An epidemiologic study of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infection in Japan based on type-specific serological assays.

A seroepidemiologic study of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) was performed on Japanese adults. Serum samples collected between 1985-9 from a total of 536 healthy adults, female prostitutes, males with sexually transmitted diseases (STD), homosexual men, and pregnant women were studied by immunodot assays using HSV type-specific antigens, glycoproteins G (gG1 and gG2). HSV-1 infections correlated mostly with age and was widely prevalent among subjects < 40 years. HSV-2 prevalence varied greatly among subgroups defined by sexual activity and was associated with risk behaviours for prostitution, infection with STD, and homosexual activity. HSV-2 seroprevalence was highest among prostitutes (80%), lowest among pregnant women (7%), and intermediate in STD patients (23%) and homosexuals (24%). Because HSV-1 infection during childhood has been decreasing, primary genital HSV-2 infection, with its higher frequency of clinical manifestations, will become a greater burden to the public health in Japan.     

Prevalence of and risk factors for HIV infection in blood donors and various population subgroups in Ethiopia

The aim was to determine the prevalence of HIV infection and risk factors for HIV infection in various population subgroups in Ethiopia. Serum panels from blood donors (n = 2610), from various population subgroups in Ethiopia were tested for anti-HIV-1/2 by ELISA. All ELISA repeatedly reactive samples were subjected for confirmation by immunoblot (IB) and anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-2 specific ELISAs. 155/2610 (5.9%) blood donors were HIV-1 infected. Of pregnant women, 84/797 (10.5%) were HIV-1 infected, and 1/797 (0.1%) was HIV-2 infected. 1/240 (0.4%) individuals from the rural population were HIV-1 infected. 198/480 (41.3%) female attendees, and 106/419 (25.3%) male attendees at sexual transmitted disease (STD) clinics were HIV-1 infected. One (0.2%) male, and 2 (0.4%) female STD patients were infected with both HIV-1 and HIV-2. It was concluded that the prevalence of HIV-1 infection varied from 0.4% among urban residents to 25.3-41.3% among STD attendees. There is a low prevalence of HIV-2 present in Ethiopian subjects. Risky sexual behaviour is significantly associated with HIV-infection in Ethiopia.     

1998～2002年娄底市性病哨点监测报告

目的 监测性乱人群、吸毒人员、献血员、孕妇4类人群性病感染变化，为政府制定预防性病政策提供依据。方法 采用哨点监测方法，对4类人群每年固定监测各500人，连续监测5年行为学和梅毒、淋病、尖锐湿疣、生殖器疱疹、衣原体和支原体感染尿道炎、HIV感染。结果 5年4类人群共检出6种性病1004例，平均感染率为10．0％，其中性乱人群6种性病总感染率为26．0％、吸毒人员6种性病总感染率为7．6％、孕妇6种性病总感染率为4．3％、献血员2种性病总感染率为2．3％。在2000年人群感染性病率达到高峰，同时病种构成出现变化。结论 孕妇性病感染、吸毒人群中存在的注射吸毒情况和病种构成的改变应引起有关部门的重视。哨点监测方法是一种比较适合于基层疾病监测的方法。     

Prevalence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women, and estimated rates of infection.

There has been a recent increase in notifications of genital herpes but it is not known whether this has been reflected in the pregnant population. We have therefore carried out a study to determine the prevalence of herpes simplex antibodies in pregnant women and to estimate the incidence of primary infection. Sera were collected from 3533 women at antenatal clinics and tested for total antibodies to herpes simples virus (HSV), and if positive, for specific antibodies to HSV-2. Estimates of HSV-1 seroprevalence were derived from the HSV-2 seronegative population. HSV-1 seroprevalence was nearly 100% in black women born in Africa or the Caribbean and 60-80% in white, Asian and UK born black women. It was lower in women in non-manual employment. HSV-2 seroprevalence was related to age, rising from 0 at age 16 to 40% at age 35 in black women, and to about 10% in Asian and white women. The estimated incidence of primary HSV-2 infection during pregnancy, per 1000 pregnancies, was about 2.4 in Asian women, 5 in white women, and 20 in black women. Estimates of the incidence of neonatal infection were derived from these figures and compared to the nationally reported rates.     

上海市闵行区性病门诊病人生殖器疱疹患病率和2型单纯疱疹病毒感染率研究

目的了解上海市闵行区性病门诊病人生殖器疱疹临床患病率和2型单纯疱疹病毒（HSV-2）感染率及其影响因素。方法对2007年7—9月间前往闵行区所属3个规范化性病门诊就诊的患者进行问卷调查、生殖器疱疹临床诊断和HSV-2的血清学IgG抗体检测。结果 3个性病门诊共有291例就诊者,全部接受了调查,其中29例经临床诊断为生殖器疱疹,患病率为10.0%,男性为14.4%,女性为4.6%。HSV-2感染率为19.2%,男性为13.8%,女性为26.0%。经多因素Logistic回归分析显示,在女性、民工中,HSV-2感染率显著高于其他群体。HSV-2感染的临床漏诊率较高,女性较男性更容易漏诊。结论在性病门诊病人中,HSV-2感染率较高,临床漏诊率高,HSV-2抗体检测应作为性病门诊常规检测手段。     

Analysis of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 infection in women with high risk sexual behaviour in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: This paper describes the seroprevalence and risk factors of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in a group of female prostitutes from Mexico City. METHODS: Women who consented to participate in the study voluntarily attended a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic during 1992. A standardized questionnaire was administered and a blood sample was obtained from each participant. Type-specific Western blot serology was performed to determine the serostatus of HSV-1 and HSV-2 for participants. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were applied to identify variables associated with an increased risk for HSV infection. RESULTS: Prevalences of infection among the 997 prostitutes studied were 93.9% for HSV-1 and 60.8% for HSV-2. Only 1.8% of the women were seronegative for both viruses. The only variable associated with HSV-1 seropositivity was crowding index. The following variables were associated with an increased risk for infection with HSV-2: age, level of education, working site, born outside Mexico City and increasing time as a prostitute. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first assessment of HSV infection in Mexico and may be useful for the development and application of control and preventive measures among the prostitute population at risk of acquiring and transmitting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other STD.     

Prevalence and association between herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2-specific antibodies in attendees at a sexually transmitted disease clinic.

BACKGROUND: Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 was determined in 1993 and 1998 in a randomly selected study group of 1024 and 654 attendees, respectively, at the sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic of the University Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt, The Netherlands. Correlations of HSV-1 and HSV-2 seropositivity were investigated. The relationship between HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies was also studied. METHODS: Data were collected in a cross-sectional study from February 1993 until February 1994 and from January 1998 until December 1998. Glycoprotein G (gG) HSV type specific serum IgG was determined. RESULTS: Seroprevalence of HSV-1 was 68% versus 59% (1993 versus 1998, chi(2)-test P < 0.001), of HSV-2 it was 30% versus 22% (1993 versus 1998, chi(2)-test P < 0.001). Using logistic regression analyses, HSV-1 and HSV-2 seropositivity were significantly associated with age and ethnicity in both groups. In 1993, HSV-1 seropositivity also correlated with lower level of education and female gender, whereas in 1998 it correlated with 'number of sexual partners in the past 6 months' and 'present diagnosis of STD'. In both groups, HSV-2 seropositivity was also more prevalent in females and related to sexual lifestyle variables. In an exposure-disease model, HSV-1 seropositivity was not correlated with HSV-2 seropositivity (odds ratio 1993 = 1.1, 95% CI : 0.8--1.7; odds ratio in 1998 = 1.0, 95% CI : 0.5--1.8). CONCLUSIONS: Seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 is falling among STD clinic attendees in Rotterdam. A changing pattern of risk factors for HSV-1 seropositivity indicates increasing sexual transmission of HSV-1. Seropositivity for HSV-2 correlated with known risk factors. A previous HSV-1 infection does not reduce susceptibility to subsequent genital HSV-2 infections.     

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii specific immunoglobulin G antibodies among pregnant women in Norway.

During one year from June 1992 serum IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii among 35,940 pregnant women were measured in a cross-sectional study conducted in Norway. The overall prevalence was 10.9%. The lowest prevalences were detected in the north (6.7%) and in the inland counties (8.2%). A significantly higher prevalence was detected in the southern counties (13.4%) where a mild, coastal climate prevails. Women with foreign names had a higher prevalence (22.6%) than women with Norwegian names (10.0%). The high prevalence among women living in the capital city (Oslo) as compared to other cities and rural areas (13.2% vs. 10.1% and 10.2% respectively), was explained by the higher proportion of foreign women in Oslo. Prevalence significantly increased with age in women over 34 years old. This increase was only detected among women with Norwegian names. An increase in prevalence according to number of children was detected. Women without children had a prevalence of 8.8% while women with three children or more had a prevalence of 14.9%. Multivariate analyses showed that being seropositive was independently associated with county of residence, age, nationality and number of children.     

1989～2003年云南省艾滋病流行态势分析

目的　了解云南省不同地区和不同人群艾滋病流行特点和变化趋势。方法　 1989～2 0 0 3年对注射吸毒人群、女性性工作者、嫖客、性病患者、结核病患者、孕妇、献血员采用哨点监测、专题调查和常规资料收集等方法进行血清学流行病学调查。结果　 1989年首先在边境注射吸毒人群中发现较高水平的艾滋病流行 ,截止到 2 0 0 3年 12月 ,全省共发现人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV)感染者 14 90 5例 ,分布于全省 16个地州的 12 1个县 (市 ) ;注射吸毒人群HIV感染率为 2 1 2 %～ 2 7 8% ,6个地区注射吸毒人群HIV感染率超过 4 0 % ;女性性工作者、嫖客HIV感染率分别为 1 2 3%～ 6 6 7%和 0 3%～1 8% ;男性性病患者HIV感染率为 2 1%～ 2 7% ,个别地区达 10 8% ;孕妇HIV感染率 1993～ 2 0 0 2年为 0 14 %～ 0 2 5 % ,2 0 0 3年上升到 0 37% ;结核病患者的HIV感染率为 1 5 %～ 1 6 % ;1999～ 2 0 0 0年献血员的HIV感染率为 0 0 1% ,2 0 0 3年上升到 0 0 7%。结论　云南省艾滋病流行始于 2 0世纪 80年代后期 ,经注射吸毒人群从边境地区向内地传播 ,注射吸毒人群感染率维持在较高水平 ,性传播途径呈上升趋势 ,并在一般人群中呈现低水平流行 ,局部地区进入广泛流行阶段。     

上海市静安区性病门诊50岁以上男性就诊者HSV-2感染率及其影响因素研究

目的调查研究上海市静安区50岁及以上男性性病门诊患者2型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-2)感染率及其影响因素。方法连续入选2011年3—9月首次到华山医院及其分院静安区中心医院性病门诊50岁及以上男性就诊者作为研究对象,在其知情同意的情况下进行问卷调查,并采集血液标本进行HSV-2 IgG抗体和人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)抗体检测。结果共157人首次前来就诊并知情同意接受本调查,平均年龄(60.1±7.7)岁。HIV阳性1人(0.6%),HSV-2阳性52人(33.1%)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示:婚姻状况(OR=0.27,95%CI:0.10～0.73)、文化程度(小学及以下OR=0.23,95%CI:0.07～0.77;初中OR=0.47,95%CI:0.21～1.04)、是否退休(OR=2.68,95%CI:1.23～5.85)以及有无子女(OR=0.08,95%CI:0.01～0.88)是50岁及以上男性HSV-2感染的影响因素。结论上海市静安区50岁及以上性病门诊男性就诊者中HSV-2感染率高,有必要加强该人群HSV-2防治工作。     

Hepatitis E virus infection in Albania

Acute HEV in Albania make up 35.7% of acute non A-non B hepatitis and 2.4% of all acute viral hepatitis cases, affecting women more with a 2:1 ratio, and are described more frequently in adults (73.3%) older than 35 years. In the general population (control group), the prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies increases progressively with age, from 1.2% in the younger than 9 years, to 17.7% among the over 60, in general the average is of 9.7%. A statistical comparison of anti-HEV antibodies in healthy persons younger than 20, and those 20 years old and over is significant (p < 0.0001). HEV transmission by blood transfusion, mentioned by some authors, could be related to the infection of blood donors. We have not found any positive cases in thalassemic children who received between 24 and 169 transfusions. The prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in pregnant women is lower than in the general population (p < 0.0001). In patients with chronic liver disease, in comparison with the general population (control group), there is no statistical significant difference (p = NS).     

四类重点人群HIV、梅毒、肝炎感染状况调查

目的了解中小工业城市重点人群HIV、梅毒和肝炎的感染现状。方法现场调查采用哨点监测的方法，血清检测应用ELISA法，检测了256名有偿供血者、266名性病门诊患者、271名孕妇、228名吸毒者的HIV抗体、梅毒抗体、抗-HCV和乙肝HBsAg。结果吸毒者检出1例HIV抗体阳性，阳性检出率为0．43％，吸毒者丙型肝炎的感染率为83.87％，与有偿供血者（5.86％）、性病门诊患者（2．26％）和孕妇（1．11％）相比较均有统计学意义，有偿供血者丙型肝炎感染率与除吸毒人群外的其他两类人群比较也有统计学意义。经多因素logistic回归分析发现性病门诊患者梅毒感染率与性别、年龄、婚外性伴数呈正相关。结论性病门诊患者和吸毒人群梅毒感染率、吸毒人群和有偿供血者丙型肝炎感染率较高，性病门诊患者和吸毒人群存在感染HIV／性病的危险因素。应加强上述重点人群的监测和管理，防止艾滋病等疾病的流行。     

Prevalence of hepatitis B, D and C virus infections among children and pregnant women in Moldova: additional evidence supporting the need for routine hepatitis B vaccination of infants

Rates of acute hepatitis B are high in Moldova, but the prevalence of chronic infection is unknown. In 1994, we surveyed children and pregnant women, collected demographic information, and drew blood for laboratory testing. Among the 439 children (mean age, 5 years), the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were 17.1 and 6.8%, respectively. Among the 1098 pregnant women (mean age, 26 years), 52.4% were anti-HBc-positive and 9.7% were HBsAg-positive. Of the HBsAg-positive pregnant women, 35.6% were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive and 18.3% had antibodies to hepatitis D virus. The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus was 1.4% in children and 2.3% in pregnant women. The high HBeAg prevalence among HBsAg-positive pregnant women and the high anti-HBc prevalence among children indicate that both perinatal and early childhood transmission contribute to the high hepatitis B virus endemicity in Moldova.     

不同人群HCV感染状况及传播途径的研究

应用第二代抗ＨＣＶ ＥＬＩＳＡ试剂对我国中南地区部分人群 ＨＣＶ感染状况进行了血清学调查，同时对ＨＣＶ感染的传播途径进行了研究。结果表明：１．ＨＣＶ感染率在不同人群中检出不一，凡与血液接触频繁的人群感染率较高，如恶性肿瘤患者（９．９％），献血（浆）员（１２．２５％），血液病患者（２４．３％），血液透析者（３７．２％），药瘾者（６０．５％）。无明显血液接触史者则较低，如性错乱者（４．９％），医务人员（０．３３％）及健康孕妇（０．２４％）。２．经血传播是我国ＨＣＶ传播的主要途径。除频繁接触血液者ＨＣＶ感染率高以外，血液制品中丙球制剂抗 ＨＣＶ检出率为 １００％，ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ阳性率为 ３１． ９％，其余制剂中虽然抗 ＨＣＶ检出率极低，但 ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ阳性率仍达 ７． ９４％。提示应用被污染的血液制品也存在传播 ＨＣＶ的潜在危险。 ３．性接触和日常生活密切接触有可能传播ＨＣＶ，但机率较低。 ４． ＨＣＶ的家庭内聚集性感染的危险性远低于ＨＢＶ。 ５．职业性暴露感染 ＨＣＶ的危险性亦较低。 上述研究结果为阐明我国 ＨＣＶ感染流行规律及制订ＨＣＶ感染防治措施提供了客观依据。     

Women, drugs and HIV/AIDS: results of a multicentre European study

BACKGROUND: In the light of rising human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence rates amongst women in Western Europe, a multicentred, cross-sectional study was undertaken to explore the multitude of possible factors associated with HIV in a population of female injecting drug users (IDU). METHODS: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 1198 female IDU recruited from a variety of settings in Paris, Madrid, Rome, London and Berlin. Their HIV status was determined from antibody testing of blood or saliva samples or from written confirmation of HIV test results from a physician. A hierarchical logistic regression model was used to identify direct and indirect associations between socioeconomic factors, marginalization and risk behaviour with HIV prevalence. RESULTS: The HIV prevalence in the sample of female IDU was 27.8% (range: 1.4% in London and 52.6% in Madrid). Factors independently associated with HIV prevalence in the regression analysis included: age >25 years (OR = 2.0-2.9), left full-time education before age 14 (OR = 2.4), no fixed address (OR = 2.2), previous imprisonment (OR = 1.4), commercial sex (OR = 1.3), having a regular HIV positive sexual partner (OR = 6.6), ever shared needles (OR = 1.5) and any sexually transmitted disease (STD) infection in the last year (OR = 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: The sexual behaviour and partners of female IDU in Western Europe are as important a component in explaining the HIV epidemic in this population as other risk factors, including high-risk drug taking behaviour. Homeless IDU women may be an important residual risk group warranting future preventive interventions and women with a history of STD should be a particular target for health education. Differences in HIV prevalence across cities are very large and may be related to differences in harm reduction policies.     

中国1995-2009年艾滋病哨点监测主要人群艾滋病病毒感染流行趋势分析

目的 分析中国吸毒者、暗娼、性病门诊就诊者、男男性行为者、孕产妇5类人群的艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染流行趋势,为艾滋病综合防治和科学干预提供信息和依据.方法 1995-2009年,在哨点监测期内以重复横断面调查的方法对吸毒者、暗娼、性病门诊就诊者、男男性行为者、孕产妇5类人群进行监测(采血及问卷调查).结果 吸毒人群HIV抗体阳性检出率(中位数)在疫情较重省份从1996年开始呈快速上升,1999-2000年达到高点(19.2%),2001-2003年逐步下降,2004年后趋于平稳状态;在疫情居中省份从2001年开始呈小幅上升,2004年达到相对高点(2.9%)后趋于平稳,近两年又呈小幅下降趋势;在疫情较轻省份一直处于低水平.暗娼人群HIV抗体阳性检出率(中位数)在疫情较重省份从1999年开始小幅上升并达到高点(1.5%),之后下降并维持在较低水平;在疫情居中省份和较轻省份一直处于低水平.性病门诊就诊人群HIV抗体阳性检出率(中位数)一直维持在较低水平,低于0.7%.男男性行为人群HIV抗体阳性检出率近两年均大于1%,部分哨点大于10%,且呈快速上升趋势,成为近年来推动艾滋病疫情发展的重要原因之一.孕产妇人群HIV抗体阳性检出率(中位数)在疫情较重省份从1997年开始呈缓慢上升,之后趋于平稳状态(0.3%);在疫情居中省份和较轻省份一直处于低水平.结论 男男性行为人群HIV抗体阳性检出率呈上升趋势;吸毒者、暗娼、性病门诊就诊者、孕产妇人群的HIV抗体阳性检出率都趋于相对平稳状态.吸毒人群疫情仍集中在疫情较重的6个省份.暗娼和性病门诊就诊人群疫情总体仍处于较低水平,但流行范围在不断扩大.

Abstract：

Objective To effectively monitor the time trend of HIV prevalence and epidemic among injecting drug users ( IDUs ), female sex workers (FSWs), sexually transmitted disease (STD)clinic attendants, men who have sex with men (MSM) and pregnant women etc., to provide information for evaluation on strategies regarding comprehensive HIV prevention and effectiveness of intervention, in China. Methods Cross-sectional studies had been repeatedly conducted on sentinel surveillance program with uniformed questionnaire and collection of venous blood specimen among IDUs, FSWs, STD clinic attendants, MSM and pregnant women, from 1995 to 2009. Results HIV prevalence (median) among IDUs had been increasing rapidly since 1996, reaching the plateau (19.2%) in 1999-2000, then gradually decreasing in 2001-2003, and leveling off since 2004 in those relatively hard-hit epidemic provinces. HIV prevalence among drug users had increased a bit since 2001, achieving high level (2.9%) in 2004 before leveling off, showing a slight downward trend in the past two years among the medially-hit epidemic provinces, while it maintained at a low level in those low epidemic provinces. HIV prevalence (median) among FSWs had been slightly increasing,reaching a high level ( 1.5% ) in 1999, then decreased and maintained at a low level in relatively hard-hit provinces. HIV prevalence among FSWs maintained at a low level in medially-hit and low epidemic provinces. HIV prevalence(median) among STD clinic attendants had been maintained at a lower level, lower than 0.7%. HIV prevalence among MSM had been consistently greater than 1%, and was increasing year by year, becoming one of the most important drivers of the HIV/AIDS epidemic over the past years. HIV prevalence (median) among pregnant women had slightly been increasing since 1997, then leveling off over the past years in those relatively hard-hit provinces (0.3%). HIV prevalence among pregnant women had maintained at a low level in the medial and low epidemic provinces. Conclusion Data from sentinel surveillance programs showed a leveling-off situation on HIV prevalence rates among IDUs, FSWs, sexually transmitted infections clinic patients and pregnant women. However, HIV prevalence among MSM had increased significantly since 2005, indicating the high speed of transmission among this population. Epidemic among IDUs had still been concentrated in those relatively hard-hit epidemic provinces. As for FSWs and STD patients, the overall epidemic remained at low level, but the areas of epidemic kept expanding.     

性传播疾病患者单纯疱疹病毒2型检测结果分析

目的了解性传播疾病(sexually transmitted disease,STD)患者单纯疱疹病毒2型(herpes simples virus type 2,HSV-2)的感染情况,为STD的临床诊治提供依据。方法 2010年1月—2011年12月选择临床确诊的STD患者486例作为观察组,随机选择同期门诊就诊的非STD患者118例为对照组,分别采集血液标本,分离血清,ELISA法检测HSV-2 IgG抗体。结果观察组HSV-2 IgG抗体阳性率40.95%(199/486),对照组16.10%(19/118),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组不同性别SHV-2阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论患生殖器疱疹、尖锐湿疣、梅毒、念珠菌性龟头炎、阴道炎等的患者HSV-2感染率高,应将HSV-2感染检测纳入实验室常规项目,同时加强STD患者的健康教育,倡导安全性行为。     

Prevalence and incidence of, and risk factors for, HIV-1 infection among factory workers in Ethiopia, 1997-2001

The study was conducted to determine the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for HIV infection among factory workers at two sites in Ethiopia. During February 1997-December 2001, a structured questionnaire was used for obtaining information on sociodemographics, sexual behaviour, and reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs) from a cohort of 1679 individuals. Serum samples were screened for antibodies against HIV, Treponema pallidum haemaglutination (TPHA), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). The overall baseline prevalence of HIV was 9.4%-8.5% among males and 12.4% among females. For both the sexes, the factors independently associated with an increased risk of HIV infection were widowhood and having had antibodies against TPHA and HSV-2. The risk factors specific for males were being orthodox Christian, having had a higher lifetime number of sexual partners, and genital discharge in the past five years. The risk factors for females, included low income, one or more rape(s) over lifetime, and casual sex in the last year. The overall incidence of HIV infection was 0.4 per 100 person-years. The highest rate of incidence was observed among young women aged less than 30 years (1 per 100 person-years). The study confirmed that high-risk sexual behaviour and STIs play major roles in the spread of HIV infection in the Ethiopians of both the sexes, but the factors, such as rape and low economic status, make women more vulnerable than men.     

成都市孕妇及新生儿弓形虫感染的调查研究

调查成都市孕妇及其新生儿弓形虫感染各１２１１名。调查方法包括病史、体检和血清学检查。调查结果显示，孕妇和新生儿弓形虫ＩｇＧ抗体阳性率分别为３９．１４％和３２．１２％，ＩｇＭ抗体阳性率分别为４．２１％和０．９９％，成都地区弓形虫感染率较北方地区为高，新生儿先天性弓形虫感染与先天畸形间可能有一定关系（Ｐ＜０．０５，ＯＲ＝６．３２）。     

云南省某市女性性工作者阴道冲洗与性传播疾病的关系

目的了解云南省某市女性性工作者(FSWs)阴道冲洗情况以及艾滋病病毒(HIV)和各种性传播疾病(STD)的感染情况。方法招募FSWs调查其社会人口统计学、行为学、HIV／AIDS知识以及生殖健康状况,采集静脉血进行HIV、单纯疱疹病毒2型(HSV-2)和梅毒血清学检测,采集尿液、宫颈分泌物和阴道分泌物标本进行尿吗啡、淋球菌和沙眼衣原体及阴道毛滴虫检测。结果共收集血液标本833份,其中84份经确认为HIV抗体阳性,感染率为10．1％,梅毒感染率为8．2％(68／833),HSV-2感染率为68．4％(570／833);阴道和宫颈分泌物标本各832份,淋球菌感染率为11．5％(96／832),沙眼衣原体感染率为28．2％(235／832),阴道毛滴虫感染率为11．9％(99／832)。多因素logistic回归模型分析显示,与阴道冲洗有关的影响因素为汉族、中高档性服务场所、听说过艾滋病、工作场所≥4个、过去一年出现过下腹部疼痛。结论阴道冲洗是HIV和某些STD感染的危险因素。