胆道疾病合并肝硬化门静脉高压症的外科处理

胆道疾病合并肝硬化门静脉高压症病人手术极其危险,必须十分重视。术前准确评估胆道疾病以及肝功能、门静脉高压症程度。治疗病人急需要解决的疾病,通常是首诊疾病作为治疗的首要目标,但要顾及伴随疾病的处理。根据病人的个体差异,采取合适的手术方式,掌握术中处理技术,以及积极的围手术期处理,可以降低各种并发症的发生率和病死率。     

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我国 6 0 %～ 90 %的肝细胞癌 (以下称肝癌 )合并肝炎后肝硬化[1] ,合并肝硬化门静脉高压使肝癌的治疗变得更为复杂和棘手 ,一是肝脏储备功能不良或肝功能已处于失代偿状态使手术切除肿瘤成为禁忌 ,切除率低 ,仅为 2 0 %～ 30 % ;二是即使切除肿瘤 ,但肝癌术后的高复发率 (5年约为 80 % )、上消化道出血和肝功能衰竭等并发症又使病人的生活质量受到严重影响[1] 。因而 ,寻找一种有效手段来治疗肝癌合并肝硬化门静脉高压是肝脏外科多年来研究的重点和难点之一。移植技术的发展为肝癌合并肝硬化的治疗开辟了一条新途径 ,肝移植 (ＯＬＴ)不仅切…     

胆道多次手术合并肝硬化门静脉高压症的评估及处理

目的 探讨胆道多次手术同时合并肝硬化门静脉高压症的评估及处理.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2008年12月我院收治的18例胆道多次手术同时合并肝硬化门静脉高压症患者的临床资料.结果 18例胆道多次手术同时合并肝硬化门静脉高压症患者中,按照Child-Pugh分级,A级4例,B级10例,C级4例.肝硬化原因:胆汁性肝...     

肝硬化门静脉高压症合并胆道疾病外科治疗的若干问题

手术治疗单纯的门静脉高压症具有相对较高的病死率及并发症发生率,合并有肝硬化门静脉高压症患者的胆道手术对普外科医生来说是更大的挑战.由于肝硬化门静脉高压症患者均存在不同程度的肝功能损害、低蛋白血症和凝血功能障碍,在手术时机、手术方式的选择及围手术期的处理上都给外科医生提出了很多难题,一是如何根据肝功能的代偿能力来选择适合于患者实际情况的手术治疗方式;另一个是如何努力纠正患者现已存在的不利因素.     

肝移植治疗终末期肝病合并门静脉血栓的临床研究

目的 总结分析肝移植中门静脉血栓(PVT)的处理经验以及PVT对肝移植术后疗效的影响.方法 总结1995年5月至2007年9月194例接受肝移植手术的患者的临床资料,其中术前存在PVT 24例(12.4%),Ⅰ级12例、Ⅱ级9例、Ⅲ级2例、Ⅳ级1例.根据血栓程度分级采取不同的方式进行门静脉重建.术后根据凝血酶原时间(PT),应用普通肝素或低分子肝素预防性抗凝.术后应用多普勒超声监测门静脉血供.选取同期接受肝移植手术的无PVT的170例患者作为对照组,比较两组手术过程和预后的差别.结果 21例Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级血栓患者行血栓切除术,2例Ⅲ级血栓患者行髂静脉-肠系膜上静脉搭桥,1例Ⅳ级血栓患者将供肝门静脉和受者粗大的门静脉属支吻合.有PVT组比无PVT组手术时间和住院时间长,输血量多,术后PVT的再发率高(P<0.05),但并发症发生率、围手术期病死率和术后1年生存率两组间无差别(P>0.05).PVT组有2例术后血栓再发,经放射介入治疗治愈.结论 术前PVT的存在增加了肝移植手术的难度和术后PVT的再发率,但对肝移植的预后没有影响.     

Early hepatic nodular hyperplasia and submicroscopic fibrosis associated with 6-thioguanine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND: 6-Thioguanine (6-TG) has been used as an alternative thiopurine for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients not responsive to or intolerant of azathioprine (AZA) and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). 6-TG-related hepatotoxicity, including liver biochemistry value elevations, sinusoidal collagen deposition on electron microscopy, and veno-occlusive disease, have been described related to its use as therapy for neoplastic disease. METHODS: We studied 38 liver biopsies from patients treated with 6-TG, almost all of whom (n = 125) received 6-TG for 1 to 3 years at the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. All biopsies were fixed in 4% buffered formalin and prepared in the usual manner. Hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome (trichrome), and reticulin silver impregnation (reticulin) stained slides were studied. In 23 cases, tissue was also prospectively fixed in glutaraldehyde and processed for electron microscopy. RESULTS: In 20 of the 37 patients studied (53%), nodular regeneration of varying degree was seen with reticulin. In only 4 of these 20 instances (11% of the total) were the changes seen with hematoxylin and eosin and in 3 of the 4, only in retrospect after studying the reticulin preparation. Minimal fibrosis was seen with trichrome in only 13 biopsies (34%), but sinusoidal collagen deposition was observed in 14 of the 23 cases studied with electron microscopy (60%). The biopsy from the 1 patient with nodular hyperplasia obvious with hematoxylin and eosin also demonstrated changes of venous outflow obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: 6-TG-treated IBD patients are at significant risk for nodular hyperplasia, early fibrosis and, less often, venous outflow disease (Budd-Chiari). The natural history of these changes is unknown and follow-up biopsies are needed to determine histologic and clinical sequela. Patients not demonstrating nodular hyperplasia or fibrosis who continue with 6-TG because there are no better therapeutic choices should be periodically rebiopsied.     

Obstructive jaundice in patients with pancreatitis without associated biliary tract disease.

Jaundice occurring in patients with pancreatitis is usually due to hepatocellular injury or to associated biliary tract disease. Common duct obstruction is occasionally caused by pancreatic fibrosis, edema or pseudocyst in patients who have neither hepatocellular injury nor biliary tract disease. We have studied 7 patients with obstructive jaundice due to pancreatitis who demonstrated no other known cause for jaundice. The difficulty in making the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant disease in these patients, particularly when no pain is associated with obstructive jaundice, is discussed. In view of the fact that the terminal common duct traverses the pancreas, it is uncertain why obstructive jaundice associated with chronic pancreatitis does not occur more often unless the condition is sometimes transient and overlooked. Operative intervention is required in those patients in whom jaundice is persistent. Operation is intended to decompress the biliary tract and the pancreas. The approach used will be dictated by the operative findings in each patient.     

肝移植在复杂胆道结石治疗中的应用和评价

肝切除术联合胆道内外引流以及胆道内镜技术的应用是当前治疗肝胆管结石的主要治疗手段。对于那些经历了复杂的常规外科手术治疗,已经或即将出现不可逆转的肝脏和胆道系统功能障碍或衰竭的复杂胆道结石病例,肝移植技术提供了最后治愈的有效方法。Ⅲ型和IV型肝内胆管结石是有可能接受肝移植治疗的主要类型。控制感染和改善凝血功能是肝移植术前准备的两个重要方面。术后有效的抗感染治疗和个体化免疫抑制方案是提高肝移植成功率的关键。     

Liver transplantation is associated with increased met-enkephalin levels in the pig

Background : It has been reported that less postoperative morphine is required following liver transplantation than is required following open cholecystectomy. This may be attributable to endogenous factors rather than to altered morphine pharmacokinetics. We measured the plasma concentrations of two endogenous neuropeptides associated with pain modulation, substance P (SP) and met-enkephalin (ME), in pigs undergoing liver transplantation and in control pigs undergoing laparotomy. Methods : With the approval of the institutional Animal Care Committee, pigs were anesthetized with ketamine (30 mg/kg, IM), atropine (0.05 mg/kg, IM) and acetylpromazine (0.1 mg/kg, IM). Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Pigs in the transplantation group (n=10) underwent liver transplantation and control pigs (n=10) underwent laparotomy. Blood samples for SP and ME measurement were collected pre-incision (Pre-In), pre-emergence (Pre-Em) from anesthesia, 6–12 hours, 18 hours, and 24 hours after surgery. SP and ME levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Results are expressed as mean±SEM (in pg/ml of plasma for both peptides) and were compared by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was inferred if P<0.05. Results : Plasma ME levels were significantly increased in the transplanted pigs at Pre-Em, 6–12 hours and 18 hours after surgery. No statistically significant difference was observed for plasma SP level between the control and transplant pigs. Conclusions : Liver transplantation in the pig model is associated with increased concentrations of endogenous ME (but not SP) in plasma for at least 18 hours after surgery as compared to animals undergoing laparotomy.     

Congenital absence of the portal vein associated with focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver and congenital choledochal cyst: a case report

A congenital absence of the portal vein (CAPV) is a rare malformation, which almost is always associated with other anomalies such as hepatic tumors and cardiac malformations. This case report describes a 3-year-old girl with a congenital absence of the portal vein, focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) of the liver, and a congenital choledochal cyst (CCC). Angiography findings showed the mesenteric vein and splenic vein to be joined together to form a common trunk that entered the inferior vena cava directly above the liver. This is the first known reported case of CAPV with concurrent CCC. J Pediatr Surg 36:622-625.     

Liver transplantation in children with biliary atresia and polysplenia syndrome

Biliary atresia is the most common indication for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in children. The polysplenia syndrome anomalies, which occur in approximately 10% of children with biliary atresia, may represent special difficulties at liver transplantation. We have reviewed our experience with this syndrome in 116 children with biliary atresia who underwent liver transplantation between March 1984 and December 1989. The main features of the polysplenia syndrome, which included absence of the inferior vena cava, preduodenal portal vein, midgut malrotation, aberrant hepatic artery, and situs inversus, were encountered in 12 of the 116 children (10.3%). Severe portal vein hypoplasia (3.5 mm or smaller) was also present in 7 of these children. Eight patients received a complete and four received a reduced liver graft. The vascular anomalies increased the technical difficulty of OLT but could be surmounted, although they did contribute to the peroperative death of one child. The 1-month survival rate was 83% for the 12 children with features of the polysplenia syndrome and 88% for the other 92 children with biliary atresia alone.     

Liver transplantation in children with biliary atresia and vascular anomalies

Eight of 29 infants and children undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation for extrahepatic biliary atresia had associated major vascular anomalies. A distinctive and highly unusual vascular malformation consisting of absent inferior vena cava, anomalous origin of the hepatic artery, and preduodenal portal vein was encountered in three of these children. Although at times technically difficult, single anomalies of hepatic vasculature were satisfactorily handled. In contrast, transplantation attempts were lethal in all three infants having the complex vascular malformation. The suggestion is made that this specific subgroup of patients with biliary atresia be identified in advance and that, at the moment, children with this composite anomaly are highly questionable candidates for liver transplantation.     

Epithelial re-growth is associated with inhibition of obliterative airway disease in orthotopic tracheal allografts in non-immunosuppressed rats

BACKGROUND: Because epithelial cells are targets of alloimmune injury leading ultimately to airway obliteration, we tested whether epithelial re-growth could prevent obliterative airway disease (OAD) in orthotopic tracheal allografts. METHODS: Brown Norway tracheal segments were orthotopically transplanted into nonimmunosuppressed Lewis rats. Allografts were removed on days 2-10 (n=13), 30 (n=4), and 60 (n=5) for histology, computerized morphometry (obliteration), and immunohistochemical detection of mononuclear cells, smooth muscle alpha-actin, and tissue phenotype. Normal tracheas, host tracheas, and heterotopically transplanted allografts served as controls. RESULTS: Orthotopic allografts removed on days 2-10 exhibited epithelial damage and re-growth and mononuclear cell infiltration. On days 30 and 60, partially ciliated cuboidal or attenuated epithelium completely covered the lumen. Although mononuclear cells declined, numerous T cells with a high CD4/CD8 ratio were found in the epithelium till day 60. Orthotopic allograft epithelium expressed donor phenotype on day 7, but recipient phenotype on days 30 and 60. Despite subepithelial alpha-actin positive myofibroblast proliferation, obliteration did not progress from day 7 to 30 and 60 (35, 30, and 33%, respectively). Although more than in normal or host tracheas, the obliteration in orthotopic allografts on days 30 and 60 was significantly less (P<0.001) than in heterotopic allografts. CONCLUSIONS: We describe, for the first time, longterm patency of fully histoincompatible orthotopic tracheal allografts in nonimmunosuppressed rats. Despite acute alloimmune injury and induction of myofibroblast proliferation, epithelial re-growth from the host limited the progression of OAD, thus emphasizing the role of epithelium in the control of airway obliteration.     

Sympathetic activity is increased in polycystic kidney disease and is associated with hypertension.

Hypertension is common in patients with polycystic kidney disease (PKD). This study addresses the hypothesis that sympathetic activity is enhanced in hypertensive PKD patients, not only when renal function is impaired but also when renal function is still normal. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA, peroneal nerve), plasma renin activity (PRA), heart rate, and BP were studied in PKD patients with normal and with impaired renal function and in matched controls. In hypertensive patients with normal renal function, MSNA and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were higher than in normotensive patients (23 +/- 5 versus 15 +/- 7 bursts/min; 110 +/- 10 versus 90 +/- 3 mmHg; P < 0.05), whereas PRA and heart rate did not differ. In PKD with chronic renal failure (CRF) (creatinine clearance rate, 39 +/- 19 ml/min), MAP, MSNA and PRA were higher than in controls (resp, 116 +/- 7 versus 89 +/- 9 mmHg; 34 +/- 14 versus 19 +/- 9 bursts/min; 405 [20 to 1640] versus 120 [40 to 730] fmol/L per sec; all P < 0.05). Heart rate in PKD CRF did not differ from controls. MSNA correlated with MAP (r = 0.42; P = 0.01) and age with MSNA (r = 0.45; P < 0.01). Regression line of age and MSNA in patients was steeper than that in controls. This study indicates that MSNA is increased in hypertensive PKD patients regardless of renal function. The data support the idea that sympathetic hyperactivity contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension in PKD.     

Recurrent hepatitis C virus disease after liver transplantation and concurrent biliary tract complications: poor outcome

Recurrent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is particularly aggressive in the post-liver transplantation setting, with rapid progression of liver fibrosis. Biliary complications remain a significant cause of morbidity following liver transplantation. Post-cholecystectomy biliary strictures are associated with advanced hepatic fibrosis. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine whether the presence of biliary complications affects survival in liver transplant recipients with recurrent HCV disease. The files of liver transplant recipients (53.7% male; mean age 52.7+/-10.3 yr) were reviewed for incidence, type and treatment of biliary complications, and findings were compared between those who developed recurrent HCV disease (n=47, 83.9%) and those who did not (n=9). Twenty-one biliary complications developed in 12 patients with recurrent HCV (25.5%). Treatment with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with balloon dilatation and stent placement or surgical revision was successful in nine (75%). Three biliary complications developed in three patients with no recurrence (p=NS). There was no statistically significant association between recurrent HCV disease and biliary complications. However, among those with recurrent disease, the recurrence was severe in nine of 12 recipients with biliary complications (75%) but in only nine of 35 without biliary complications (26%) (p=0.001). Death was documented in eight patients with severe recurrence (44.4%), including three (37.5%) with biliary complications and two (7%) with non-severe recurrence, neither of whom had biliary complications (p=0.003). Antiviral treatment was successful in nine of 25 patients (36%) who received it. On multivariate analysis, biliary complications were a significant predictor of severe recurrence (OR 27.0, 95% confidence interval 2.07-351.4) (p=0.012). Fibrosis stage in the second biopsy was significantly correlated with serum alanine aminotransferase (p=0.01) and with duration of biliary obstruction (p=0.07). In conclusion, biliary complications of liver transplantation strongly affect outcome in patients with recurrent HCV disease despite attempts to relieve the biliary obstruction and to treat the recurrent HCV disease.