后路椎间盘镜治疗中央型腰椎间盘突出症的临床分析

目的 探讨后路椎间盘镜微创术(MED)治疗中央型腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果和意义.方法 应用MED治疗中央型腰椎间盘突出症共45例,根据Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI,Oswestry Disability Index)和Macnab腰椎评价标准,评估腰椎术前功能状况和术后功能恢复情况,术后全部病例得到随访.结果 ODI评分:术前36.6±1.2,术后9.2±0.9;术后随访时间:1～45个月,平均12个月,随访平均Oswestry功能评分9.6±0.8.Macnab评分结果:优23例(51.1%),良17例(37.8%),可4例(8.9%),差1例(2.2%),优良率占88.9%.结论 MED术微创治疗中央型腰椎间盘突出症临床效果良好,拓展了中央型椎问盘突出症的治疗思路和方法.     

手术显微镜下与椎间盘镜下治疗腰椎间盘突出症的比较研究

 目的 对比研究手术显微镜下腰椎间盘切除术(microsurgical lumbar discectomy, MSLD)与椎间盘镜下腰椎间盘切除术(microendoscopic discectomy, MED)治疗单节段腰椎间盘突出症的方法、特点与疗效。方法 2006年 1月至 2009年 12月, 900例单节段腰椎间盘突出症患者被随机分为两组, MSLD组与 MED组各 450例, 术后分别平均随访 36个月和 38个月。比较两组手术病例的平均切口长度、手术时间、出血量、并发症、住: 天数及恢复情况。结果 MSLD组及 MED组的切口长度分别为(3.8±1.1) cm和(2.4±0.7) cm, 手术时间分别为(51.0±14.2) min和(62.0±16.3) min, 术中出血量分别为(60±35) ml和(106±43) ml, 以上指标两组间差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05)。末次随访时, MSLD组及 MED组的疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scales, VAS)改善率和 Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index, ODI)改善率差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05)。 MSLD组硬脊膜撕裂、急性竖脊肌血肿、神经根及马尾损伤等并发症及术后复发的发生率均明显少于 MED组(P< 0.01)。两组均未出现定位错误、大血管损伤和术后感染。结论 MSLD与 MED治疗单节段腰椎间盘突出症均可获得满意的远期疗效, 但 MSLD操作简单、并发症少、学习曲线短。     

椎间孔镜maxMore技术治疗青少年腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨经皮椎间孔镜maxMore技术治疗青少年腰椎间盘突出症的效果。方法 2009年6月~2015年5月对69例青少年单间隙腰椎间盘突出症采用经皮椎间孔镜maxMore技术,经后外侧入路进入椎管建立工作通道,经工作通道切除突出病变的髓核。采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)、改良Oswestry指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)简体中文版和Nakai评分标准进行评定。结果手术时间53~146 min,平均83 min;住院时间4~15 d,平均5.7 d。术后平均随访8.9月(6~15个月)。腰痛VAS术前评分中位数7分(3~9分),显著高于术后3个月中位数2分(0~5分)(Z=-8.883,P=0.000)和术后6个月中位数2分(0~5分)(Z=-8.934,P=0.000);下肢痛VAS术前评分中位数7分(4~9分),显著高于术后3个月中位数1分(0~6分)(Z=-9.369,P=0.000)和术后6个月中位数2分(0~5分)(Z=-9.504,P=0.000)。术前ODI为(48.7±11.5)%,显著高于术后3个月(14.6±6.7)%(P=0.000)和术后6个月(15.3±5.5)%(P=0.000)。根据Nakai评分标准,术后6个月优28例,良33例,可6例,差2例,优良率88.4%(61/69)。结论经皮椎间孔镜maxMore技术治疗青少年腰椎间盘突出症创伤小,疗效满意,是治疗青少年腰椎间盘突出症的理想手术方式。     

椎间盘镜下髓核摘除术治疗伴有Modic改变的腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨椎间盘镜下髓核摘除术(MED)治疗伴Modic改变的腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法将60例腰椎间盘突出症患者按病变类型分为单纯腰椎间盘突出症组(30例)和伴有Modic改变的腰椎间盘突出症组(30例),两组患者均行MED治疗并对比疗效。疗效评定采用疼痛视觉类比评分(VAS)和Oswestry功能障碍指数评分(ODI)。结果术后两组VAS、ODI评分与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后两组间腿痛缓解比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但ODI及下腰痛VAS评分比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腰椎Modic改变与患者术后下腰痛恢复情况密切相关,提示腰椎Modic改变是下腰痛的原因之一,对腰椎间盘镜下髓核摘除术临床疗效有影响。     

椎间盘镜下 B-Twin椎间融合治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳

 目的 探讨椎间盘镜下减压、B-Twin融合器植骨融合术治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳的临床疗效。方法 2006年 3月至 2010年 5月, 收治腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳患者 87例, 男 49例, 女 38例;年龄 37~65岁, 平均 47援6岁。均为单节段病变, L3, 43例、L4, 543例、L5S1 41例。采用单枚 B-Twin椎间融合 51例(单枚组), 双枚融合 36例(双枚组)。采用 Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index, ODI)、疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale, VAS)评估患者术后疗效, 并比较两组患者手术时间、出血量、融合时间和椎间隙高度的变化。结果均获得 12~46个月的随访, 平均 35.8个月。术后腰腿痛症状均明显缓解或消失。 ODI术前平均为 78%±3%, 末次随访平均为 18%±3%;VAS评分术前平均为(8.70±1.3)分, 末次随访平均为(0.65±0.48)分;椎间隙高度术前平均为(8.76±1.3) mm, 术后 1个月平均为(12.8±1.5)mm, 术后 12个月平均为(11.8±0.6) mm。单枚组与双枚组 ODI、VAS和椎间隙高度的差异均无统计学意义, 但在手术时间、术中出血量方面的差异均有统计学意义, 单枚组少于双枚组。均获融合或可能融合, 融合时间 3.9~8援6个月, 平均为 5援6个月。结论椎间盘镜下减压、B-Twin融合器植骨融合术治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳的疗效满意, 单枚与双枚融合疗效相近, 单枚融合具有手术时间短、出血量少、医疗费用低的优点。     

两种手术方式治疗青少年腰椎间盘突出症的疗效比较

[目的]比较椎间盘镜(MED)与小切口开窗潜行减压髓核摘除术治疗青少年腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效.[方法]回顾分析本院2001年8月～2009年8月间收治的33例青少年腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床资料,其中采用椎间盘镜髓核摘除术18例,采用小切口开窗潜行减压髓核摘除术15例.采用JOA评分表评估术前、术后3个月,末次随访时的症状和体征.[结果]MED组有14例获得随访,小切口组有12例获得随访,术后随访1.5～8年,平均5.1年.术后患者症状缓解明显,中期随访手术效果满意,两组疗效无显著性差异.[结论]对正规保守治疗3个月以上无效的患者应及时采用手术治疗,MED与小切口手术治疗青少年腰椎间盘突出症的疗效相当,各有优点和适应证.     

椎间盘镜术与传统椎板间隙开窗术治疗青少年腰椎间盘突出症的比较研究

[目的]比较显微内窥镜腰椎间盘切除系统( microendoscopy discectomy,MED)与传统的后路椎板间隙开窗术治疗青少年腰椎间盘突出症的疗效.[方法]回顾分析130例青少年腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床资料,观察组为椎间盘镜术(MED)组64例,对照组为后路椎板间隙开窗术组66例,根据Nakai标准评价疗效,并观察两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后镇痛药物应用、术后下床活动时间、术后住院日及恢复正常生活或工作的时间情况.[结果]经术后6个月～11年的随访,椎间盘镜术(MED)组优良率为93.5％,后路椎板间隙开窗术组优良率90.6％,两组疗效比较,差异无显著性(P＞0.05),但MED组在术中出血量、术后镇痛药物的应用、术后下床活动时间、术后住院时间、恢复正常生活或工作时间优于后路椎板间隙开窗术组(P＜0.05).[结论]椎间盘镜术(MED)治疗青少年型腰椎间盘突出症疗效与后路椎板间隙开窗术相同,但椎间盘镜术(MED)具有创伤小、对腰椎稳定性破坏小、出血少、住院时间短、术后恢复快等优点,是治疗青少年腰椎间盘突出症的一种理想手术方法.     

显微内窥镜辅助下手术治疗青少年腰椎椎体后缘骨骺离断症合并腰椎椎间盘突出症

目的探讨显微内窥镜辅助下手术治疗青少年腰椎椎体后缘骨骺离断症合并腰椎椎间盘突出症的技术要领及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2010年4月~2013年3月本院手术治疗的21例腰椎椎体后缘骨骺离断症合并腰椎椎间盘突出症患者资料。21例患者均有明确的下肢症状(疼痛/麻木)、反复腰骶部疼痛,均无马尾神经受损害症状。在显微内窥镜辅助下切除突出的椎间盘及离断的骨骺,解除神经压迫。记录手术前后腰痛和腿痛视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)、手术切口长度、术中出血量、手术时间、手术并发症、住院天数及术后复发等指标。结果所有患者随访9~38个月,平均17.7个月。手术切口长度约1.8 cm;术中出血量30~150 m L,平均47.4 m L;手术时间43~86 min,平均52.7 min;住院4~9 d,平均5.7 d。术中及术后均未出现严重并发症。术前及末次随访腰痛VAS评分分别为(3.6±1.1)分和(1.5±1.3)分;术前及末次随访腿痛VAS评分分别为(5.3±2.1)分和(1.3±1.0)分;术前及末次随访ODI分别为(76.3±25.9)%和(16.1±17.9)%。末次随访时各指标与术前相比,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论显微内窥镜辅助下手术治疗青少年腰椎椎体后缘骨骺离断症合并腰椎椎间盘突出症安全有效,且具有切口小、组织损伤小、出血少、术后恢复快等优点。     

改良椎板间隙入路经皮内镜下椎间盘切除术治疗L5/S1椎间盘突出症的疗效观察

【摘要】 目的：探讨改良椎板间隙入路经皮内镜下椎间盘切除术（modified percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy,MPEID）治疗L5/S1椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法：2018年12月~2021年5月我院对123例符合纳入标准的L5/S1椎间盘突出症患者采用MPEID治疗,其中男65例,女58例;年龄16~83岁（44.43±12.67岁）。术前、术后和末次随访时进行疼痛视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）,术前和末次随访时进行Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry disability index,ODI）评定,末次随访时根据改良Macnab标准评定疗效。结果：123例均顺利完成手术,手术时间为45.96±21.87min,术中出血量为5.93±3.15ml。术后出现并发症8例,发生率为6.5%。复发3例,复发率为2.4%。术后随访时间为6~35个月（16.49±7.30个月）。术前、术后及末次随访时腰腿痛VAS评分分别为5.29±1.71、2.89±0.75和0.59±0.72（P<0.05）;术前与末次随访时的ODI分别为（61.14±13.93）%、（7.47±10.46）%,末次随访ODI改善明显（P<0.05）。末次随访改良MacNab标准评定：优100例,良20例,可2例,差1例,优良率97.6％（120／123）。结论：MPEID治疗L5/S1椎间盘突出症能够保留黄韧带,早期临床疗效满意。     

经皮对侧椎间孔入路内窥镜下椎间盘切除术治疗游离型腰椎间盘突出症

【摘要】 目的：探讨经皮对侧椎间孔入路内窥镜下腰椎间盘切除术（percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discecto?鄄my,PELD）治疗游离型腰椎间盘突出症的可行性及安全性。方法：2010年2月～2012年2月采用经对侧椎间孔入路PELD治疗游离型腰椎间盘突出症患者12例,均为单节段椎间盘突出,其中L3/4 3例,L4/5 9例,观察患者术中情况及手术耐受性,记录手术时间及术后并发症。通过术前和术后下肢放射痛VAS评分、功能障碍指数（Oswestry disability index,ODI）评估患者术后改善情况,使用改良Macnab疗效评定标准评估手术疗效。结果：12例患者均顺利完成手术,术中患者耐受性好,手术时间110±20min。1例术后马尾神经损伤症状加重,保守治疗3个月后症状缓解,余病例无神经、血管、硬膜囊损伤等并发症发生。随访12～24个月,平均18±2.5个月,下肢放射痛及日常生活功能均有明显改善,术后下肢放射痛VAS评分由术前7.75±0.97分减少到术后第一天的2.42±0.79分,末次随访时为1.42±0.79分,与术前比较均有显著性差异（P<0.0001）;OID评分由术前57.67±9.57减少到末次随访时的8.50±3.73,差异有显著性（P<0.0001）。末次随访时改良Macnab疗效评定优8例,良3例,可1例,优良率为91.67%（11/12）。结论：经对侧椎间孔入路PELD治疗游离型腰椎间盘突出症是一种安全、可行的手术方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.