Pancreas divisum and pancreatitis: a coincidental association?

The aim of the present study is to assess the frequency of pancreas divisum and the features of patients with pancreas divisum in order to assess the role of this anomaly in the occurrence of pancreatitis. A total of 1049 endoscopic retrograde pancreatographies were studied between 1978 and 1988. Patients with pancreas divisum were studied in terms of their clinical findings and their disease (pancreatitis or not). Pancreas divisum was diagnosed in 62 patients (5.9%). No statistical differences with regard to age and sex were found between patients with and without pancreas divisum. The frequency of pancreas divisum was similar in the different groups of disease, especially chronic pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis, recurrent pancreatitis and idiopathic pancreatitis. The study of pancreatograms showed that dorsal ductal abnormalities alone were found as frequently as ventral alterations alone. Our results show that pancreas divisum cannot be directly implicated in the occurrence of pancreatitis, and should not prompt a systematic sphincterotomy of the accessory papilla. This treatment should only be considered in the rare cases of acute recurrent idiopathic pancreatitis with dorsal ductal dilatation and stenosis of the accessory papilla.     

Isolated ventral pancreatitis in an alcoholic with pancreas divisum

An alcoholic with no history of clinical pancreatitis was found to have pancreas divisum and marked changes of chronic pancreatitis isolated to the ventral pancreas. Pancreas divisum has been suggested to cause recurrent pancreatitis in some patients. Gross and histologic changes of pancreatitis in only the dorsal pancreas of surgically resected specimens from patients with pancreas divisum is thought to support the concept that obstruction at the minor papilla produces dorsal pancreatitis. Alternative explanations for the occurrence of segmental pancreatitis and the possible synergistic role of ethanol and bile are reviewed.     

Rare variant of pancreaticobiliary maljunction associated with pancreas divisum in a child diagnosed and treated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: A case report

BACKGROUND Pancreaticobiliary maljunction(PBM) is an uncommon congenital anomaly of the pancreatic and biliary ductal system, defined as a union of the pancreatic and biliary ducts located outside the duodenal wall. According to the Komi classification of PBM, the common bile duct(CBD) directly fuses with the ventral pancreatic duct in all types. Pancreas divisum(PD) occurs when the ventral and dorsal ducts of the embryonic pancreas fail to fuse during the second month of fetal development. The coexistence of PBM and PD is an infrequent condition.Here, we report an unusual variant of PBM associated with PD in a pediatric patient, in whom an anomalous communication existed between the CBD and dorsal pancreatic duct.CASE SUMMARY A boy aged 4 years and 2 mo was hospitalized for abdominal pain with nausea and jaundice for 5 d. Abdominal ultrasound showed cholecystitis with cholestasis in the gallbladder, dilated middle-upper CBD, and a strong echo in the lower CBD, indicating biliary stones. The diagnosis was extrahepatic biliary obstruction caused by biliary stones, which is an indication for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP). ERCP was performed to remove biliary stones. During the ERCP, we found a rare communication between the CBD and dorsal pancreatic duct. After clearing the CBD with a balloon, an 8.5 Fr 4-cm pigtail plastic pancreatic stent was placed in the biliary duct through the major papilla. Six months later, his biliary stent was removed after he had no symptoms and normal laboratory tests. In the following 4-year period, the child grew up normally with no more attacks of abdominal pain.CONCLUSION We consider that ERCP is effective and safe in pediatric patients with PBM combined with PD, and can be the initial therapy to manage such cases,especially when it is combined with aberrant communication between the CBD and dorsal pancreatic duct.     

Double plastic stent implantation for recurrent acute pancreatitis with incomplete pancreas divisum: a case report and literature review

Pancreas divisum (PD) is a common pancreatic malformation caused by the failure of fusion between ventral and dorsal pancreatic ducts. There is a small branch of communication between the two systems in incomplete PD, and this variation has an incidence of 15%. A 43-year-old female patient presented to our department with recurrent abdominal pain. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) showed that the ventral pancreatic duct was curved, with a local pouchlike dilatation. Endoscopic ultrasonography supported the diagnosis of incomplete PD and showed a thin branch of communication between ventral and dorsal pancreatic ducts. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and papillotomy of the minor papilla with double plastic stent implantation were performed. One pancreatic plastic stent was inserted across the minor and major papilla over the guide wire, creating a U-shape. The other wire-guided plastic stent was inserted through the minor papilla into the dorsal pancreatic duct. The pancreatic fluid drained smoothly after stent placement. During the 6-month follow-up, the patient remained well, without recurrence of pancreatitis.     

高频超声诊断乳腺导管内癌

目的 探讨乳腺导管内癌的高频超声声像图特征,旨在提高诊断及鉴别诊断导管内良、恶性肿瘤的准确性。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的25例乳腺导管内癌高频超声声像图表现。结果 乳腺导管内癌分为三型:导管增宽型(9例)、实质团块型(12例)、囊实混合型(4例)。结论 乳腺高频彩超是诊断乳腺导管内癌有效的检查手段,但当肿块为实质团块型及混合性肿块型时误诊率较高。     

An impacted pancreatic stone in the papilla induced acute obstructive cholangitis in a patient with chronic pancreatitis

Obstructive jaundice is very rarely caused by impaction of a pancreatic stone in the papilla. We report here on a case of obstructive jaundice with acute cholangitis that was caused by an impacted pancreatic stone in the papilla in a patient with chronic pancreatitis. A 48-year-old man presented with acute obstructive cholangitis. Abdominal computed tomography with the reconstructed image revealed distal biliary obstruction that was caused by a pancreatic stone in the pancreatic head, and there was also pancreatic ductal dilatation and parenchymal atrophy of the pancreatic body and tail with multiple calcifications. Emergency duodenoscopy revealed an impacted pancreatic stone in the papilla. Precut papillotomy using a needle knife was performed, followed by removal of the pancreatic stone using grasping forceps. After additional sphincterotomy, a large amount of dark-greenish bile juice gushed out. The patient rapidly improved and he has remained well.     

Evaluation of biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma

Biliary cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas are among the rare neoplasms of the biliary ductal system. This article presents 3 adult patients in whom such large multiloculated biliary tumors were diagnosed. The characteristic features noted on ultrasonography, computed tomography, and angiography of the liver are illustrated and the literature is reviewed.     

Stenting in severe chronic pancreatitis: results of medium-term follow-up in seventy-six patients

Between January 1985 and September 1989, 75 patients presenting with severe chronic pancreatitis with distal stricture and upstream dilatation underwent stenting of the main pancreatic duct (MPD) through the major papilla (n = 54) or minor papilla (n = 21) in order to drain the predominant duct through a 10 F plastic prosthesis. All patients had undergone biliary and pancreatic sphincterotomy with a few cases of complications, and the majority (84%) also ESWL in the period from October 1987 onwards without complications. Relief of pain (94%) occurred parallel to a decrease in the MPD diameter. In a mean follow-up period of 37 months improvement of the nutrition status and relief of pain was seen. Clogging of these large plastic stents was treated by replacement or by another endoscopic or surgical procedure. Complications were treated endoscopically. Further measures necessary due to failure of stenting consisted of laterolateral pancreatico-jejunostomy in 15% of patients and placement of self-expanding 18 F metal mesh stents in 29%. There was no mortality due to surgery. It is concluded that stenting of distal strictures in the MPD can lead to rapid resolution of pancreatic pain due to ductal hypertension and is the best means for determining the cause of pain, providing an alternative to surgery. Significant improvement of a stricture by prolonged stenting is however unusual, and such patients treated endoscopically require close follow-up with stent replacement approximately once a year.     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography inEchinococcus (hydatid) cysts of the liver

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopan-creatography (ERCP) was carried out on 19 patients with hydatid cyst of the liver, either before or after operation. Cholangiographic findings included biliary tract obstruction in 8 cases, intrinsic compression in 4 cases, laminated membranes or daughter cysts in the biliary tree in 3 cases, perforation into the biliary tract in 2 cases, stricture in the biliary ductal system in 1 case, and biliary fistula in the remaining case. Biliary tract obstruction was secondary to chemical cholangitis by formalin in 2 patients.ERCP is a useful procedure in patients with suspected intrabiliary rupture or when symptoms occur after surgical removal of the cyst.     

Problems in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Diagnostic problems occurred in five out of 55 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography who subsequently proved to have carcinoma of the pancreas. In one patient the pancreatic duct was normal, two had non-specific ductal abnormalities, one had pancreas divisum, and one had ductal ectasia. Two patients with non-specific changes on retrograde pancreatography had evidence of tumor on their retrograde cholangiogram. Two patients had ductal obstruction simulating pancreatic cancer, in one due to compression by the thoracic spine, in the other by inflammatory changes.     

Diagnostic retrospective in pancreaticobiliary imaging: Ultrasound and ERCP

Seventy-three patients underwent both endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and ultrasound examinations over a 2 1/4-year period. The results of both examinations are compared and evaluated. Ultrasound was found to be more sensitive for gallbladder disease and also was able to reveal abnormalities outside of the pancreaticobiliary system. ERCP was best for ductal abnormalities because dilatation was unnecessary for visualization by this method.     

Santorinicele in pancreas divisum: diagnosis with secretin-stimulated magnetic resonance pancreatography

A Santorinicele, or cystic dilatation of the dorsal pancreatic duct at the minor papilla, is seen in a small number of patients with pancreas divisum and may indicate obstruction at the minor papilla, a risk factor for pancreatitis. We present a case of a Santorinicele that was diagnosed with secretin-stimulated magnetic resonance pancreatography and treated with minor papillotomy. Received: 13 July 2000/Accepted: 23 August 2000     

腹腔内补片修补法与肌后修补法治疗腹壁切口疝的临床疗效

目的探讨复合补片治疗腹壁切口疝的疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2010年12月间16例腹壁切口疝患者的临床资料。结果应用BARD Composix E/X补片做腹腔内和肌后修补术总共16例,其中腹腔内修补法9例,肌后修补法7例。随访6～42个月,无1例复发,无切口感染、血肿、肠梗阻、肠瘘等严重并发症。结论应用双层复合补片的腹腔内补片修补法与肌后修补法是一种安全、有效的治疗腹壁切口疝的方法。     

乳腺腺病与乳腺导管癌的MRI鉴别诊断及病理对照研究

目的探讨乳腺腺病与乳腺导管癌的动态增强磁共振成像(dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging,DCE-MRI)、扩散加权成像(diffusion weight imaging,DWI)鉴别诊断特征,及其与病理表现相关性。材料与方法回顾性收集分析经病理证实的105例乳腺腺病、78例乳腺导管癌患者的MRI资料。所有患者术前均行乳腺DWI、DCE-MRI扫描。分析两组患者的MRI表现特点及其与病理表现的相关性,采用χ~2检验比较两组的临床资料、病灶位置、大小、形态、时间-信号强度曲线(time-signal intensity curve,TIC)及强化方式等特征;采用单因素方差分析比较两组患者的表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值。结果 105例乳腺腺病呈肿块样强化(mass-like enhancement,MLE)50例,非肿块样强化(nonmass-like enhancement,NMLE)55例;78例乳腺导管癌中MLE52例,NMLE26例。腺病组MLE病变形态大多形态规则(37/50,74%)、边缘清晰(35/50,70%),两组MLE病变的强化方式、TIC类型的差异均有统计学意义(χ~2值分别为14.169和13.955,P均0.01);两组MLE病变的ADC值分别为(131.63±21.8)×10~(-3) mm~2/s、(104.21±18.54)×10~(-3) mm~2/s,两者的差异有明显统计学意义(F=52.167,P0.01);两组NMLE病变强化方式多样,其差异有统计学意义(χ~2值分别为4.478,P均0.05)。两组NMLE病变的ADC值分别为(136.23±14.8)×10~(-3) mm~2/s、(102.51±16.44)×10~(-3) mm~2/s,两者的差异有明显统计学意义(F=49.167,P0.01)。结论乳腺腺病的MRI表现具有一定的特征性,MLE病变多呈良性病变特点,NMLE病变形态与恶性病变相似,动态增强结合DWI有助于其与乳腺导管癌的鉴别诊断;乳腺腺病的间质纤维化可能是造成恶性征象出现的原因。     

Blunt pancreatic trauma: prospective evaluation of early endoscopic retrograde pancreatography

Major ductal injury is a determining factor in the outcome after pancreatic trauma. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of early endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) in patients with blunt pancreatic trauma. We attempted ERP in nine patients. Indications were abnormal pancreatic findings on CT scanning in five patients, a suboptimal view on CT scanning in three patients, and a high index of suspicion in one patient. ERP was successful in eight patients. Two had major ductal injury treated operatively and were discharged without complications. In six, ERP showed a normal pancreatic duct. These patients were treated conservatively; five were eventually discharged, and one died of necrotizing pneumonia. Our results suggest that ERP is safe and accurate in the diagnosis of blunt pancreatic ductal injuries. If the pancreatic ductal system is intact, conservative management is appropriate, but if ERP shows major ductal injury, surgical intervention is indicated.     

乳腺癌及前驱病变肿瘤分子标记物联合动态监测的研究与临床应用

目的：探讨乳腺癌及前驱病变肿瘤分子标记物联合动态监测的临床意义。方法：对100例乳腺癌、104例癌前病变（28例导管非典型增生ADH、31例低级别原位癌LG-DCIS、45例高级别原位癌HG-DCIS）患者采用化学发光法检测血清CA15-3、TPS、CA125的水平,化学显色法检测TSGF;ELISA法检测OPN分子标记物水平,并与30例正常乳腺组对照,结合ER、PR、c-erbB-2、Ki-67等临床病理因素统计分析。结果：与癌前病变组、正常乳腺对照组比较,乳腺浸润性导管癌分子标记物差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;与LG-DCIS、ADH及正常对照组比较,HG-DCIS血清CAl5-3、TSGF水平差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;LG-DCIS与ADH、正常对照组肿瘤标记物血清水平降低,但组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。血清肿瘤标记物水平与肿瘤大小（1cm为界）、患者年龄（50岁为界）、肿瘤部位、灶数（单灶、多灶）无关（P〉0．05）;与ER、PR、c-erbB-2、Ki-67差异相关,ER、PR阳性程度高,肿瘤标志物低负相关（P〈0．05）;c-erbB-2、Ki-67（20％为界）高则肿瘤标志物高正相关（P〈0．05）;淋巴结转移组与无转移组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。与各单项检测相比,联合检测敏感性、准确性、阴性预测值明显提高,P〈0．05。结论：CA15-3、TPS、CA125、TSGF、OPN是乳腺导管癌诊断和监控转移的较好指标,对乳腺高级别粉刺型原位癌诊断和治疗、随访有-定价值,但对癌前病变诊断无特异性。     

HER2在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的表达及意义

目的:观察人类表皮生长因子2(简称HER2)在乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中的表达,探讨HER2表达与其淋巴结转移的关系及意义。方法:采用免疫组织化学技术检测15例正常乳腺组织和60例原发性乳腺浸润性导管癌中HER2基因的表达。结果:乳腺浸润性导管癌组织HER2表达总阳性率为67%,有淋巴结转移者其阳性率(65.22%)明显高于无淋巴结转移者(35.14%)(P<0.05);uPAR阳性的癌组织中HER2表达阳性率显著升高[(84.21±36.36)%,P<0.05],uPAR与HER2之间的表达高度相关。结论:HER2蛋白在乳腺浸润性导管癌中高度表达,且其过度表达与乳腺浸润性导管癌淋巴结转移有关。     

高频彩色多普勒超声在诊断乳腺导管内乳头状瘤中的应用

目的 探讨高频多普勒超声对乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的诊断价值以及与其他相关疾病的鉴别诊断.方法 回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的112例乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的高频多普勒超声的声像图特征,并对其误诊病例的声像图特征、误诊原因进行分析.结果 112例乳腺导管内乳头状瘤,有1例超声提示无异常发现,其余111例根据声像图特征分为5种类型....     

胰腺解剖变异和脂肪沉积的MRI表现

胰腺实质和胰管系统是由胚胎早期的两部分组织在旋转后融合而成,在其旋转和融合的过程中可能形成各种解剖变异。胰腺生理性改变指随年龄增长,胰腺体积减小和实质组织逐渐被脂肪取代的现象。目前MRI检查在评价胰腺疾病方面的应用已很普遍。认识胰腺的解剖变异和脂肪沉积有助于在临床工作中合理解释各种MR影像所见,为准确诊断胰腺疾病奠定基础。     

内镜下乳头括约肌小中切开术联合球囊扩张术治疗肝外胆管结石的探讨

目的探讨内镜下乳头括约肌小中切开术(SMEST)联合球囊扩张术(EPBD)治疗肝外胆管结石的有效性和安全性。方法入选的181例肝外胆管结石患者,特殊十二指肠乳头38例(憩室内乳头14例、憩室旁乳头17例、细小乳头7例)、正常十二指肠乳头143例,前者行乳头括约肌小切开术(SEST)联合EPBD取石、碎石,后者行乳头括约肌中切开术(MEST)联合EPBD取石、碎石。结果 SMEST联合EPBD治疗181例,最大结石≥10 mm而15 mm的患者136例、最大结石≥15 mm而25 mm的患者45例,前者采用取石网篮直接取石成功115例、不成功21例,这21例患者行碎石后取石均一次成功,后者先碎石后取石,一次成功31例、二次成功14例,所有181例患者取石均获成功,成功率为100.00%。181例患者中,并发轻症急性胰腺炎8例(4.42%,8/181)、出血9例(4.97%,9/181)、穿孔0例,近期三大并发症发生率为9.93%(17/181),经内科治疗均治愈。结论 SMEST联合EPBD治疗肝外胆管结石安全、有效,且保留了十二指肠乳头括约肌功能,对于特殊十二指肠乳头患者尤为适用。