超声波诊断妊娠子宫瘢痕缺陷

应用Ｂ超对７１例初产妇（初产妇组）和３１例有剖宫产史的孕妇（剖宫产史组），自妊娠３３～４１周连续进行子宫下段形成状况及子宫下段瘢痕缺陷的观察。结果：１０２例孕妇的子宫下段在妊娠３３周以后均已形成，妊娠３７周以后，剖宫产史组较同期初产妇组子宫下段的长、宽、厚径均缩短。剖宫产史组中７例经Ｂ超诊断存在子宫下段瘢痕缺陷，其中２例诊断为先兆子宫破裂，并均经手术证实。提示：应用Ｂ超可进行妊娠期子宫下段变化的动态观察，并预测先兆子宫破裂。     

Three-dimensional transvaginal sonographic diagnosis of early and asymptomatic interstitial pregnancy

Context The interstitial gestation is a rare form of tubal pregnancy which is associated with high morbidity. The diagnosis of an interstitial gestation can be reached through a bidimensional transvaginal ultrasonography (2D-TVUS), however, sometimes when making use of this technique it is not possible to appropriately evaluate the position of the gestational sac in relation to the uterine cavity. The three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasonography (3D-TVUS) allows accessibility to plans that the bidimensional does not, thus it makes it possible to reach a more accurate diagnosis and it also allows for an appropriate therapeutic planning. Case report We present a case of interstitial gestation diagnosed in the sixth week in an asymptomatic woman, who had a previous diagnosis of primary infertility. The 2D-TVUS revealed the presence of a gestational sac outside of the uterine cavity; moreover the colored Doppler and the power Doppler indicated a thriving vascular ring. The 3D-TVUS in the surface and transparency mode demonstrated that the gestational sac was located in the interstitial region of the uterine tube, and the niche mode accurately evaluated the relationship between the gestational sac and the uterine cavity. The patient was successfully treated with a local injection of methotrexate guided by a transvaginal ultrasonography. The 3D-TVUS was of great importance to confirm the diagnosis, to allow appropriate therapeutic choices and to decrease the morbidity.     

Effect of early pregnancy on a previous lower segment cesarean section scar.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the manifestation, diagnosis, and early management of early pregnancy on a previous cesarean section scar. METHOD: Fifteen cases of early pregnancies implanted on previous cesarean section scars were diagnosed and treated in two obstetrical centers. RESULTS: The 15 patients had light, painless vaginal bleeding and their serum beta-subunit human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) was elevated. The interval between cesarean section and admission ranged from 6 months to 12 years (7.1+/-3.6 years). Doppler and real-time ultrasonic examinations demonstrated an enlargement of the previous cesarean section scar in the lower segment, a gestational sac or a mixed mass attached to the cicatrix, and a very thin myometrium between the gestational sac and the bladder wall. Serum beta-HCG dropped to normal in 12 of the 15 patients following treatment with crystalline trichosanthin injected into the cervix followed by oral mifepristone, intramuscular injections of methotrexate, or other appropriate treatment. Two patients underwent total hysterectomy due to massive vaginal bleeding. The remaining patient was misdiagnosed with choriocarcinoma and also had total hysterectomy. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy on a previous lower segment cesarean section scar is rare but very dangerous. Early diagnosis and effective conservative drug treatment may be instrumental in decreasing the occurrence of uterine rupture.     

Placenta percreta with subsequent uterine rupture at 15 weeks of gestation after two previous cesarean sections

A 25-year-old gravida 3 para 2 woman was referred to our hospital at 15 weeks' gestation with an acute abdomen and free fluid in the peritoneal cavity. On admission she was somnolent. She had a history of two cesarean sections. Fetal cardiac activity was detectable by ultrasound preoperatively. Intraoperatively, a lower uterine-segment rupture was identified in the area of the presumed prior uterine incision. The great blood loss with consecutive coagulopathy required an emergency hysterectomy and multiple blood transfusions. The placenta was located on the lower anterior uterine wall. Intervening decidual cells between placenta and maternal scar tissue were absent in the area of the prior uterine incision. Placental villous tissue deeply invaded and perforated the scar tissue. Histological examination revealed a placenta percreta. Placenta percreta with subsequent uterine rupture is a rare but dramatic complication after previous cesarean section. This should be kept in mind as the rate of elective cesarean sections is rising continuously. Our patient recovered completely.     

Ectopic Pregnancy in Lower Segment Uterine Scar

Summary: A case of ectopic pregnancy in a lower uterine segment scar following previous Caesarean section is reported. A significant scar defect may result in deep implantation within the myometrium with the risk of persistent pain and bleeding followed inevitably by uterine rupture. In this report we discuss a number of management options. Except in the special situation of superficial implantation in a shallow scar defect where there is ultrasound evidence of continuity of the gestational sac with the uterine cavity we would strongly advise termination of the pregnancy.     

Ectopic Pregnancy in Lower Segment Uterine Scar

Summary: A case of ectopic pregnancy in a lower uterine segment scar following previous Caesarean section is reported. A significant scar defect may result in deep implantation within the myometrium with the risk of persistent pain and bleeding followed inevitably by uterine rupture. In this report we discuss a number of management options. Except in the special situation of superficial implantation in a shallow scar defect where there is ultrasound evidence of continuity of the gestational sac with the uterine cavity we would strongly advise termination of the pregnancy.     

Predicting incomplete uterine rupture with vaginal sonography during the late second trimester in women with prior cesarean

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of serial transvaginal ultrasonographic measurement of the thickness of the lower uterine segment in the late second trimester for predicting the risk of intrapartum incomplete uterine rupture in women with previous cesarean delivery. METHODS: Serial transvaginal ultrasonography with full bladder was performed in 374 women without previous cesarean delivery (control group) and 348 women with previous cesarean delivery (cesarean group) from 19 to 39 weeks' gestation. The thickness of the lower uterine segment was measured in the longitudinal plane of the cervical canal. RESULTS: The thickness of the lower uterine segment decreased from 6.7 +/- 2.4 mm (mean +/- standard deviation [SD]) at 19 weeks' gestation to 3.0 +/- 0.7 mm at 39 weeks' gestation in the control group, but the thickness was more than 2.0 mm throughout this period in each control subject. In the cesarean group, the thickness decreased from 6.8 +/- 2.3 mm at 19 weeks' to 2.1 +/- 0.7 mm at 39 weeks' gestation and was significantly thinner than that of the control group after 27 weeks' gestation (P <.05). Eleven of 12 women (91%) with lower uterine segment less than the mean control - 1 SD in the late second trimester had a very thin lower uterine segment at cesarean delivery with fetal hair being visible through the amniotic membrane, ie, incomplete uterine rupture. In 17 of 23 women (74%) with lower uterine segment less than 2.0 mm in thickness within 1 week (4 +/- 3 days) before repeat cesarean delivery, intrapartum incomplete uterine rupture developed. CONCLUSION: Transvaginal ultrasonography is useful for measurement of the uterine wall after previous cesarean delivery.     

Laparoscopic management of an ectopic pregnancy in a lower segment cesarean section scar: a review and case report

Implantation of a pregnancy within the scar of a previous cesarean delivery is the rarest of ectopic pregnancy locations, with only 32 cases reported in the English-language medical literature. A 28-year-old woman was admitted to our institution with a suspected ectopic pregnancy located in the scar from a previous cesarean section. Ultrasound revealed a well-encapsulated, bulging mass with a gestational sac within the anterior uterine isthmus in the site of an old cesarean delivery scar. Laparoscopy was performed to confirm the diagnosis, and the gestational products also were removed laparoscopically. The defect in the uterus was then repaired by suturing. Total operative time was 120 minutes, blood loss was limited, and no transfusion was needed. Laparoscopy may be a reasonable alternative to laparotomy for an unruptured ectopic pregnancy in a cesarean scar.     

Previous preterm cesarean delivery: identification of a new risk factor for uterine rupture in VBAC candidates.

OBJECTIVE: A major risk of trials of labor in patients with prior cesarean delivery is uterine rupture. We evaluated the question of whether a previous cesarean delivery at an early gestational age predisposes the patient to subsequent uterine rupture. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of patients delivering at North Shore University Hospital with a trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery to ascertain all cases of uterine rupture. Patients who had had a previous cesarean delivery at our institution who did not suffer uterine rupture during a trial of labor served as controls. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients suffered a uterine rupture. The incidence of prior preterm cesarean delivery (PPCD) in this group was 40%, compared to 10.9% of 691 laboring vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) patients without rupture (p < 0.001). Patients in the rupture group with a PPCD were less likely to have experienced labor in the index pregnancy and more likely to have had an interdelivery interval of less than two years. CONCLUSIONS: An undeveloped lower segment in the preterm uterus represents a risk for later rupture, even if the incision is transverse.     

9例完全性子宫破裂病例病因分析与探讨

目的：探讨完全性子宫破裂的病因、临床特点及结局。方法：回顾性分析2016年1月—2018年12月南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院收治的9例完全性子宫破裂患者的病例资料,对患者一般资料及发病、治疗过程进行归纳总结。结果：9例完全性子宫破裂患者中,引产导致子宫破裂4例（2例位于子宫体部、2例位于子宫下段原切口瘢痕）,胎盘植入导致子宫破裂1例（子宫下段原切口瘢痕处）,不明原因子宫破裂1例（有人工流产病史,位于子宫底部）,腹腔镜宫角部手术后瘢痕破裂1例（位于子宫角部）,宫缩发动后前次剖宫产瘢痕切口破裂2例（子宫下段原切口瘢痕处）。临床表现为持续性下腹痛2例,不规则下腹痛4例,持续性脐周痛1例,无明显腹痛2例。6例伴阴道出血,3例无阴道出血表现。7例行子宫破裂修补术,2例行次全子宫切除术。非引产的5例病例中,胎死宫内1例,其余4例新生儿结局良好。结论：瘢痕子宫再次妊娠是子宫破裂的高发人群,对于具有前置胎盘、多次剖宫产和人工流产、子宫手术等宫腔操作史的孕妇应警惕子宫破裂的风险。     

Ultrasonographic evaluation of lower uterine segment thickness in patients of previous cesarean section.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate by ultrasonography, the lower uterine segment thickness of women with a previous cesarean delivery and determine a critical thickness above which safe vaginal delivery is predictable. METHODS: A prospective observational study of 71 antenatal women with previous cesarean delivery and 50 controls was carried out. Transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography were used in both groups to evaluate lower uterine segment thickness. The obstetric outcome in patients with successful vaginal birth and intraoperative findings in women undergoing cesarean delivery were correlated with lower segment thickness. RESULTS: The overall vaginal birth after cesarean section (VBAC) was 46.5% and VBAC success rate was 63.5%, the incidence of dehiscence was 2.82%, and there were no uterine ruptures. There was a 96% correlation between transabdominal ultrasonography with magnification and transvaginal ultrasonography. The critical cutoff value for safe lower segment thickness, derived from the receiver operator characteristic curve, was 2.5 mm. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonographic evaluation permits better assessment of the risk of scar complication intrapartum, and could allow for safer management of delivery.     

A large yolk sac may be important in the early diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease: a case report

A large yolk sac in a deformed shape gestational sac was detected by ultrasonography in an 8 week pregnant woman. The disappearance of the yolk sac and the gestational sac, enlargement of the uterine cavity and a heterogeneous appearance similar to early gestational trophoblastic disease were recognized when ultrasonographic examination was performed 2 weeks later. After uterine evacuation, partial hydatidiform mole was diagnosed by histopathological evaluation of the curettage material. In our study, the role of the large yolk sac in predicting trophoblastic disease is discussed.     

Methotrexate for cesarean scar pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. A case report

BACKGROUND: Cesarean scar pregnancy is an exceedingly rare occurrence. We present the first case of cesarean scar pregnancy following in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). CASE: A 40-year-old woman with a history of a previous cesarean section presented with five years of unexplained infertility. The patient complained of abdominal pain 16 days after embryo transfer. Ultrasonography revealed a gestational sac with cardiac activity located outside the lower segment of the uterus. Dilatation and curettage was performed due to misdiagnosis of inevitable abortion. Two weeks later, repeated sonography demonstrated a sacculus, 4.07 x 4.07 cm, within the uterine isthmus with only 7.1 mm of thickness separating the sac from the urinary bladder. Normal cervical length without ballooning was noted. Cesarean scar pregnancy was diagnosed. Local injection of methotrexate (MTX) under ultrasound guidance was performed. Plasma beta-hCG levels declined from 23,328 to 8 mlU/mL within two months. CONCLUSION: For women with cesarean scar pregnancy who desire fertility, conservative treatment using MTX is an excellent choice.     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声诊断剖宫产切口瘢痕妊娠的临床价值

目的探讨经阴道彩色多普勒超声诊断剖宫产切口瘢痕妊娠(CSP)的临床价值。方法收集2012年10月至2014年10月沈阳市妇婴医院收治的64例经阴道超声诊断为剖宫产切口瘢痕妊娠患者的影像及临床资料,分析其超声声像图特征及与临床结局的关系。结果超声诊断为CSP的64例患者中59例(92.2%)经病理证实,5例为难免流产。根据超声声像图特征将59例CSP分为2型:孕囊型(41例)和混合回声型(18例)。孕囊型分为3个亚型:I型妊娠囊边缘位于切口处(24例),Ⅱ型妊娠囊陷入切口内(15例),Ⅲ型妊娠囊向膀胱方向凸出(2例)。I型治疗以宫腔镜为主,Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型及混合回声型治疗以腹腔镜为主。结论经阴道彩色多普勒超声为诊断CSP的有效方法,正确的超声分型及对切口瘢痕厚度的准确测量有助于临床医生选择更加适合患者的个体化治疗方案。     

体外受精-胚胎移植后宫内妊娠合并瘢痕妊娠一例

报道1例体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）后宫内妊娠合并子宫瘢痕妊娠（CSP）的病例。该患者取卵3枚,成功配成3枚胚胎,移植胚胎3枚,成功着床2枚,但1枚在宫内正常位置上,1枚着床在前次剖宫产切口上。该患者对瘢痕处的妊娠囊行减胎术后,因持续不规则阴道出血来医院就诊,妇科超声检查提示,宫腔内可见2个胎囊,其一可见胎芽,胎心（+）,其二位于前次剖宫产切口处,仅见胎囊,其内未见卵黄囊及胎芽,形态不规则。最终行经腹宫腔内胎盘胎儿清除术+CSP病灶切除术+剖宫产瘢痕憩室修补术,终止妊娠。报道此特殊病例,将CSP的超声和磁共振成像（MRI）诊断技术的优缺点进行比较,并对CSP的治疗和预防提出一些思考。     

Asymptomatic torsion of the pregnant uterus.

This case report describes a woman who was admitted to the hospital one week before term to an elective cesarean section because of two previously cesarean sections. Her present pregnancy was uneventful, the CTG on admission was normal. During the operation preformed in epidural anesthesia the uterus was found to have rotated 180 degrees to the right. It was easily rotated back to its normal position before a transversal incision was made in the lower uterine segment. A healthy female infant was delivered. Further the authors describes the role of ultrasound in making the diagnosis. The list various symptoms and etiologies. The authors emphasize the importance of reconstructing the normal anatomy making the uterine incision in order not to damage the uterine vessels.     

再次剖宫产时对原子宫切口愈合情况相关因素分析

目的:分析再次剖宫产时,原子宫切口愈合情况,探讨影响其愈合的相关因素。方法:本文对78例再次剖宫产者,术中所见及前次手术资料进行临床分析。结果:子宫切口愈合不良的发生率为28.2%,与术后间隔时间、术后感染率、子宫切口位置高低、腹腔粘连程度有关,而与剖宫产时机、孕妇的年龄、职业、孕产史、体重、孕周、胎儿的大小无关。结论:剖宫产后再次妊娠的时间至少应距前次妊娠间隔3年,前次剖宫产有术后病率及子宫切口情况不祥者,再次足月妊娠最好不选择阴道试产,以防子宫破裂发生,确保母婴安全。     

剖宫产子宫切口瘢痕缺陷的宫腔镜手术治疗

剖宫产瘢痕憩室(CSD)是剖宫产术后远期并发症之一,CSD实际上是剖宫产子宫切口愈合不良所致,其形成的原因比较复杂。关于CSD有不少认识上的误区,对于没有症状的CSD一般不需要治疗,对于有症状的CSD如何治疗在认识上也比较混乱,如何选择合适的治疗方式不仅关系到医务人员对于CSD的认识也直接影响了CSD的治疗效果。有一种特殊类型的CSD是切口瘢痕下缘存在活瓣作用且由于活瓣作用而阻止了憩室内的经血顺利流出而出现症状(常见为经期延长),同时憩室内的异位子宫内膜也可能与宫腔内在位的内膜生长不同步也导致异常阴道流血,这种特殊的CSD学术界有个专业的名称即剖宫产子宫切口瘢痕缺陷(PCSD)。对于残余子宫壁肌层不是很薄的PCSD,可以采用宫腔镜手术切除活瓣并电凝破坏憩室内异位子宫内膜的治疗方法。而对于没有PCSD特点的CSD,宫腔镜手术的疗效较差,一般不采用宫腔镜手术治疗。文章将深入阐述PCSD的宫腔镜手术治疗的相关问题。     

剖宫产后再次妊娠时机的安全性探讨

目的：从病理角度探讨剖宫产后妊娠的时机,分析疤痕子宫再次妊娠的安全性。方法：选取2012年3月1日至6月30日在我院行腹壁疤痕剔除＋子宫下段剖宫产术的156例剖宫产术后晚期妊娠孕妇,术中观察盆腹腔粘连情况,准确测量子宫下段厚度。取出胎盘后,取下段切口边缘最薄处的子宫肌壁组织送病理,检查其组织成分,并在高倍镜下测算子宫下段平滑肌与胶原纤维的比例（平胶比例）并行血管计数。选取同期行选择性剖宫产的30例初产妇为对照。通过临床观察,探讨疤痕子宫不同间隔时间再次妊娠临产前及临产后对母儿安全的影响。结果：剖宫产术后7-11个月、1-2年、2-3年、3-4年、4-5年、5-6年妊娠者,子宫下段厚度分别为（0.56±0.28）cm、（0.55±0.27）cm、（0.62±0.26）cm、（0.56±0.26）cm、（0.66±0.25）cm和（0.66±0.25）cm;平胶比例分别为2.98±0.97、2.83±1.54、2.49±0.93、2.26±0.94、2.47±1.14、2.81±0.98）;血管计数分别为（18.43±8.24、19.45±4.61、18.07±4.55、20.31±6.01、20.44±6.10、18.14±4.06）,以上6组比较,均无显著差异（P〉0.05）。剖宫产术后8年以上（8-11年）妊娠者,子宫下段厚度明显变薄,平胶比例降低,血管计数减少;与术后1-6年妊娠者及初次剖宫产者比较差异显著（P〈0.01）。术后1-6年妊娠者的子宫下段厚度与对照组无显著差异（P〉0.05）,平胶比例低于对照组,血管计数高于对照组,均有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论：剖宫产术1年后开始妊娠是较安全的;术后8年尤其是10年以上妊娠者,子宫破裂风险明显增加,应密切观察子宫收缩情况及时予以适当的产科处理。     

新式剖宫产术后子宫复旧及子宫切口愈合情况的B超监测

目的观察新式剖宫产子宫复旧和子宫切口愈合情况。方法两组各150例,观察组行新式剖宫产术,对照组行传统子宫下段剖宫产术。于术后7天、30天分别行盆腔B超检查观察子宫复旧及子宫切口愈合情况。结果两组病例术后7天、30天子宫各径线大小无显著差异(P＞0.05);对照组术后30天宫腔积液发生率显著高于观察组(P＜0.05);观察组术后30天子宫切口回声区域的纵径显著小于对照组(P＜0.05);观察组术后30天子宫切口A型愈合率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)。结论新式剖宫产术因子宫切口局部缝线少、异物反应小、吸收快,是有利于子宫复旧和子宫切口愈合的手术方式。