33例重症急性胰腺炎死亡原因分析

目的 分析导致重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)死亡的原因.方法 回顾性分析瑞金医院近5年33例SAP死亡病例的临床资料,探讨早期高危因素对于SAP预后的关系.结果 在33例SAP病例中,发病1周内死亡的有16例,心脏骤停占55%,老年患者(>60岁)占78.8%;发病>1个月的死亡病例有12例,其中感染性休克6例(胰性脑病1例),MODS占10例(83.3%).结论 导致重症急性胰腺炎死亡的高危因素为高龄、多器官功能衰竭、感染、出血.临床上要重视重症急性胰腺炎的早期重要脏器功能的支持治疗,积极控制并发症,特别是高龄患者;手术时机的把握以及后期对于感染的控制是降低病死率的关键.     

重症急性胰腺炎临床特征和预后危险因素分析

目的 分析重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的临床特征,探讨影响病死率的高危险因素. 方法 回顾性分析2003年至2004年94例SAP的临床资料,包括患者年龄、性别、病因、住院时间、入院后48 h APACHEⅡ评分、局部及系统器官并发症. 结果 患者平均年龄52岁,最常见病因为胆源性,平均住院时间70 d,APACHEⅡ评分平均7.7分.57.4%并发坏死,26.6%并发坏死感染,61.7%并发器官、系统衰竭.其中,22例死亡,病死率23.4%.死亡组中呼吸衰竭最常见,90.9%并发多器官、系统衰竭.Logistic回归分析显示呼吸、心血管系统和肾脏衰竭是与SAP死亡相关的独立高危险因素. 结论 SAP死亡病例的特点是高年龄、入院时高APACHEⅡ评分和进行性器官、系统衰竭;多脏器衰竭是SAP死亡的主要原因;肺脏、心血管系统和肾脏衰竭是影响SAP预后的独立高危险因素.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除手术死亡原因分析及对策

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的死亡原因,探讨降低手术病死率的方法.方法 :对10358例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者中12例死亡的术前情况、术中情况及术后处理等因素进行分析,提出防止严重并发症发生的方法.结果 :本组手术中死亡12例,病死率为0.11%(12/10358).10例术前合并有高危因素,其中有二种以上高危因素者6例(占50%),7例患者死于手术并发症,其中包括胆漏3例,消化道出血1例,肠瘘1例,腹腔出血(大血管损伤)1例,腹腔严重感染1例.5例患者死于非手术并发症,包括心、肺、肝、肾、脑等重要脏器功能衰竭.结论 :手术的熟练程度、术前重要脏器功能的合理评估、减少手术并发症的发生、提高严重并发症处理的水平,对降低手术病死率有重要意义.     

重症急性胰腺炎112例治疗体会

目的: 探讨重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的合理有效的个体化治疗方案.方法: 对112例SAP临床资料进行回顾分析.结果: 以非手术治疗为主的综合治疗组并发症发生率为26.7%,病死率为10.7%,而手术组并发症发生率为67.9%,病死率为28.6%,其明显高于非手术组.结论: SAP早期宜行非手术治疗,一旦有手术指征,应及时手术治疗.     

外科手术时机对重症急性胰腺炎疗效的影响

目的: 评估外科手术时机对重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)疗效的影响.方法: 1988年1月至2002年12月,我院共收治96例SAP病人,根据外科治疗原则的不同分为两个阶段:1988~1992年为第一阶段,以早期手术为主.1993~2002年为第二阶段,以延期手术为主.对两个阶段患者的手术率、病死率以及相应的并发症发生率进行回顾性分析.结果: 在第一阶段有73%的手术是在发病后的1 w内进行的,而第二阶段早期手术率只有32%(P=0.008),比第一阶段明显减少;手术率从68%降到33%(P<0.001)、手术并发症发生率也从54%降到32%(P<0.05);早期手术死亡率明显高于延期手术死亡率(52%∶25%,P=0.02),SAP总病死率从42%减少到22%(P<0.05).结论: 早期积极的非手术治疗有助于降低SAP外科手术率、并发症发生率及病死率.     

重症急性胰腺炎早期非手术治疗的再认识

目的: 探讨重症急性胰腺炎的早期治疗方法. 方法: 对80例急性重症胰腺炎资料分别采用早期手术治疗和早期非手术治疗的两种方法进行回顾分析,并对病死率及主要并发症进行总结. 结果: 1992年1月~1994年12月的29例患者经早期手术治疗,病死率和并发症发生率分别为55.2%和93.1%,1995年1月~2000年12月的51例经早期非手术治疗,病死率和并发症发生率分别为23.5%和51.0%.两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01). 结论: 对急性重症胰腺炎患者采用早期非手术治疗能降低病死率和并发症发生率.     

老年急性胆道系统感染220例诊治体会

目的 总结老年急性胆道系统感染的诊治经验.方法 回顾性分析1993年1月至2010年12月收治的220例老年急性胆道系统感染患者的临床资料.结果 老年人患胆道系统疾病病史较长,合并症多.并发症发生率高,本组31.4%.死亡17例,病死率7.7%.结论 重视围手术期处理,对提高急性胆道系统感染治愈率、减少并发症、降低病死率至关重要.     

早期肠内营养在重症急性胰腺炎治疗中的应用

目的 观察早期肠内营养在重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）治疗中的临床疗效。方法 56例SAP患者,用随机数字表法分为肠内营养组（EN组,26例）和全胃肠外营养组（TPN组,30例）。结果 治疗第14天,EN组CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺,IgG、IgA、IgM值以及白蛋白均高于TPN组（P<0.05）;EN组IL-8、TNF、腹内压均显著低于TPN组（P<0.01）。EN组感染率、MODS发生率、28 d病死率和ICU住院时间均低于TPN组（P<0.05）。结论 早期肠内营养不仅可以调节SAP患者的免疫功能,抑制炎症反应,改善营养状况,而且减少了感染率。MODS发生率、ICU住院时间及28 d病死率。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症防治体会

目的 探讨防止腹腔镜囊切除术(LC)并发症的有效措施. 方法 对800例LC临床经验进行总结和分析. 结果 手术成功率为97.8%(782/800),中转率为2.1%(17/800),再手术率为0.1%(1/800).中转主要原因为Calot三角致密粘连解剖不清(5例),难以控制的出血(12例).1例胆漏第3天再次进腹.9例术后有右上腹局限性腹膜炎经保守治疗痊愈.住院超过1周者共27例,原因为胆漏、呼吸道感染、伤口愈合欠佳和需要检查其他疾病等.本组无大血管损伤、脏器穿孔、静脉栓塞及膈下脓肿等并发症发生. 结论 LC术前应全面了解患者胆道结构,术中操作严格规范,以避免并发症发生.     

重度肝外伤32例的诊断与治疗

目的 总结重度肝外伤临床诊断与治疗的经验,进一步提高诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析32例重度肝外伤患者的诊治资料.结果 32例均行手术治疗.治愈28例(占87.5%),死亡4例(占12.5%).死亡原因:严重失血性休克1例,合并严重脑挫伤1例,术后合并多器官功能衰竭2例.结论 准确进行伤情评估,早期诊断和合理的术式是重度肝外伤救治成功的关键;重度肝外伤常需联合应用几种术式才能获得良好的效果.     

Brain death

Summary Following the research of Giessen Neurosurgery on primary and secondary lesions of the hypothalamo-pituitary system and the brainstem over a period of more than 30 years, cerebral failure and death does not represent a uniform syndrome but consists of several, well characterized syndromes of irreversible hypothalamo-pituitary, mesencephalic and bulbar failure. The specific syndromes are described in detail. The diagnosis is based on establishing complete irreversible damage of specific vital basal functions such as hypothalamo-pituitary transmission, water-and electrolyte metabolism, temperature regulation, circulation and respiration. The common feature of all types is the irreversible break-down of the complex central neurogenous and/or neurohumoral regulatory system. The permanent and irreversible loss of central regulation and modulation means at the same time the complete cessation of the specific human cortical function, the death of the whole brain. Only in bulbar failure with primary irreversible cessation of respiration artificial respiration can maintain the autonomous functions of the heart for a limited time. It is indicated when organ explantation is to be considered. Complete and irreversible isolated loss of cortical function abolishes the normal human life, but does not mean death of the remaining vegetating human being.Presented at the meeting of the Working Group of the Pontificia Academia Scientiarum on The artificial prolongation of life and the exact determination of the moment of death, Vatican City, October 19–21, 1985.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Jean Brihaye at the occasion of his 65th anniversary.     

Permanent brain arrest as the sole criterion of death in systemic circulatory arrest

Historically, there has been a tendency to think that there are two types of death: circulatory and neurological. Holding onto this tendency is making it harder to navigate emerging resuscitative technologies, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and the recent well-publicised experiment that demonstrated the possibility of restoring cellular function to some brain neurons 4 h after normothermic circulatory arrest (decapitation) in pigs. Attempts have been made to respond to these difficulties by proposing a unified brain-based criterion for human death, which we call ‘permanent brain arrest’. The clinical characteristics of permanent brain arrest are the permanent loss of capacity for consciousness and permanent loss of all brainstem functions, including the capacity to breathe. These losses could arise from a primary brain injury or as a result of systemic circulatory arrest. We argue that permanent brain arrest is the true and sole criterion for the death of human beings and show that this is already implicit in the circulatory-respiratory criterion itself. We argue that accepting the concept of permanent cessation of brain function in patients with systemic permanent circulatory arrest will help us better navigate the medical advances and new technologies of the future whilst continuing to provide sound medical criteria for the determination of death.     

Medical and legal considerations of brain death

Brain death was first defined in 1968, and since then laws on determining death have been implemented in all countries with active organ transplantation programs. As a prerequisite, the aetiology of brain death has to be known, and all reversible causes of coma have to be excluded. The regulations for the diagnosis of brain death are most commonly given by the national medical associations, and they vary between countries. Thus, the guidelines given in the medical textbooks are not universally applicable. The diagnosis is based on clinical examination, but confirmatory tests, such as angiography or EEG, are allowed on most occasions. Brain death is followed by cardiovascular and hormonal changes, which have implications in the management of a potential organ donor. Spinal reflexes are preserved, and motor and haemodynamic responses are frequently observed in brain dead patients.     

肾移植受者移植肾带功能死亡与失功能死亡原因比较

目的 分析肾移植受者移植肾带功能死亡与失功能死亡原因.方法 回顾分析我院2001年至2010年期间死亡的207例肾移植受者资料.将其分为移植肾带功能死亡组(102例)和失功能死亡组(105例),对两组死亡原因进行比较分析.结果 所有受者的死亡原因依次为感染(31.9％)、心血管疾病(21.3％)、肝功能衰竭(15.9％...     

新入职护士死亡教育需求状况及影响因素分析

目的 了解新入职护士死亡教育需求状况并分析其影响因素,为医院管理者对新入职护士开展死亡教育培训提供参考.方法 以便利抽样法于2021年7～8月选取河北省11所医院的387名新入职护士,采用一般资料调查表、死亡教育需求量表、死亡态度描绘量表及死亡焦虑量表进行调查.结果 新入职护士死亡教育需求总分为171.76±40.83...     

The use of cerebral computed tomographic angiography as an ancillary investigation to support a clinical diagnosis of death using neurological criteria: a consensus guideline

This multidisciplinary consensus statement was produced following a recommendation by the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine to develop a UK guideline for ancillary investigation, when one is required, to support the diagnosis of death using neurological criteria. A multidisciplinary panel reviewed the literature and UK practice in the diagnosis of death using neurological criteria and recommended cerebral CT angiography as the ancillary investigation of choice when death cannot be confirmed by clinical criteria alone. Cerebral CT angiography has been shown to have 100% specificity in supporting a diagnosis of death using neurological criteria and is an investigation available in all acute hospitals in the UK. A standardised technique for performing the investigation is described alongside a reporting template. The panel were unable to make recommendations for ancillary testing in children or patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.     

Brain stem death

The concept of brain and brain stem death developed from the observation of apnoeic comatose patients. In the UK, the diagnosis of brain stem death is made by clinically testing brain stem function once specific preconditions have been met. The exact definition of brain death and some details regarding the tests required to make this diagnosis vary across the globe. However, the majority of tests carried out are similar to those in the UK. In this review we define brain stem death and the clinical tests used to confirm it. The use of ancillary testing can have a role in patients where clinical tests are not possible and this is also discussed.     

心脏死亡供体经典原位肝移植的单中心临床研究

目的总结心脏死亡器官捐献（donation after cardiac death,DCD）供体供肝获取及应用于肝移植的临床经验和可行性。方法2011年11月至2012年9月,西安交通大学第一附属医院采用Maastricht标准或中国标准,共获取18例DCD供肝,于该院完成经典原位肝移植14例,送往其他移植中心3例,放弃1例。对18例供体与在该院完成肝移植的14例受体的临床资料进行回顾性分析,了解供肝情况、受体围手术期及随访结果。结果18例供体中符合Maastricht标准Ⅲ类5例、V类2例,符合中国标准Ⅲ类（即脑一心双死亡标准器官捐献,donation after brain death plus cardiac death, DBCD）11例。按规范器官获取流程取得供肝。供肝的热缺血时间为11～18min,平均为14．5min;冷缺血时间为90—600min,平均为350min。14例受体均顺利完成移植手术。其中12例受体预后良好,肝功能逐渐恢复,未出现原发性移植肝无功能、血栓形成、排斥反应,但2例出现胆道狭窄并发症,经胆道支架置人术后引流通畅;重症监护室（ICU）治疗时间平均7d,术后住院时间平均23d,病情稳定后出院。1例受体术后2d死于肝衰竭,其供体原发病为冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病,需给予大量多巴胺维持其血压;另1例于术后当日死于腹腔内大出血,其供体为重症哮喘、心肺复苏后死亡。12例受体者平均随访时间为6个月,总体存活率为85％,肿瘤患者尚未发现复发转移。结论DCD可以扩大供肝来源且近期效果良好,具有可行性。实施可控型DCD捐献,严格掌握供者适应证、加强器官评估、缩短热缺血时间和冷缺血时间,是保障供肝质量的重要因素。