自噬在HBV及相关肝脏疾病中的双重作用

自噬是一种溶酶体降解过程,其在疾病的发生发展中具有双重作用,即自噬促进细胞存活,又可诱导细胞死亡。简述了自噬在HBV、慢性乙型肝炎、肝纤维化及肝细胞癌中的双重作用,以及自噬在相关肝脏疾病中的作用机制。提出了细胞自噬可能是未来HBV相关肝病治疗的研究方向,为肝纤维化和肝细胞癌的治疗提供了新思路。     

细胞自噬在肝脏疾病中的作用

近年来,越来越多的证据表明细胞自噬在慢性肝炎病毒感染、酒精性肝病、脂肪肝等各种类型的肝脏疾病的发生发展中起到重要作用,成为关注和研究的新焦点。自噬是指细胞利用溶酶体大范围降解长寿命蛋白质、大分子物质、核糖体及受损细胞器的过程。简述了各种肝脏疾病与细胞自噬的关系,认为探索细胞自噬在肝病机制中所扮演的角色,将可能成为治疗肝脏疾病的一个新靶点。     

细胞自噬在急性肝损伤中的变化及作用

正近年来,细胞自噬已成为热点研究领域,而细胞自噬在肝脏疾病中的作用也越来越受到重视,抑制或促进自噬可能成为一个新的治疗靶点,本文就细胞自噬在急性肝损伤中的变化及作用作一综述。1细胞自噬的概述细胞自噬(autophagy)是存在于真核细胞内的一种溶酶体依赖的降解途径,形成过程包括膜状结构包裹部分胞质和细胞内需降解的长寿蛋白质、受损的细胞器等形成     

自噬与肾脏疾病

自噬是由溶酶体介导的蛋白质和细胞器的降解过程,参与清除衰老的细胞器及破坏的蛋白质,维持细胞内环境稳定.自噬现象高度保守,几乎存在于所有物种,广泛作用于细胞生长、增生及肿瘤发生等过程.正常肾组织也存在基础自噬,近年有研究报道自噬异常可导致肾脏固有细胞损伤及多种肾脏疾病,人们已逐渐认识到自噬在肾脏疾病发生发展中的作用.本文就自噬及其在肾脏疾病中的相关研究加以综述,从而为相关疾病的机制研究及治疗提供新思路.     

细胞自噬在肝纤维化中的作用

细胞自噬是细胞内的一种代谢过程,通过细胞内的膜结构包裹部分胞质和细胞内需降解的细胞器、蛋白质等形成自噬小体,然后与溶酶体融合降解其所包裹内容物,其降解产物氨基酸、游离脂肪酸等可供细胞物质能量循环,细胞自噬在肝脏疾病的发生发展中有重要的作用,最近研究表明,细胞自噬可以通过降解脂滴为肝星状细胞的活化提供能量从而促进肝纤维化的发生。     

自噬在肝脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及研究进展

肝脏缺血再灌注损伤是肝脏外科常见的一种并发症,是导致术后肝功能障碍的重要原因.肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的发生机制十分复杂,涉及多种因素.自噬是真核细胞内的一种溶酶体依赖的降解途径,具有维持细胞内环境稳定的作用.自噬在肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的发生发展过程中发挥重要的作用,是目前的研究热点之一,但是其具体作用及机制仍有较大争议.本文就自噬在肝脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及其机制作一详尽综述.     

线粒体自噬在COPD发病机制中作用的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是最常见的呼吸系统疾病之一.自噬是内质网膜包裹并降解异常蛋白质和细胞器的细胞途径,对维持细胞正常生理功能至关重要.线粒体是细胞中最重要的细胞器,主要参与能量生成和氧化还原反应等重要细胞过程.线粒体自噬是一种选择性清除损伤线粒体的自噬过程,是维持线粒体功能和数量正常的重要途径.越来越多的研究发现,线粒体自噬在COPD的病理生理过程中发挥着重要作用,故本文将线粒体自噬在COPD发病机制中的作用进行综述.     

细胞自噬在支气管哮喘中的研究进展与展望

自噬是一种溶酶体降解途径,它对于细胞的生存、分化、发展及内环境的稳定起到重要作用.近年来备受关注,但国内外对细胞自噬的研究多集中在肿瘤、神经肌肉、以及免疫系统疾病的研究,少有其在支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)的研究,本文主要对近几年细胞自噬在肺部疾病及哮喘中的研究进展进行综述,从遗传多态性,免疫应答,气道重塑及纤维化三方面,探讨自噬在哮喘发病过程中可能的机制.     

自噬在胆管癌中的相关研究进展

自噬是细胞利用溶酶体降解细胞质异常蛋白质及受损细胞器等以重新利用胞内的降解物质、降解胞内有害物质的过程,以维持细胞内环境稳定.正常情况下,自噬维持在较低水平,但当细胞处在不利因素条件下时,自身自噬也会被激活应对不利因素.自噬参与许多生理和病理过程,如细胞老化、细菌入侵、神经退行性疾病、细胞凋亡以及肿瘤的发生发展.自噬与包括胆管癌在内的多种肿瘤的发生、发展、转移、复发、耐药等方面有着重要作用,但自噬在这些方面的详细机制仍不清楚.探讨分析自噬在胆管癌中的发生、发展中的作用机制和调控途径,具有重要的意义和应用价值.本文对自噬在胆管癌中的研究进展进行综述.     

自噬与脂肪性肝病

自噬（ autophagy）是真核细胞所特有的生命现象,是细胞利用溶酶体降解自身受损的细胞器如线粒体和大分子物质的过程,自噬参与细胞废物的清除、结构的重建、生长与分化,是细胞对不良刺激的一种生存防御机制。近年来,自噬与肝脏疾病的关系已成为医学研究的热点,自噬与肝脏缺血性疾病、肝脏肿瘤的发生、发展,以及与某些先天代谢性肝脏疾病都有着密不可分的关系［1］。同时,自噬在脂肪性肝病的发生发展中也起到了举足轻重的作用。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.