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1.
K. Mildenberger S. Sitter M. Noterdaeme H. Amorosa 《European child & adolescent psychiatry》2001,10(4):248-255
Children with infantile autism and children with a specific receptive language disorder often show similar behavioural problems,
making the differentiation between these two diagnostic categories difficult. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the
usefulness of parental information in the differential diagnosis of the two types of disorders mentioned above. Sixteen children
with a receptive language disorder and 11 children with infantile autism participated in the study. All children had normal
non-verbal IQs. The ADI-R (Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised) was performed with all children. The results showed that the
ADI-R items reflecting behavioural features at pre-school age (age range 4–5 years) were better suited to differentiate the
groups than the items reflecting behavioural features at the time of the investigation (mean age: 9 years). The items on the
dimension “Reciprocal social interaction” and “Communication and language” discriminated the groups better than the items
of the dimension “Restricted interests”. According to the ICD-10 algorithm of the ADI-R one child with autism and one child
with a receptive language disorder were falsely classified. These false classifications were mainly due to a distorted parental
perception of the child's behaviour. The ADI-R is a useful tool in the differential diagnosis of developmental disorders.
Accepted: 27 April 2001 相似文献
2.
Noterdaeme M Mildenberger K Minow F Amorosa H 《European child & adolescent psychiatry》2002,11(5):219-225
Several studies have described problems in motor functions in children with autism and children with a specific speech and
language disorder. The purpose of this study was to identify neuromotor deficits in these neurodevelopmentally impaired children.
A standardised neurological examination was performed in 11 children with childhood autism, 11 children with an expressive
language disorder, 11 children with a receptive language disorder and 11 control children. The children were matched for age
and non-verbal IQ, not for gender. All children had a non-verbal IQ above 85. The neurological examination procedure allowed
for a qualitative and quantitative assessment of five specific neurological subsystems: fine and gross motor functions, balance,
coordination and oral motor functions. The high-functioning children with autism and the children with a specific language
disorder (expressive or receptive) had more motor problems than the control children on most neurological subsystems. There
were few statistically significant differences between the three groups of developmentally impaired children. The frequent
co-occurrence of verbal and non-verbal, in particular neuromotor, deficits in developmentally impaired children put an additional
burden on the development of these children and should be diagnosed as early as possible.
Accepted: 8 May 2002
The research was funded by grant AM 63/4–2 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
Correspondence to Dr. M. Noterdaeme 相似文献
3.
Militerni R Bravaccio C Falco C Fico C Palermo MT 《European child & adolescent psychiatry》2002,11(5):210-218
Introduction: Repetitive behaviors are common in autistic disorder, as in other developmental disabilities. Behaviors as diverse as stereotypies,
cognitive inflexibility, and a need for sameness are grouped together under DSM IV classification, even though they are diverse
in phenomenology, underlying neural circuitry, and possible clinical significance. In order to better define repetitive behaviors,
we studied the relationship between such behaviors and chronological age, developmental level, estimated IQ, presumed mood
state, severity of illness, as well as behavior reactivity to environmental stimuli, in a group of 121 consecutive autistic
children, aged 2–4 and 7–11 years. Results: Younger autistic children displayed more motor and sensory repetitive behaviors. Older children had more complex behaviors.
Children with higher IQ scores, likewise, demonstrated more complex repetitive behaviors. Most motor behaviors and self injury
showed features of reactivity. Conclusions: Certain “repetitive” activities may not represent core features of autistic disorder and may be equivalent to normal motor
and cognitive behaviors, as seen during typical development.
Accepted: 28 August 2002
Correspondence to Mark T. Palermo, MD 相似文献
4.
Speech and language impaired children are at special risk for developing psychiatric disorders. Attention deficit, aggressive
behaviour as well as overanxiety and excessive shyness have been reported in speech and language impaired children. The purpose
of this study was to determine how the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) could be used as a screening instrument in language
impaired children. In a sample of 83 language impaired children, emotional and behavioural problems were evaluated using the
CBCL. Independent of this assessment, DSM-IV diagnoses were established for all children. Sixty-six of the 83 children had
a psychiatric diagnosis. The use of the Total Behavior Problem score (TBP) as a global measure of behavioural disturbance
showed that children with a psychiatric diagnosis had significantly higher scores on the TBP score than children without a
psychiatric diagnosis. The specificity of the TBP was 88.2%, the sensitivity 75.8%, and the false classification rate 21.6%.
The most frequently reported behavioural disturbances were problems on scale VI (“Attention Problems”-39 children) and on
scale I (“Withdrawn”-32 children). A small group of children with a receptive language disorder and pronounced compulsive
behavioural problems had elevated scores on scale V (“Thought Problems”).
Accepted: 10 August 1998 相似文献
5.
Kjelsberg E 《European child & adolescent psychiatry》2002,11(1):2-9
A nationwide sample of 1,079 Norwegian adolescent psychiatric in-patients, 581 males and 498 females, were followed up after
11–33 (mean 23.2) years. On the basis of detailed records from index hospitalisation they were re-diagnosed and retrospectively
scored on 14 of the 15 behaviour items listed as diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder in DSM-IV. The patient list was
linked to the national criminal registry, and 48 % were found to have a criminal record.
The ability of the 14 behaviour items to identify overall and specific kinds of registered criminality was investigated. In
males, “stealing” was the strongest marker for overall and violent crime. “Having forced someone into sexual activity” was
a strong marker for later sex offences. In females, “running away from home” was strongly associated with overall and violent
registered criminality.
ROC curves were constructed to test the sensitivity and specificity of the sum of conduct disorder behaviour items fulfilled
in the identification of individuals with registered criminality. The area under the curve was 0.81 (95 % c. i. = 0.78–0.85)
in males and 0.75 (95 % c. i. = 0.71–0.80) in females. A cut-off at 3 criteria fulfilled seemed optimal in males and somewhat
high in females.
Accepted: 17 May 2001 相似文献
6.
Early childhood autism and the question of egocentrism 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
R. Peter Hobson 《Journal of autism and developmental disorders》1984,14(1):85-104
An individual's social competence is often considered in terms of his role-taking abilities. In the light of studies by Piaget,
it has been supposed that a child's developing capacity to appreciate the viewpoints of others in a social context is reflected
in his ability to recognize points of view in a visuospatial setting. If this is valid, then visuospatial role-taking tasks
may afford a measure of some relatively “cognitive” component of the capacity to engage in social behavior. Tasks in which
subjects were required to make judgments about different and yet related views of a three-dimensional scene or object, together
with tests of operational thinking, were presented to normal children and to subjects with the diagnosis of infantile autism.
The results indicate that autistic children are no more impaired in their recognition of visuospatial perspectives than are
normal children of comparable intellectual level in tests of operational thinking. A further, more limited study yielded suggestive
evidence that over this series of tasks, autistic children perform as well as subjects with Down's syndrome who have a similar
verbal mental age. These findings render it improbable that autistic children are especially “egocentric” in their appreciation
of visuospatial perspectives.
The present research was undertaken in partial fulfillment of a Ph.D. degree at the Institute of Psychiatry, University of
London. Some of the tasks were originally devised in collaboration with David Mant in the course of undergraduate work at
Cambridge University. I am indebted to the subjects who took part in the study and to the teaching staff who helped me, particularly
Mrs. Wendy Brown, Mrs. Elizabeth Kelleher, and the staff at the Helen Alisson School for Autistic Children, Gravesend. I am
grateful to Dr. Beate Hermelin, Professor Michael Rutter, and Dr. Peter Clark for their encouragement and advice, and to Ms.
Maria Callias and Dr. Richard Cromer for their helpful criticisms. 相似文献
7.
Fukumoto A Hashimoto T Ito H Nishimura M Tsuda Y Miyazaki M Mori K Arisawa K Kagami S 《Journal of autism and developmental disorders》2008,38(3):411-418
This study analyzed the increase in head circumference (HC) of 85 autistic infants (64 boys and 21 girls) during their first
year of life. The data were collected from their “mother-and-baby” notebooks. This notebook is a medical record of the baby’s
growth and development delivered to the parents of all babies born in Japan. This is a retrospective study which gathered
the data from the notebooks after the diagnosis of autism. However, none of the babies were known to have autism at the time
the records were made. The head circumference at birth of these autistic children was similar to that of the average found
in a Japanese Government Study of 14,115 children. However, it showed a marked increase at 1 month after birth. The discrepancy
reached a peak at 6 months, while the difference became smaller at 12 months. Body length (BL) and body weight (BW) began
to increase at 3 months, although at a rate smaller than the head circumference increase. 相似文献
8.
Evaluation of attention problems in children with autism and children with a specific language disorder 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Noterdaeme M Amorosa H Mildenberger K Sitter S Minow F 《European child & adolescent psychiatry》2001,10(1):58-66
Children with autism and children with a specific language disorder show additional attention deficits. The literature on
the neuropsychological investigation of attention in both groups of children suggests that the nature of their attention problems
might be different. The purpose of this study is to examine the attention test profiles in these two groups of children with
developmental disorders. Nineteen children and adolescents with autism, 17 subjects with a specific language disorder and
19 control subjects participated in the study. Non-verbal intelligence was normal for all subjects. The “Testbatterie zur
Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung” was administered to all subjects. This instrument provides the possibility to examine a wide range
of attention functions and executive functions. The results showed that the autistic individuals had deficits in executive
functions, whereas the language impaired children had deficits in auditory sustained attention, in auditory selective attention,
and in the domain of executive functions. It is concluded that although both groups of developmentally impaired subjects showed
attention problems, the deficits are not the same in both groups. The different neuropsychological profiles probably reflect
different mechanisms in the pathogenesis of the attention deficits in both types of developmental disorders.
Accepted: 1 September 2000 相似文献
9.
We present the case of a 10-year-old boy, Sam, with congenital deafness and Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS). GTS is
characterised by multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics that wax and wane. Due to his deafness Sam never developed
vocal language but instead used sign language from the age of four. His tic disorder rapidly accelerated from the age of seven
over a six-month period and soon sign language was incorporated into tics as complex “vocal” tics. Bursting out “words”in sign language would also occur in front of people unfamiliar with sign language and often with an obscene content although this was not
evident to someone not trained in sign language.
To our knowledge this is the first reported case of a congenital deaf child with GTS. The case presented here supports previously
published work that the intentional share of the tics in GTS is very small. This case also questions former theories on which
regions and circuits of the brain are involved in GTS.
Accepted: 16 May 2001 相似文献
10.
Jude U. Ohaeri Abdullahi A. Fido 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2001,36(10):493-499
Background In Nigeria the burden of caring for persons with severe mental disorders rests largely on families whose attitudes to these
conditions have not been explored. Objectives To assess the opinion of relatives of 75 schizophrenics and 20 major affective disorder cases on aspects of the disease and
compare with the responses of relatives of cancer, infertility and sickle cell disease (SCD) cases. Method Caregivers were assessed using a burden questionnaire that contained items on etiological beliefs and attitudes to illness.
Results The responses of relatives of the two psychiatric illness groups were similar. The single most important etiological
factors were that “it is Satan's work” (35.8 %) and “it is a natural illness“ (23.2 %). Other factors were “genetic” (9.5
%), “witchcraft” (10.5 %) and “curse by enemies” (10.5 %). This was similar to the opinion of cancer and infertility caregivers;
but different from SCD where the most important causative factors were “genetic” (41.5 %) and “natural” (21.5 %). Psychiatric
caregivers had higher frequency of anger and stigma. Over two-thirds of psychiatric caregivers felt glad caring for the patient
and would not like the patient institutionalized. Most families were thought to be supportive and there was an impression
that caring had made family emotional ties closer. Conclusions These families were tolerant and would cooperate with health authorities. Causative models are influenced by available knowledge
and practices in the culture. To actualize the potential of families to play useful community psychosocial roles, there is
a need for public mental health literacy and welfare support.
Accepted: 10 July 2001 相似文献
11.
Bifulco A Moran PM Ball C Bernazzani O 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2002,37(2):50-59
Background Although there are an increasing number of studies showing an association of adult attachment style to depressive disorder,
such studies have rarely utilised epidemiological approaches with large community-based series and have relied heavily on
brief self-report measurement of both attachment style and symptoms. The result is a wide inconsistency in the type of insecure
style shown to relate to disorder. The present study examined adult attachment style in a high-risk community sample of women
in relation to clinical depression. It utilised an interview measure of adult attachment which allowed for an assessment of
both type of attachment style and the degree of insecurity of attachment. A companion paper examines its relationship with
other depressive-vulnerability (Bifulco et al. 2002). Method Two hundred and twenty-two high-risk and 80 comparison women were selected from questionnaire screenings of London GP patient
lists and intensively interviewed. A global scale of attachment style based on supportive relationships (with partner and
very close others) together with attitudes to support-seeking, derived the four styles paralleling those from self-report
attachment assessments (Secure, Enmeshed, Fearful, Avoidant). In order to additionally reflect hostility in the scheme, the
Avoidant category was subdivided into “Angry-dismissive” and “Withdrawn”. The degree to which attitudes and behaviour within
such styles were dysfunctional (“non-standard”) was also assessed. Attachment style was examined in relation to clinical depression
in a 12-month period. For a third of the series this was examined prospectively to new onset of disorder. Results The presence of any insecure style was significantly related to 12-month depression. However, when controls were made for
depressive symptomatology at interview, only the “non-standard” levels of Enmeshed, Fearful or Angry-dismissive styles related
to disorder. Withdrawn-avoidance was not significantly related to disorder. Conclusion The relationship of attachment style to clinical depression is increased by differentiating the degree of insecurity of style
and differentiating hostile and non-hostile avoidance.
Accepted: 21 September 2001 相似文献
12.
Sadiq FA Slator L Skuse D Law J Gillberg C Minnis H 《European child & adolescent psychiatry》2012,21(5):267-276
Children with a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder (RAD) appear to show difficulties in social understanding. We aimed
to compare the pragmatic language functioning of children with (RAD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Assessments were
made in three groups of children aged 5–8 years, with verbal IQ estimates in the normal range: 35 with a RAD diagnosis, 52
with an ASD diagnosis and 39 with typical development. The Children’s Communication Checklist (CCC) was used to compare their
pragmatic language skills, and ADI-R algorithms were used to compare autistic symptomatology, according to parent report.
According to the CCC, the RAD group demonstrated significant problems in their use of context, rapport and social relationships
with a degree of severity equivalent to children in the ASD comparison group. More than 60% of the group with RAD met ADI-R
clinical criteria on the Use of Language and Other Social Communication Skills subscale, 46% on the Reciprocal Social Interaction
subscale, and 20% had significant repetitive and stereotyped behaviours. Children with RAD appear to be at least as impaired
as children with ASD in certain domains of social relatedness, particularly in their pragmatic language skills. 相似文献
13.
Kristensen H 《European child & adolescent psychiatry》2002,11(2):71-78
Selective mutism (SM) in children is frequently associated with language disorder/delay suggesting that neurobiological factors
may be involved in the development of SM. Motor co-ordination problems, reduced optimality pre- and perinatally and minor
physical anomalies represent other markers for neurodevelopmental disorder/delay. The present study explores these markers
in referred children with SM (n=54), non-referred matched controls (n =108) and in SM subgroups with and without a communication
disorder (CoD). Children with SM differed significantly from controls in parent-reported motor developmental delay, and they
obtained a higher pre- and perinatal “reduced optimality score”. They scored significantly lower on a motor performance test
and showed a higher frequency of minor physical anomalies compared with controls. There were no differences in these respects
between SM and CoD compared with SM without CoD. The results confirm that neurobiological factors may be involved in the development
of SM. Accordingly, the clinical assessment of referred children with SM should include a thorough history of motor development
and an evaluation of present motor skills. The interplay of shyness/social anxiety and motor function problems has to be addressed
to reduce misunderstandings of the child's behaviour and to adjust demands for motor skills to the actual level of the child.
Accepted: 12 October 2001 相似文献
14.
Autism in Northern Finland 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Resent research reports show that autistic spectrum disorders may actually be more common than previously believed. General
awareness and clinical knowledge of these disorders have increased, and the criteria in the ICD-10 and the DSM-IV are also
now more detailed. The diagnostic criteria and the methods of ascertainment influence the prevalence. The age specific incidence
obtained in this study showed the cumulative incidence to be lowest, 6.1 per 10 000, in the oldest age group of 15- to 18-year-old
children, and highest, 20.7 per 10 000, in the age group of 5–7 year-olds, when the criteria of the ICD-10 and the DSM-IV
were used. In this study, almost 50% of the autistic cases had a tested IQ above 70. The degree of autism, as assessed by
the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), varied from mild autistic features in 8.5% through moderate in 58.5% to severe in
33.0%.
Accepted: 15 November 1999 相似文献
15.
Reliability and validity of a child-specific cross-cultural instrument for assessing posttraumatic stress disorder 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ahmad A Sundelin-Wahlsten V Sofi MA Qahar JA von Knorring AL 《European child & adolescent psychiatry》2000,9(4):285-294
The Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Children (PTSS-C) was developed as a cross-cultural semi-structured interview to diagnose
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and to identify PTSD-non-related posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after various
traumatic experiences. The psychometric properties were studied in two different child populations in Iraqi Kurdistan (the
survivors of the military operation “Anfal”, and the orphans), in a sample of Kurdistanian refugee children in Sweden, and
in a comparison sample of Swedish children. The instrument yielded satisfactory internal consistency, high interrater agreement,
and excellent validity on cross-validation with the Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (CPTSD-RI) and the
Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA) according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-IV).
Accepted: 14 March 2000 相似文献
16.
Mary Matese Johnny L. Matson Jay Sevin 《Journal of autism and developmental disorders》1994,24(1):83-94
The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between autism and childhood psychosis. Fifteen children with psychotic symptoms were compared to 15 children with autism, using two observational measures, the Ritvo-Freeman Real Life Rating Scale (RLRS) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), which rate subjects on behaviors pathognomic to autism. In comparison to autistic persons, psychotic individuals were judged to have better language and social skills. In addition, autistic persons were also rated as having more difficulty adapting to new situations and appeared more autistic-like. Overall scores on the CARS and RLRS were significantly different between the two groups, indicating that these two assessment instruments may be useful in differential diagnosis. However, 20% of the psychotic subjects received pervasive developmental disorder diagnoses, indicating that there may be a relationship between those two disorders. 相似文献
17.
Dennis P. Cantwell Lorian Baker Michael Rutter Lynn Mawhood 《Journal of autism and developmental disorders》1989,19(1):19-31
An interim follow-up study of a group of higher functioning boys with infantile autism and control group of boys with severe (receptive) developmental language disorder (or dysphasia) is reported. The boys were compared both initially and at follow-up for overall functioning in the areas of language, peer relationships, stereotyped behaviors, and disruptive public behaviors, as well as for the presence of a number of specific symptoms. In some respects, the behaviors that differentiated the groups initially did so also at follow-up, although there were important differences. Very few of the autistic boys had good language skills at follow-up, whereas nearly half of the dysphasic group were communicating well, a difference that is striking in view of the initial general similarity between the groups in terms of poor language functioning. However, some of the dysphasic children had developed greater difficulties in peer relationships. The implications for concepts of the nature of the deficit in severe receptive developmental language disorders are considered. 相似文献
18.
Randomized Controlled Trial for Early Intervention for Autism: A Pilot Study of the Autism 1-2-3 Project 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Virginia C. N. Wong Queenie K. Kwan 《Journal of autism and developmental disorders》2010,40(6):677-688
We piloted a 2-week “Autism-1-2-3” early intervention for children with autism and their parents immediately after diagnosis
that targeted at (1) eye contact, (2) gesture and (3) vocalization/words. Seventeen children were randomized into the Intervention
(n = 9) and Control (n = 8) groups. Outcome measures included the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Ritvo-Freeman Real Life Rating Scale,
Symbolic Play Test, and Parenting Stress Index. Children with autism improved in language/communication, reciprocal social
interaction, and symbolic play. Parents perceived significant improvement in their children’s language, social interaction,
and their own stress level. This intervention can serve as short-term training on communication and social interaction for
children with autism, and reduce the stress of their parents during the long waiting time for public health services. 相似文献
19.
Kathrin Hippler Essi Viding Christian Klicpera Francesca Happé 《Journal of autism and developmental disorders》2010,40(6):774-780
Hans Asperger originally used the term “autistic psychopathy” to describe his patients on the autism spectrum, leading to
a possible confusion with psychopathic disorder and delinquent behaviour. We conducted a penal register search for 177 former
patients of Asperger’s clinic with a childhood diagnosis of “autistic psychopathy” or features of the disorder in Austria.
The mean percentage of registered convictions was similar to that in the general male population of Austria over the studied
time period. A qualitative assessment of offence types in Asperger’s former patients suggests that the nature of offences
does not differ from that in the general population. In this original cohort of Asperger’s patients, convictions were no more
common than in the general male population. 相似文献
20.
Children with social anxiety disorder (SAD) have been reported to display reduced social skills. Less attention has been paid
to whether neurodevelopmental deficits/delays (NDD’s) in language and motor function may contribute to their impaired social
skills. The present study aimed to assess the extent of language and motor impairment in children with SAD. A population-based
screened sample consisting of 150 children (11–12 years) was assessed with a diagnostic interview (Kiddie-SADS), the Wechsler
Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) and the Motor Assessment Battery for Children (MABC). Test results were compared
across five diagnostic groups: SAD (n = 29); ADHD (n = 23); SAD and ADHD (n = 6); “other disorder” (n = 44) and “no disorder” (n = 48). Delays in language and motor development as reported by mother were also investigated. Verbal IQ and motor skills
were reduced and maternally reported delay was more frequent in the SAD group compared to the “other disorder” and “no disorder”
group. 相似文献