普罗布考亚微乳剂的制备

以中链甘油三酯为油相,蛋黄卵磷脂和泊洛沙姆188为乳化剂,采用高压乳匀法制备普罗布考亚微乳剂.以平均粒径、多分散系数(PDI)、ζ电位和稳定性等评价指标优化了处方.按优化条件制得的普罗布考亚微乳稳定性良好,平均粒径(168.8±1.5) nm,ζ电位(50.1±1.7) mV,载药量为(4.2±1.6)mg/ml.     

2008-01辅酶Q10亚微乳的制备及理化性质考察

目的：制备辅酶瓯亚微乳，并考察其稳定性及理化性质。方法：设计正交试验优选辅酶Q10亚微乳的处方及制备工艺并制备乳剂，以高效液相色谱法测定其含量及包封率，考察其粒径、ζ电位、pH值及稳定性等。结果：辅酶Q10亚微乳的最佳处方工艺为大豆油：中碳链甘油三酸酯＝1：2，大豆磷脂：泊洛沙姆188＝3：1，     

辅酶Q_(10)亚微乳的制备及理化性质考察

目的:制备辅酶Q10亚微乳,并考察其稳定性及理化性质。方法:设计正交试验优选辅酶Q10亚微乳的处方及制备工艺并制备乳剂,以高效液相色谱法测定其含量及包封率,考察其粒径、ζ电位、pH值及稳定性等。结果:辅酶Q10亚微乳的最佳处方工艺为大豆油∶中碳链甘油三酸酯=1∶2,大豆磷脂∶泊洛沙姆188=3∶1,高速剪切乳化时间10min,制备温度60℃。所制备的乳剂包封率3批样品平均值为98.07%,ζ电位为—28.4mV,平均粒径为168nm。该制剂贮存时应避免光照和冻融,在4℃条件下稳定性较好。结论:所制备的辅酶Q10亚微乳满足静脉注射用制剂要求。     

紫苏醇亚微乳的处方工艺优化与稳定性研究

目的:优化紫苏醇亚微乳注射液制备处方工艺,并对制剂的稳定性进行考察。方法:采用高压匀质法制备紫苏醇亚微乳,采用单因素法和正交试验优化处方工艺。以包封率为指标,大豆油用量、大豆磷脂S75-泊洛沙姆188(F68)的比例、匀质转速、匀质次数为因素,并考察最优处方工艺所制得的制剂在离心、高温、光照、加速试验中的稳定性。结果:最优处方工艺中,大豆油用量为12.5 g、大豆磷脂(S75)-泊洛沙姆188(F68)的比例为2∶1、匀质转速为1 400 r/min、匀质次数为8。所制微乳的粒径呈单峰分布,平均粒径为270³00 nm,Zeta电位为41.5300 nm,Zeta电位为41.5⁴6.7 mV,包封率为48.7%46.7 mV,包封率为48.7%⁶2.3%,离心后未见分层和油滴。与0时比较,高温、强光、加速条件下制剂各项指标均无明显变化。结论:所制紫苏醇亚微乳具有较好的物理化学稳定性。     

帕立骨化醇亚微乳注射液的处方和工艺研究

目的:确定帕立骨化醇亚微乳注射液的处方和制备工艺。方法:以粒径为评价指标,筛选制备亚微乳的均质压力(700¹ 200 bar)和次数(61 200 bar)和次数(6¹4次);以含量为评价指标,筛选亚微乳的pH(4.014次);以含量为评价指标,筛选亚微乳的pH(4.0⁹.0);以外观和杂质总量为评价指标,筛选灭菌温度和时间(115℃、30 min;121℃、15 min;126℃、3 min);以外观、粒径、包封率为评价指标,筛选亚微乳油相的组成[大豆油-中链甘油三酸酯(15∶09.0);以外观和杂质总量为评价指标,筛选灭菌温度和时间(115℃、30 min;121℃、15 min;126℃、3 min);以外观、粒径、包封率为评价指标,筛选亚微乳油相的组成[大豆油-中链甘油三酸酯(15∶0⁰∶15)]、卵磷脂用量(0.6%0∶15)]、卵磷脂用量(0.6%¹.8%)、泊洛沙姆188用量(0.2%1.8%)、泊洛沙姆188用量(0.2%⁰.6%);以Zeta电位和外观为评价指标,筛选油酸钠用量(00.6%);以Zeta电位和外观为评价指标,筛选油酸钠用量(0⁰.1%);以pH和杂质总量为评价指标,筛选维生素E用量(00.1%);以pH和杂质总量为评价指标,筛选维生素E用量(0⁰.08%)。按确定的工艺和处方制备的亚微乳注射液,分别在4、25、40℃下放置6个月,观察其理化性质变化。结果:优选处方和工艺为15%油相[大豆油-中链甘油三酸酯(7.5∶7.5)],1.5%卵磷脂,0.5%泊洛沙姆188,0.1%油酸钠,0.08%维生素E,2.25%甘油;均质前调节至pH 8.0,900 bar压力下均质10次,再于121℃灭菌15 min。所制亚微乳注射液在4、25℃下6个月内理化性质各指标无明显变化,40℃下放置6个月样品的pH和Zeta电位略有下降,粒径和总杂质量有所增大。结论:该制剂处方合理,工艺可行,在40.08%)。按确定的工艺和处方制备的亚微乳注射液,分别在4、25、40℃下放置6个月,观察其理化性质变化。结果:优选处方和工艺为15%油相[大豆油-中链甘油三酸酯(7.5∶7.5)],1.5%卵磷脂,0.5%泊洛沙姆188,0.1%油酸钠,0.08%维生素E,2.25%甘油;均质前调节至pH 8.0,900 bar压力下均质10次,再于121℃灭菌15 min。所制亚微乳注射液在4、25℃下6个月内理化性质各指标无明显变化,40℃下放置6个月样品的pH和Zeta电位略有下降,粒径和总杂质量有所增大。结论:该制剂处方合理,工艺可行,在4²5℃下质量稳定。     

尼莫地平亚微乳的制备及其性质考察

目的：制备尼莫地平亚微乳并对其性质进行考察。方法：本实验通过正交试验设计优选了尼莫地平亚微乳的最佳处方及制备工艺，并通过粒径测定、ζ电位的测定、包封率的测定和稳定性的考察等研究了尼莫地平亚微乳的性质。结果：尼莫地平亚微乳的最佳处方工艺组合为磷脂与泊洛沙姆188的比例为2：1（w：w），高速剪切乳化时间为5min，制备温度为70℃。所制备的乳剂包封率为97．9％，ζ电位为-30．6mV，平均粒径为137nm。稳定性考察表明该乳剂在常温及加速3个月条件下均较稳定。结论：本实验制备的尼莫地平亚微乳粒度分布范围窄，稳定性较好，包封率较高。     

氨溴索注射乳剂的处方及工艺研究

目的确定氨溴索注射乳剂的处方及制备工艺。方法以注射用大豆油为油相,大豆磷脂和泊洛沙姆为乳化剂,加入等渗调节剂,通过改变油相比例、乳化剂种类和用量,制备温度、分散时间、压力、灭菌方式,制备氨溴索注射乳剂。结果最佳处方为0.25%氨溴索,10%油相,1.2%乳化剂,1.0%稳定剂,2.25%甘油,加水至全量。最佳工艺为水相和油相在70℃混合乳化,19 000 r/min均质5 min,60 psi压力下通过微射流仪6次制得终乳,充N2灭菌30 min。结论所制氨溴索注射乳剂物理稳定性良好。     

静脉注射用硝酸甘油亚微乳的制备工艺及其质量评价

优化制备静脉注射用硝酸甘油亚微乳,所得处方为硝酸甘油0.2%,大豆油10.0%,蛋黄磷脂1.8%,泊洛沙姆1.8%,油酸0.12%,甘油2.25%.油水相于70℃混合后,采用高速剪切乳化法于4 000 r/min乳化10 min制备初乳,再高压均质(80 MPa)15次得成品.所得乳剂平均粒径为156.4 nm,ζ电位-39 mV,pH 7.1.其渗透压与稀释液(用5%葡萄糖注射液或生理盐水稀释10倍)的渗透压均接近等渗,提示乳剂与稀释液配伍相容性良好.初步考察表明乳剂在4℃下较稳定.     

以泊洛沙姆188为助乳化剂制备双氯芬酸钠亚微乳的研究

目的:考察泊洛沙姆188为助乳化剂对乳剂制剂学性质的影响。方法:以双氯芬酸钠为模型药物,泊洛沙姆188为助乳化剂,采用高压均质-初乳pH调节法制备乳剂并测定其包封率、粒径及ξ-电位等指标。结果:与未添加泊洛沙姆188的制剂比较,添加后的制剂包封率、ξ-电位下降,粒径升高。结论:助乳化剂泊洛沙姆188的添加不一定使含药乳剂的制剂学性质提高。     

环孢菌素A自乳化半固体骨架胶囊的制备

目的考察环孢菌素A自乳化半固体骨架胶囊的处方。方法制备药物的饱和溶液用以测定药物在不同油相中的溶解度;采用伪三元相图法考察不同乳化剂形成微乳的能力和区域,绘制不同处方组成的相图;采用体外乳化实验筛选处方,并制备环孢菌素A自乳化半固体骨架胶囊。结果该胶囊中的乳化剂为Tween 80-聚氧乙烯(40)氢化蓖麻油(质量比为1∶1),助乳化剂为聚乙二醇-8-甘油辛酸/葵酸脂(labrasol),油相为辛酸/癸酸三甘油酯,半固体载体为泊洛沙姆188-硬脂酸聚烃氧(40)酯(质量比为1∶1)。该处方所形成的微乳平均粒径为40 nm。结论按优化处方制得的环孢菌素A自乳化半固体骨架胶囊能够提高环孢菌素A在水中的溶出度。     

Effect of methylcellulose on the stability of oil-in-water emulsions: influence of the disperse phase

The influence of nature of the disperse phase on the stability of oil-in-water emulsions containing nonionic emulsifiers and methylcellulose 4000 as an auxiliary emulsifier was investigated. One stable and three unstable base emulsions each of olive oil and of mineral oil were formulated with an emulsifier blend of Tween® and Span®. The stable emulsion (SE) contained 2% emulsifier blend optimized for maximum stability. Three unstable emulsions were formulated from the SE formulation: one with 0.5% emulsifier blend as of the SE formulation (UE1), one with excessive hydrophilic emulsifier (UE2) and one with excessive lipophilic emulsifier (UE3). A series of emulsions was prepared containing increasing amounts of methylcellulose 4000 for each base emulsion. The particle size of all olive oil emulsions was reduced (UE2>SE>UE3) and the viscosity was increased (UE2>SE>UE3) on addition of methylcellulose. The stability of these emulsions improved in the presence of methylcellulose. However, the addition of the polymer caused instability in mineral oil emulsions containing lower concentrations of the hydrophilic emulsifier (Tween®). These results suggest that: (i) methylcellulose and the hydrophilic emulsifier associate to form a complex; (ii) this complex when present at the mineral oil-water interface would be dislodged from the interface due to less interaction between the non-polar oil and the polyoxyethylene (POE) chain of the hydrophilic emulsifier; and (iii) this complex when present at the olive oil-water interface would stabilize emulsions due to higher interaction between the polar oil and the POE chain of the hydrophilic emulsifier.     

Effect of methylcellulose on the stability of oil-in-water emulsions

The objective of this study was to investigate how polymers used as auxiliary emulsifiers improve the stability of oil-in-water emulsions. One stable emulsion and three unstable emulsions were formulated with 30% mineral oil and an emulsifier blend of Tween® 40 and Span® 20. The stable emulsion (SE) contained 2% emulsifier blend optimized for maximum stability. One unstable emulsion, UEI, was formulated to contain 0.5% of the same emulsifier blend as the SE formulation. Two unstable emulsions were formulated to contain an unbalanced emulsifier blend, one with excessive hydrophilic emulsifier (UE2) and one with excessive lipophilic emulsifier (UE3). A series of emulsions was prepared containing increasing amounts of methylcellulose for each base emulsion. Creaming and change in particle size were measured to evaluate stability. The addition of the polymer to the stable emulsion caused instability leading to creaming and eventual oil separation. This effect of the polymer was more pronounced in UEI emulsions. However, the addition of the polymer improved the stability of the UE2 and UE3 series of emulsions. The polymer also caused a reduction in the particle size of UE3 emulsions and a proportionally larger increase in the viscosity of UE2 emulsions. These results suggest that (i) methylcellulose could act as a hydrophilic emulsifier only in the absence of Tween^® 40, (ii) methylcellulose and Tween^® 40 associate to form a complex and (iii) the concentration of Tween^® 40 is the determining factor for the stability of emulsions. A model of the methylcellulose-Tween^® 40 association and its effect at the mineral oil-water interface is proposed.     

Studies on the effect of pilocarpine incorporation into a submicron emulsion on the stability of the drug and the vehicle.

In order to obtain a novel ocular formulation with a potential for prolonging pilocarpine activity, the drug (2.0%) was incorporated into a submicron emulsion containing soya-bean oil and lecithin as emulgator. The effect of drug incorporation into the emulsion on its physical stability and on the other hand, the potential of the vehicle to reduce drug degradation at pH higher than 5.0 was studied. The pH was adjusted to 6.5 or 5.0 and the physicochemical stability of the formulations was observed. The mean diameter of oily particles in the resulting emulsions measured by a laser diffractometer was 0.6-0.7 micron and this was larger than in a drug-free emulsion where a 0.33 micron value was measured. The formulations were physically stable for 6 months at 4 degrees C, but progressing chemical degradation of pilocarpine was noted at pH 6.5. At that pH nearly 8% of pilocarpine was degraded to isopilocarpine and pilocarpic acid, both in the emulsion and in the solution. Thus, it may be concluded that pilocarpine in submicron emulsion is not protected against degradation. The presence of pilocarpine changes the physical stability of the vehicle since the formulation was easily destabilized during autoclaving or at room temperature. In the presence of higher concentration of lecithin (2.4%) or co-emulgators (poloxamer 2.0% or Tween 80 0.5%) the mean droplet size in the emulsions was the same as in a drug-free system. However the emulsions containing poloxamer were not stable during storage. Viscosity of pilocarpine emulsions can be increased by addition of methylcellulose or sodium carmellose (1.0%), but an intensive creaming occurs in these systems. Pilocarpine base is less suitable for emulsion preparation than hydrochloride salt, and emulsions prepared at pH 5.0 show the most satisfying stability.     

Influence of an optimized non-ionic emulsifier blend on properties of oil-in-water emulsions.

Properties of oil-in-water emulsions containing non-ionic emulsifiers were evaluated in relation to nature of the dispersed phase, emulsifier composition and processing parameters. Particle size of mineral oil (hydrocarbons)-in-water emulsions was independent of the HLB of an optimized emulsifier blend, whereas, the particle size of olive oil (triglycerides)-in-water emulsions was the smallest at the optimum HLB of the emulsifier blend. The non-ionic emulsifiers reduced the particle size of mineral oil emulsions more efficiently than that of olive oil emulsions. Contrary to previously published reports, the nature of the dispersed phase, HLB of the emulsifier blend or the initial particle size of emulsions showed no influence on the final particle stability of the emulsions. This difference was attributed to the optimization of the emulsifier blend and processing parameters in the preparation of emulsions.     

Effect of lyophilization on parenteral emulsions

The feasibility of preparing lyophilized anhydrous products, for reconstitution in to emulsion dosage forms was investigated. Stable soybean o/w emulsions were prepared using a mixture of lecithin and Span 20 as the emulsifiers. Two series of emulsions were prepared for this study, each containing a polyhydroxy alcohol as a consurfactant for particle size reduction. Increasing concentrations of glycerol (10-30% w/w) were added to one group of emulsions and propylene glycol (20-60% w/w) was added to the second group of emulsions. All formulations were found to have good particle size stability. The emulsion formulation containing 30% glycerol could be successfully lyophilized into an anhydrous product. Reconstitution of this lyophilized product resulted in an emulsion essentially similar to the original emulsion prior to lyophilization. This is because the mixture of the oil phase and 30% w/w glycerol formed a self-emulsifying system. All other emulsion formulations were not suitable for lyophilization. These formulations cracked during lyophilization, separating into an upper oil layer and a lower layer of the continuous phase. The formation of an upper oil layer prevented complete drying of these emulsions. The particle size of these lyophilized emulsions, when reconstituted with the external phase was greater than the emulsion particle size prior to lyophilization. But the change in particle size was less with increasing concentrations of polyhydroxy alcohols. These results indicate that emulsions can be lyophilized to prepare a product suitable for reconstitution to a parenteral emulsion dosage form provided the formulation is designed to withstand temperature and phase changes during the lyophilization process.     

Optimization of tocol emulsions for the intravenous delivery of clarithromycin

In the present study, novel less-painful tocol emulsions for the intravenous delivery of clarithromycin were prepared and optimized. The therapeutically effective concentration of clarithromycin, 5mg/ml, was achieved using tocopherol succinate (TS) combined with oleic acid as lipophilic counterions. The possibility of employing the microdialysis technique to investigate the distribution of the drug in emulsions was explored. A three-level three-factorial Box-Behnken experimental design was utilized to conduct the experiments. The effects of selected variables, tocopherol succinate/oleic acid relation, poloxamer 188 content and 0.1M NaOH amount, on three considered responses were investigated. The particle size, zeta potential and the oil phase distribution of clarithromycin for the optimized formulation were observed to be 138.5 nm, -32.16 mV and 97.28%, respectively. The emulsions prepared with the optimized formula demonstrated good physical stability during storage at 4 degrees C and room temperature. The histopathological examination for rabbit ear vein irritation test indicated that the irritation of clarithromycin could be eliminated by formulating the drug in a tocol emulsion.     

硫酸氢氯吡格雷亚微乳注射液的制备及其性质考察

目的:制备硫酸氢氯吡格雷亚微乳注射液,并对其性质进行考察。方法:以注射用大豆油和注射用中链脂肪酸三酰甘油为混合油相,以蛋黄卵磷脂、泊洛沙姆188和聚山梨酯-80为复合乳化剂,采用高压均质法制备硫酸氢氯吡格雷亚微乳注射液,通过粒度和粒度分布、Zeta电位、pH值、渗透压和含量测定以及稳定性考察等对其性质进行研究。结果:制备的乳剂外观为乳白色,略带蓝色乳光。3批样品的粒径分别为(158±22)、(160±22)和(161±33)nm,平均Zeta电位为(-37.70±0.79)mV,平均pH值为(7.51±0.03),平均渗透压为(279.33±0.58)mmol.kg-1,平均含量为(99.19±1.68)%,在(6±2)和(25±2)℃条件下放置6个月稳定。结论:制备工艺可行,制剂理化性质稳定,符合静脉注射要求。