尿毒症腹透对大鼠腹膜形态和功能的影响

目的 观察尿毒症腹透对大鼠腹膜血管新生和转运、超滤功能的影响.方法 35只雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为对照组(假手术组,n=6)、尿毒症组(5/6肾切除,n=6)和尿毒症腹透组(n=18);尿毒症腹透组大鼠根据腹透时间不同分成10 d、4周和8周组(n=6).各组大鼠处死前行腹膜平衡试验,检测腹膜转运功能,并取大网膜进行组织形态学检查.结果 大鼠大网膜上每一高倍视野下的血管数,对照组、尿毒症组和尿毒症腹透各时间组分别为1±1、5±3、10±5、17±5和19±4,尿毒症组和尿毒症腹透组显著多于对照组,而尿毒症腹透组又较尿毒症组明显增多(均P＜0.05).腹膜平衡试验结果显示,尿毒症组和尿毒症腹透组大鼠2 h腹透液和血浆肌酐比值(D/PCr)较对照组升高,净超滤量(Net UF)较对照组减少(P＜0.05).血管数变化与2 h D/PCr呈显著正相关(r=0.9038,P＜0.001),与Net UF呈显著负相关(r=-0.9168,P＜0.05).结论 尿毒症及非生物相容性腹透液均会引起腹膜血管新生,从而导致超滤减少,最终使患者退出腹透.     

黄芪注射液对腹膜透析大鼠腹膜间皮细胞水孔蛋白1表达的影响

【目的】观察黄芪注射液对腹膜透析大鼠腹膜间皮细胞水孔蛋白1（AQP—1）表达的影响。【方法】选用雄性SD大鼠25只,分正常对照组（N=7）、模型组（N=9）和黄芪组（N=9）。除正常对照组外,其他两组分别腹腔注射含42．5马／L葡萄糖的腹透液和含42．5g／L葡萄糖的愎透液＋黄芪注射液（20mg／mL）,剂量为25mL／d,连续10d。于第11天观察大鼠透析超滤量（UF）与净超滤量（Net UF）、腹膜钠转运（D／P Na）、腹膜组织光镜病理形态及AQP-1免疫组化的表达．【结果】透析液留腹60min时黄芪组UF、Net UF与模型组比较显著增加（P〈0．05）。透析液留腹30min、60min时黄芪组D／P Na较模型组显著减低（P〈0．05）。黄芪组大鼠腹膜层增厚、间皮细胞脱落情况较模型组减轻,AQP—1在腹膜间皮细胞的表达较模型组显著增多（P〈0．05）【结论】黄芪注射液可减轻高浓度葡萄糖腹透液对间皮细胞的损伤,升高AQP—1在腹膜间皮细胞的表达,改善透析液留腹早期跨细胞水转运功能．从而提高腹膜对水的清除．增加透析超滤量。     

VEGF、Ang-2在腹膜透析大鼠腹膜组织中的表达

目的实验通过建立尿毒症大鼠模型并予长期腹膜透析,观察其腹膜血管新生及结构变化。方法sD雄性大鼠50只,随机分为C组（对照组）、尿毒症生理盐水组（NS组）及尿毒症腹透液组（PD组）。C组不予干预,NS组每日予20rnl生理盐水腹腔灌注,PD组每日子20ml 4．25％百特腹透液灌注,持续6周后观察各组大鼠腹膜结构变化。结果实验表明PD组相对另两组新生血管数显著增多,Ns组新生血管数较C组增多（P均〈0．05）。免疫组化示血管内皮生长因子及血管生成素2阳性细胞数PD组相对其他两组明显增加,NS组较C组亦有增加（P均〈0．05）。lit-PCR示PD组VEGF和Ang-2mRNA表达较Ns组和C组明显上调,而NS组高于C组（P均〈0．05）。结论尿毒症本身以及非生物相容性腹透液均会诱发腹膜血管新生,最终导致腹膜超滤衰竭。     

艾考糊精腹膜透析液改善持续非卧床腹膜透析患者的新生血管化

目的 通过检测腹膜透析(简称腹透)流出液血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和临床超滤量和溶质清除对比,观察艾考糊精腹透液对维持性腹透患者腹腔新生血管化的影响.方法 选择2006年1至12月在我院肾内科透析的54例持续非卧床腹透(CAPD)患者行随机双盲前瞻性研究.入选的CAPD患者根据夜间使用的腹透液被随机分为7.5%艾考糊精腹透液组(ICO组,27例)和2.5%葡萄糖腹透液组(GLU组,27例).为期4周.基线期测定4 h腹透液和血液中肌酐的比值(D/PCr)反映腹膜功能.基线和4周时分别检测夜间腹透流出液超滤量、肌酐清除率(CCr)、VEGF和IL-6水平.为消除超滤和留腹时间可能造成的误差,用腹透流出液VEGF呈现率反映腹腔中新生血管化情况.结果 54例患者入选研究.基线期各组之间差异均无统计学意义.随访2和4周后ICO组超滤量和腹膜CCr均明显高于GLU组.夜间腹透流出液VEGF水平与留腹4 h的D/PCr呈正相关(r=0.68,P＜0.01),与留腹4 h的超滤量呈负相关(r=-0.51,P＜0.01).2组患者基线期VEGF呈现率差异无统计学意义,随访4周后,VEGF呈现率在GLU组有上升趋势,在ICO组有下降趋势,但差异均无统计学意义,而△VEGF呈现率(4周VEGF呈现率-基线期VEGF呈现率)在2组之间差异有统计学意义(9.5±20.2 vs-13.4±26.1,P＜0.01).血IL-6和腹透流出液IL-6水平以及腹透流出液细胞数在2组之间差异无统计学意义.结论 与2.5%葡萄糖腹透液相比,艾考糊精腹透液能显著降低腹透流出液中的VEGF水平从而对改善腹腔局部的新生血管化具有益作用.     

不同浓度葡萄糖透析液及LPS对腹膜透析大鼠腹膜组织VEGF及血管增生的影响及其意义

目的探讨不同浓度葡萄糖透析液及LPS对大鼠腹膜组织血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达及血管增生的影响,揭示其影响腹膜转运功能的机制。方法SD大鼠分成A、B、C、D、E五组,A组为正常对照组,其余各组分别每天腹腔注射1.50%、2.50%、4.25%和4.25%腹膜透析液,E组同时注射脂多糖。分别用RT-PCR、免疫荧光检测VEGF的表达及新生血管的数目,同时检测各组超滤量。结果VEGF的表达随着透析液葡萄糖浓度增加而增加,E组表达最强,RT-PCR结果显示:E组VEGF mRNA表达较A升高约11倍[(65±11.35)vs(5.33±2.3);P<0.001];同时CD31免疫组化也显示腹膜新生血管的数目也逐渐增多,E组较A组升高约8倍[(12.2±2.65)vs(1.33±1);P<0.001]。且随着透析液浓度增加其超滤量逐渐减少。结论腹膜组织可表达VEGF。高糖透析液和LPS均能促进腹膜VEGF表达、促进腹膜新生血管的增生,从而增加腹膜转运的有效滤过面积,减少超滤量。这可能是葡萄糖透析液及LPS影响腹膜转运功能的重要机制之一。     

早期低剂量腹膜透析对改善尿毒症患者生活质量的价值

目的 探讨早期低剂量腹膜透析治疗尿毒症患者的疗效.方法 选择2007年3月-2010年2月慢性肾功能不全患者38例,分为两组:腹透组(n=19):接受常规药物治疗,并予间歇性腹膜透析,每日4000～6000 ml,每周4～5 d;对照组(n=19):接受常规药物治疗.随访24周.所有患者在治疗前、后采用症状频率和严重指数、SF-36生活质量量表对临床症状、生活质量进行评价,并监测血常规、肝肾功能、血糖、电解质及尿量.结果 腹透组血红蛋白、血肌酐均较对照组明显改善.腹透组患者临床症状评分治疗前为11.80±5.41,治疗后第8周和第12周时分别降低至7.15±3.15(P<0.05)和5.94±3.70(P<0.01),对照组在治疗前、治疗后第8周和第12周时评分分别为11.23±5.35、 9.80±4.02和10.11±4.48.两组间的差异持续至随访期结束.腹透组患者生活质量明显改善.结论 早期低剂量腹膜透析可有效改善尿毒症患者临床症状和生活质量.     

胆碱磷脂、新斯的明、内毒素对大鼠腹透时腹腔淋巴回流及净超滤量的影响

腹膜透析期间,净超滤量(Net Net UF)和腹腔淋巴回流量是决定腹透时液体转运的重要参数.近年来国外学者用各种药物来调控其变化规律,以达到提高净超滤、降低淋巴回流,提高透析效能的作用.本文用RISA作标记物,使用胆碱磷膀、新斯的明,内毒素加入透析液中.对Wistar大鼠腹透、探明其对NetUF和Lf的影响.结果未见有降低Lf增加NetuF的作用.选用有效而对人体无付作用的药物来改变腹适时液体转运规律,提高透析效能是今后值得进一步研究的方向.     

舒洛地特对腹膜透析大鼠腹膜结构和功能的作用

目的观察舒洛地特对慢性腹膜透析大鼠腹膜结构和功能的作用。方法 36只SD雄性大鼠随机分为4组:空白对照组(n=6)、模型组(n=10)、低剂量[10 mg/(kg.d)]舒洛地特组(n=10)、高剂量[20 mg/(kg.d)]舒洛地特组(n=10)。透析8周后行1 h腹膜平衡试验(PET);使用全自动生化分析仪测定1 h腹膜平衡试验透出液中尿素氮(Durea)、透出液中总蛋白(Dtp)、初始腹透液葡萄糖浓度(D0)、透出液葡萄糖浓度(D1)、血浆尿素氮(Purea)及血浆总蛋白(Ptp),并计算D/Purea(说明腹膜对尿素氮清除效率)、D/Ptp(评估腹膜透析液中总蛋白丢失情况)、D1/D0(表示腹透超滤的能力)。取壁层腹膜行H-E及Masson染色观察腹膜结构变化,半定量计算腹膜厚度、腹膜单位面积血管及炎症细胞数;计算腹透液中白细胞数;ELISA法检测腹透液MCP-1及TNF-α水平;免疫组化检测壁层腹膜TGF-β1表达情况。结果与对照组相比,长期腹透大鼠腹膜间皮细胞减少,间皮下基质增厚,炎症细胞增多,血管增生明显(P<0.05),腹膜超滤量和D1/D0减少,D/Purea及D/Ptp增加(P<0.05),腹透液中白细胞数、MCP-1及TNF-α水平上调(P<0.05),脏层腹膜TGF-β1表达上调;给予舒洛地特干预后腹膜结构改变减轻,腹膜组织炎症细胞浸润和血管增生减少,腹膜功能改善,腹透液MCP-1及TNF-α水平下调(P<0.05),脏层腹膜TGF-β1表达下调。结论舒洛地特可能通过抑制腹膜慢性炎症来达到抑制腹膜纤维化及改善腹膜功能的作用。     

活血化瘀药对腹膜透析腹膜高转运患者结局的影响

目的分析活血化瘀药对腹膜透析腹膜高转运患者结局的影响。方法采用随机数表法将我院2017年4月-2019年10月收治的78例腹膜透析腹膜高转运患者分为对照组(n=39)和观察组(n=39),对照组患者给予CAPD(连续性可携带式腹膜透析)模式治疗,观察组在对照组基础上施以活血化瘀类药物(灯盏花素注射液)治疗。观察并对比两组患者IL-6、hs-CRP、TNF-α水平以及RBP、PA水平变化。结果两组治疗前腹透Cer、KT/V、RBP、PA、hs-CRP水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗15天后,观察组Cer和KT/V、RBP、PA水平相比照组较高,hs-CRP水平比对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组治疗后净超滤量低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用活血化瘀类药物可以有效改善腹膜透析腹膜高转运患者的微炎症,降低净超滤量,改善结局。     

腹膜透析超滤衰竭患者腹膜组织中碱性成纤维生长因子检测

目的：检测腹膜透析超滤衰竭患者腹膜组织中碱性成纤维生长因子（bFGF）的表达,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法：取8名正常对照者、12名尿毒症非透析患者以及10名腹透患者的腹膜活检标本,行RT-PCR、免疫组化染色检测bFGFmRNA和蛋白表达,行CD34染色计数腹膜组织微血管密度（MVD）。结果：bFGF在各组腹膜组织均有表达,尿毒症非透析组、腹透组mRNA水平和蛋白表达水平均较正常组升高[mRNA：（0.63±0.02）,（0.74±0.02）vs（0.46±0.02）;蛋白：（116.4±1.8）,（143.0±2.4）vs（96.2±1.4）],且腹透组升高更为明显,差异有统计学意义（F分别为75.526和62.090,P均〈0.001）;3组腹膜MVD依次为（3.05±0.45）、（5.98±0.47）vs（9.62±0.49）,差异有统计学意义（F=30.452,P〈0.001）,与正常组相比,尿毒症非透析组MVD计数增加,腹透组腹膜组织MVD计数最多。结论：腹透患者腹膜组织中bFGF表达升高,可能参与长期透析所致腹膜组织新生微血管形成过程。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.