤切口采集大隐静脉。结果:两组所采集的大隐静脉长度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。EVH组较间断切口组的大隐静脉采集时间长(P<0.05),但切口总长度(P<0.05),切口缝合时间明显缩短。在术后1个月内,EVH组和间断切口组分别有13.9%(5/36)和37.5%(18/48)发生下肢切口脂肪液化、红肿、感染等并发症。EVH并发症发生率低于间断切口组切口组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:EVH是冠状动脉微创手术的一个组成部分,是安全和值得推荐的可选择的大隐静脉采集方法。     

间断小切口采取大隐静脉在冠状动脉旁路移植中的临床应用

目的总结冠状动脉旁路移植术中使用间断小切口采取大隐静脉的经验,并与传统长切口作比较。方法选择行冠状动脉旁路移植术患者60例,随机分成两组,每组30例。一组采用间断小切口取大隐静脉（间断小切口组）,另一组采用传统长切口取大隐静脉（传统长切口组）。比较两组切口长度、大隐静脉总长度、采取时间、下肢切口缝合时间、切口并发症等指标。结果两组在采取大隐静脉的过程中均未发生大隐静脉主干损伤及移植血管质量相关的手术并发症。与传统长切口组比较,间断小切口组切口长度、下肢切口缝合时间短,切口近期并发症发生率低（P〈0.05）,大隐静脉总长度、采取时间、切口远期并发症发生率相近,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论间断小切口采取大隐静脉效果良好,较传统长切口有助于术后切口美容及减少术后下肢切口并发症。     

Sternal instability following coronary artery bypass grafting

Several cases of sternal instability have been noted in patients following coronary artery bypass graft surgery attending our cardiac rehabilitation programme. The purpose of this prospective study was to identify factors associated with sternal instability following sternotomy involving saphenous vein grafts (SVG) and unilateral or bilateral internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts. A rating scale for quantifying sternal instability was developed and used by the physiotherapists to assess all patients. Inter-therapist and intra-therapist reliabilities for the scale were calculated and these were 0.97 and 0.98 (ICC) respectively. Twenty-four patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with a sternotomy incision presented with the complication of sternal instability 6-8 weeks following surgery. They represented 16.3% of the 147 patients presenting for cardiac rehabilitation who had undergone surgery interstate over an 18-month period. Sternal symptoms reported were pain, crepitus, and/or clicking at rest or on trunk and upper limb motion. Risk factors to wound healing such as obesity, diabetes, bilateral IMA grafting, osteoporosis, repeat operations, and prolonged post-operative mechanical ventilation were noted. A significantly higher proportion of patients with bilateral IMA grafting (31.5%) as opposed to unilateral IMA grafting (14.3%) had sternal instability (P &lt;. 05). Quantifying the degree of sternal instability may play a role in identifying management options, patient progression and the point of intervention.     

Vein graft failure: current clinical practice and potential for gene therapeutics

Autologous saphenous vein is commonly used as a conduit to bypass atherosclerotic lesions in coronary and femoral arteries. Despite the wide use of arterial conduits, which are less susceptible to complications and failure, as alternative conduits, the saphenous vein will continue to be used in coronary artery bypass grafting until acceptable alternative approaches are evaluated. Hence, preservation of vein graft patency is essential for the long-term success. Gene therapy is attractive in this setting as an ex-vivo technology to genetically manipulate the conduit before grafting. The use of safe and efficient vectors for delivery is a necessity as well as a strategy to improve patency in the long term. Here, we review the current clinical practice, the pathogenesis of bypass graft failure and adenovirus-mediated gene therapy strategies designed to improve late vein graft failure by modulation of smooth muscle cells in the vein wall.     

A Retrospective Review of Leg Wound Complications After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

Little research or attention has been paid to finding out whether wound closure with sutures or staples attains the best outcomes after saphenous vein harvest for coronary artery bypass grafting. We undertook a quality improvement project to compare the prevalence of leg wound complications (eg, infection, seroma, hematoma, dehiscence) between two types of skin closure (ie, staples, subcuticular sutures) after conventional open surgery with bridging between incisions and vein harvesting during coronary revascularization to determine the need for practice changes. We found no significant differences between patients with wound complications and those without. However, in this project, the risk for infections was greater for patients with diabetes whose wounds were closed by using subcuticular sutures. These findings have led to practice changes for reducing leg wound complications within our institution: clinicians now assess patients for increased risk of leg wound complications preoperatively and opt to close wounds with staples for patients who have diabetes.     

Video assisted endoscopic saphenous vein harvest

Summary

The saphenous vein remains the mainstay as the conduit in a great majority of coronary artery bypass operations. The traditional method of vein harvesting results in substantial morbidity. An alternate, less traumatic method for saphenous vein harvest is desirable to reduce or eliminate healing problems in the legs. A system of endoscopic vein harvest was utilized to harvest the saphenous vein through one or more small incisions in 81 patients from 14 May 1996 to 12 September 1996. The system consists of subcutaneous tunnelling and dissecting instruments using a video camera for visualization. To date, no major wound complications have been encountered in 114 harvest sites. Minor drainage, haematomas or ecchymoses have not required additional treatment and have not delayed recovery. Patient acceptance has been enthusiastic. We conclude that this technology represents a breakthrough in reducing the annoying and costly morbidity associated with saphenous vein harvest. The initial cost of the equipment and longer operating times initially will be more than offset by a reduction in the need for follow-up treatment and avoidance of delayed recovery.     

Echocardiographic diagnosis of an asymptomatic aneurysm of a saphenous vein graft.

A case of a 73-year-old asymptomatic man with a large saphenous vein graft aneurysm first diagnosed 16 years after bypass operation is presented. The lesion was first suspected on routine transthoracic echocardiography and further clarified by transesophageal echocardiography. Selective graft angiography confirmed the diagnosis and surgical therapy included resection of the graft aneurysm and coronary artery bypass grafting.     

Multicenter radial artery patency study (RAPS). Study design

The use of an internal thoracic artery rather than a saphenous vein graft for left anterior descending coronary artery bypass is associated with improved long-term outcome. Hence, expanded use of arterial conduits for other coronary targets has been advocated. The radial artery possesses a number of anatomic features that are technically advantageous compared with other arterial conduits. This study will determine the relative patency of the radial artery compared to the saphenous vein for right and circumflex coronary bypass. Patients with graftable multivessel coronary disease and an estimated left ventricular ejection fraction >/= 35% undergoing nonemergent primary isolated coronary bypass surgery are eligible. The right and circumflex vessels must have high-grade lesions (>/= 70% diameter stenosis), with target segments of reasonable quality >/= 1.5 mm in diameter. Patients serve as their own controls. The radial artery is randomly allocated to bypass the right or circumflex territory and a saphenous vein is used for the nonradial site. An internal thoracic artery is used for the left anterior descending coronary artery in all cases. Randomization is stratified by center. The primary study endpoint is graft patency as determined by angiography, 8-12 months postoperatively. The relative patency of the radial artery compared with the saphenous vein will be determined using McNemar's test. A sample size of 464 patients will provide 80% power for a two-tailed test (alpha = 0.05) for a 40% relative reduction in the rate of distal anastomotic occlusion from 12% in the saphenous vein to 7.2% in the radial arteries assuming a 20% within-patient correlation. A single interim analysis will be performed following completion of 232 angiograms. To allow for lack of follow-up angiography in up to 20% of enrolled patients, we plan to randomize a total of 560 patients. It is also our intention to assess the long-term patency (5-10 years) of radial artery relative to saphenous vein grafts in follow-up studies. Three hundred patients were recruited from 12 Canadian, university-affiliated sites from November 1996 until February 1999, of which 128 patients have undergone follow-up angiography. Approximately 80% of those who have been followed for more than 1 year have undergone follow-up angiography. This trial will determine the 8-12 month patency of the radial artery relative to the saphenous vein for non-left anterior descending coronary bypass using a novel study design which helps control for potential bias from individual patient and vessel factors. Positive results would support the use of the radial artery in particular, and multiple arterial grafts in general.     

CT血管造影分析体外循环与非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植后的桥血管通畅率

背景：近年来,非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植后桥血管通畅率是否与传统的体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植相同存在争议。目的：探讨体外循环与非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植后桥血管时间通畅率的差异性。方法：选取同一操作者行体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植患者100例,按其临床特征及桥血管病变危险因素匹配抽取非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植患者137例。采用64排多螺旋CT血管造影分析冠脉搭桥后1个月,1年,2年,3年,4年的桥血管通畅情况。结果与结论：共对641条桥血管进行评价,两组中左侧乳内动脉桥血管时间通畅率均高于大隐静脉桥,两组左侧乳内动脉桥和大隐静脉桥血管时间通畅率比较差异均无显著性意义。说明非体外循环与体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植后患者桥血管时间通畅率相似,对于某些适当的患者来说,非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植不失为一个良好的选择。     

Use of the internal mammary artery for myocardial revascularization in a patient with radiation-induced coronary artery disease.

A 9-year-old boy with clinical stage IIA Hodgkin's disease underwent radiotherapy to the neck and mediastinum. Twenty-two years later, he sought medical attention because of angina pectoris. Cardiac catheterization revealed proximally located high-grade stenoses of the left main, left anterior descending, circumflex, and right coronary arteries. He underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with use of the left internal mammary artery to the left anterior descending coronary artery and reversed saphenous vein grafts to the circumflex and right coronary arteries. The postoperative course was uncomplicated. Previous radiotherapy to the mediastinum should be considered a risk factor for the development of premature coronary artery disease. Surgical revascularization is the preferred method of management. A combination of an internal mammary artery graft and a saphenous vein graft should be used in young patients.     

冠状动脉旁路术中不同旁路材料的应用体会

目的 :总结冠状动脉旁路移植术中目前几种常用旁路材料的临床应用。方法 :2 0 0 0年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 3月连续 5 6例行冠状动脉旁路移植术 ,旁路材料包括左乳内动脉 (5 6根 )、游离右乳内动脉 (2 1根 )、桡动脉 (3 2根 )和大隐静脉(4 3根 )。回顾分析不同旁路材料的手术结果。结果 :桡动脉移植后旁路血管“线样征”1例 ;无胸骨、前臂并发症 ;下肢切口感染 2例 ,均为糖尿病、大体重患者 ,治疗后痊愈 ;死亡 3例 ,与旁路材料无关 (非体外循环手术因循环状态不稳死亡 1例 ,鱼精蛋白过敏 1例 ,顽固性心律失常 1例 )。结论 :注意旁路材料的取制技巧 ,针对不同病变冠脉血管选取应用不同旁路血管 ,以及术后及时监护处理是保证良好手术结果的关键     

冠脉搭桥术后桥管的超声检查方法研究

目的探讨经胸超声检查冠脉搭桥术后桥管的显像方法及血流状态。方法采用经胸超声冠脉血流显像与高频血管显像相结合对左乳内动脉原位转流至左前降支、大隐静脉-右冠状动脉及大隐静脉-左回旋支桥管进行检查。结果左乳内动脉桥管、大隐静脉-右冠状动脉及大隐静脉-左回旋支桥管显示率分别为100%、93.75%和20%。左乳内动脉及大隐静脉桥管的血流均为舒张期为主的双期血流;左乳内动脉桥管的舒张期血流速度及流速时间积分大于大隐静脉桥管（P〈0.05）。结论经胸超声是术后桥管检查的较好方法,可用于无创的评估术后桥管血流状态。     

Technical considerations in aortocoronary bypass grafting

Since the inception of aortocoronary bypass surgery, many technical advances have been rapidly achieved. Early experience was limited to reversed saphenous vein grafting of single vessel coronary artery disease. Multiple grafts to several vessels soon became commonplace and sequential grafting techniques were developed. Expanded use of the internal mammary artery resulted after analysis of superior patency rates achieved with this conduit. Use of alternative conduits such as upper extremity veins, allogenic veins, synthetic graft material (polytetrafluorethylene), radial artery, splenic artery, and gastroepiploic artery have been explored. Apart from the gastroepiploic vessel, none of these alternative conduits have been suitable. A grat deal of effort has been directed at the mechanisms of saphenous vein occlusion including technical considerations, early thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia and graft atherosclerosis. Platelet inhibition and lipid reduction have shown promise in improving patency rates. Further work in these areas should lead to even better results.     

Depression, healing, and recovery from coronary artery bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND: Effects of postoperative depression on recovery from coronary artery bypass grafting have not been widely studied. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate emotional and physical recovery after bypass surgery and investigate associations between depressive symptoms and infections and impaired wound healing in patients with high and low levels of depressive symptoms. METHODS: A nonrandomized, comparative, longitudinal design was used to study 72 bypass surgery patients without serious noncardiac comorbidities who were available for follow-up after discharge. Patients completed questionnaires to assess depressive symptoms, emotional recovery, and physical recovery within 48 hours after extubation, at discharge from the hospital, and 6 weeks later and performed 6-minute walk tests at the last 2 times. Infections and impaired wound healing (as indicated by positive cultures, antibiotic treatment, or extra treatments, such as debridements or incisions and drainage) were identified by chart audit. RESULTS: At discharge, patients with higher depressive symptom scores (indicating more symptoms) reported poorer emotional recovery (P<.001) and poorer physical recovery (P=.007) and achieved shorter walking distances (P<.001) than did patients with lower scores (indicating fewer symptoms). Six weeks after discharge, emotional and physical recovery remained lower in patients with more depressive symptoms (P<.001). Infections and impaired wound healing were more common among patients with higher depressive symptom scores (46%) than among patients with lower scores (19%, P=.03). CONCLUSIONS: After bypass surgery, depressive symptoms are associated with infections, impaired wound healing, and poor emotional and physical recovery.     

胃网膜右动脉应用于非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者的临床护理

目的总结胃网膜右动脉(RGEA)应用于非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG)患者围手术期的护理,探讨RGEA应用于OPCABG的护理特点。方法 38例应用常规移植血管(左乳内动脉、桡动脉、大隐静脉)外加REGA的OPCABG患者,围手术期进行全面严密监护,突出胃肠道和抗痉挛护理的特点,总结经验。结果 38患者手术顺利,恢复良好,无严重并发症。结论 RGEA是OPCABG良好的移植血管,高质量护理可减少并发症,降低死亡率,提高手术效果,是OPCABG治疗不可缺少的部分。