急性脑梗塞始发状态火热证与免疫细胞因子的关系研究

目的：探讨急性脑梗塞（ＡＣＩ）始发状态火热证与免疫细胞因子白介素－6（IL－6）,肿瘤坏死因子（TNF－α）的关系。方法;采用中风病专家经验辨证量表对151例ACI患者的始发状态进行证候评分,同时利用放射免疫分析（RIA）法测定其IL－6、TNF－α的变化水平,并与健康人组（60例）作对照。结果:（1）火热证组的IL－6、TNF－α水平非常显著地高于非火热证组（P＜0．001）,火热证组及非火热证组的IL－6,TNF－α含量与正常健康人组比较也有显著变化（P＜0．001）;（2）35例火热证组及非火热证组的IL－6、TNF－α含量呈正相关关系（r=0.42,t=2.49和r=0.43,t=2.56)。结论：火热证与IL－6,TNF－α具有相关关系,其升高水平可作为判定火热证与非火热证的微观指标。     

动态监测炎性因子在糖尿病性白内障人工晶体植入术中的意义

目的：探讨糖尿病性白内障囊外摘除（ＥＣＣＥ）后房型人工晶体（ＩＯＬ）植入术前后，血清中白细胞介素6（interleukin-6,IL-6), 肿瘤坏死因子（tumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α）动态监测的临床意义。方法：用放射免疫法（RIA）对39例糖尿病白内障患者，39例非糖尿病白内障患者，ECCE，IOL值入术前，术后1、3、7、14、30、90天血清IL－6，TNF－α，比非糖尿病组，正常对照组显著升高（P均＜0．05）；术后除糖尿病组中增殖性糖尿病性视网膜病变组（prolifarative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)外，其余糖尿病与非糖尿病组血清IL－6，TNF－α含量变化规律一致。结论：PDR患者在ECCE及IOL植入术前后血清IL－6，TNF－α含量变化异常与术后并发症及疗效有关。     

肺炎支原体肺炎患儿细胞因子测定的探讨

目的：探讨肺炎支原体感染引起的小儿肺炎支原体肺炎与细胞因子的相关关系。方法：91例已确诊为肺炎支原体肺炎的患儿根据肺炎支原体IgM结果。分为重症组和轻症组；另选35例正常小儿为对照组。分别采取空腹静脉血，采用放射免疫分析法（RIA）测定血清TNF－α，IL－6的水平，并且对三组资料进行相关性分析。结果：重症组和轻症组血清TNF－α，IL－6水平明显高于正常对照组，差异有显著性（P＜0．01），重症组血清TNF－α，IL－6水平明显高于轻症组，差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。重症组和轻症组TNF－α，IL－6的资料进行直线相关分析，结果两组患儿TNF－α的相关系数为r=0.49，IL－6的相关系数为r=0.95；显示血清TNF－α，IL－6水平理肺炎支原体感染的严重程度呈正相关。结论：细胞因子TNF－α，IL－6参与肺炎支原体感染的全过程，并且血清TNF－α，IL－6水平的高低与机体感染严重程度呈正相关关系。     

病毒性乙型肝炎患者血清sFas、TNF—α、IL—6和IL—8的检测及临床意义

目的 探讨病毒性乙型肝炎患者血清sFas、TNF－α、IL－6和IL－8水平与肝细胞凋亡／坏死之间的关系。方法 抽取各型乙型肝炎患者静脉血5mL，ELISA法检测sFas、TNF－α、IL－6和IL－8的水平。结果 上述4项指标的检出水平基本上依次为：重型乙型肝炎（SH－B）＞慢性乙肝重度（CHB－H）＞慢性乙肝中度（CHB－M）＞急性乙肝（AH－B）＞慢性乙肝轻度（CHB－L），各组间差异显著。结论 sFas、TNF－α、IL－6和IL－8，4项指标的水平，能够反映肝细胞损害的程度，且与病毒复制、肝细胞凋亡和坏死有内在联系。     

跨膜型和分泌型TNF-α在内毒素性休克过程中的作用

目的：研究跨膜型TNF－α（mTNF－α）的消长与内毒素性休克发生、发展的关系，探讨mTNF－α在内毒素性休克中的作用和机理。方法：首先使用埃希大肠杆菌死菌液制备大鼠内毒素性休克模型，并分不同时间点检测血清中的分泌型TNF－α（sTNF－α）、腹腔巨噬细胞表面上的 mTNF－α。然后，在给大鼠注射死菌液之前30min，分别注射TNF转化酶（TACE）反义寡核苷酸（5mg/kg）或抗TNF－α多克隆抗体（5mg/kg）。6h后分别检测sTNF－α、mTNF－α水平；检查肺、肾等内脏器的病理改变，并且监测各组大鼠的血压变化。结果：在内毒素性休克过程中，mTNF－α表达的动态变化不同于sTNF－α，mTNF－α在注射菌液30min后开始升高，4．5h达最高峰，随后有所下降，但一直维持在较高水平。TACE反义寡核苷酸能有效抑制mTNF－α转化为sTNF－α，使腹腔巨噬细胞表面上的mTNF－α表达明显增高（P＜0．001），使血压维持在正常水平，肺、肾等脏器无病理改变；抗TNF－α多克隆抗体能中和sTNF－α,其结果与前者基本相似。结论：内毒素性休克的病理过程主要与sTNF－α及其诱导的其它促炎细胞因子如IL－1β、IL－6、IL－8等有关，而mTNF－α则可抵抗内毒素的攻击，稳定血压，限制炎症反应及保护组织免受损伤，为临床治疗休克和感染性疾病提供了新的线索和实验依据。     

败血症大鼠血浆白细胞介素8,肿瘤坏死因子及微循环变化

目的：探讨败血症大鼠不同时间血浆白细胞介素（IL）8、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）和微循环变化及山莨菪碱（654－2）干预的影响。方法：采用盲肠结扎加穿刺法复制大鼠败血症模型，酶联免疫吸附试验检测血浆IL－8、TNF－α水平，WX－6型多部位微循环显微镜，观察微循环变化。结果：败血症组血浆IL－8、TNF－α水平随临床症状加重而增高，以实验后8小时增高较为显著；外周血白细胞数实验后0、8、16小时呈递减趋势，腹腔渗出液白细胞数则呈递增趋势。肠系膜及肠壁微循环严重紊乱，微动脉、微静脉明显扩张，血流缓慢，血细胞严重聚集，出血、渗出严重。654-2组上述两种细胞因子水平明显低于败血症组（P＜0．05），微循环障碍异常发生率明显低于败血症组（P＜0．01或0．05），动物存活率明显高于败血症组（P＜0．05）。结论：IL－8、TNF－α在败血症发生发展过程中可能起重要作用。654－2可能具有抑制IL－8、TNF－α过度产生或释放及改善微循环等作用。     

感染柯萨奇病毒B3诱导人心肌纤维细胞因子的产生

目的：CVB3感染可导致严重的心脏病，其机制尚不清楚，细胞因子可能有重要作用，但确切来源细胞尚不清楚，心肌纤维细胞是主要间质分子，感染CVB3后检测其细胞因子的产生。方法：采用ELISA方法检测了感染CVB3心肌纤维细胞培养上清液IL－6、IL－8、IL－1α、IL－1β和TNF－α的产生，结果：发现感染CVB3 24小时后IL－6和IL－8即明显升高（P＜0．01），96小时后IL－1α有所升高（P＜0．05），IL－1β和TNF－α无明显变化，结论：IL－6、IL－8、IL－1α在CVB3心肌炎中可能有一定作用。     

TNF—α、IL—8在多脂多糖致大鼠脑水肿发生中的变化和意义

目的：探讨肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）、白细胞介素－8（IL－8）在脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS)致大鼠脑水肿发生中的变化及作用。方法：LPS诱发大鼠脑水肿发生后，制备脑组织匀浆，ELISA法测定IL－8含量，放免法测定TNF－α含量。结果：LPS注入后TNF－α、IL－8相继释放增加，与A组、NS组比较差异有非常显著性（P＜0．01），48h后仍维持较高水平，LPS组脑组织含水量与Evans blue(EB)含量，TNF－α与脑组织含水量，IL－8与脑组织含水量，IL－8与EB含量均呈正相关，r值分别为0．537、0．423、0．473、0．831。P＜0．05。结论：TNF－α、IL－8与脑组织炎性损伤密切相关，介导了脂多糖导致脑水肿的发生、发展过程。     

山莨菪碱预处置对大鼠肾脏缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的：观察山莨菪碱（654－2）对大鼠肾脏缺血－再灌注（I／R）损伤的影响及与IL－6和TNF－α的关系。方法：采用大鼠肾脏I／R损伤＋654－2预处置模型，分别观测再灌注不同时期SUN、Scr、肾系数变化及IL－6和TNF－α的含量。结果：用654－2预处理后再灌注4h（R4h）组的SUN、Scr和肾系数均高于未处置组（P＜0．01或P＜0．05），再灌注24h(R24h）组的Scr低于其对照组；654－2同时使R4h组血液和肾组织中的IL－6含量也高于其对照组（P＜0．01），使R24h组肾组织中IL－6高于其对照组。结论：654－2预处理加重早期肾I／R损伤，这种作用可能与IL－6增加有关；再灌注24h后才显示其治疗作用。     

2型糖尿病患者血浆ET、血清IL-6、TNF-α变化的临床意义

目的 :探讨 2型糖尿病患者血浆内皮素 (ET)、白介素 - 6 (IL - 6 )、肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF -α)在糖尿病发生、发展过程中的浓度变化及相互关系。方法 :用放射免疫分析检测 6 1例 2型糖尿病患者及 33例年龄和性别相匹配的健康志愿者血清ET、IL - 6、TNF -α的水平。结果 :① 2型糖尿病患者血中ET、IL - 6、TNF -α水平明显高于正常对照组 (p <0 0 1) ;②有合并症患者血清ET、TNF -α水平明显高于单纯糖尿病患者 (p <0 0 2 ) ;③三种细胞因子间浓度水平呈正相关 (p<0 0 1)。结论 :细胞因子ET、IL - 6、TNF -α在糖尿病的发生、发展过程中相互作用 ,观察其浓度变化对探讨糖尿病的发病机理、预防及指导用药均有重要价值。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.