胎儿炎症反应综合征与新生儿临床结局

胎儿炎症反应综合征(FIRS)是全身炎症反应在胎儿中的状态, 通过感染性和非感染性途径诱发, 以白细胞介素-6为代表的细胞因子水平增加, 绒毛膜羊膜炎和脐带炎为其常见的胎盘病理学改变。FIRS不仅可以导致早产, 还与新生儿期脑损伤、肺损伤、早发型败血症、坏死性小肠结肠炎、心血管系统疾病等多器官系统损伤密切相关。因此, 减少FIRS对新生儿所致的损害, 是产科、儿科医生共同面临的临床问题。     

胎盘炎症及胎儿炎症反应综合征与早产儿脑损伤的关系研究

目的 探讨胎盘组织学绒毛膜羊膜炎(HCA)及胎儿炎症反应综合征(FIRS)与早产儿脑损伤的关系。方法 选取胎龄34 周以下并伴有胎膜早破(PROM)的单胎早产儿103 例,分为HCA-FIRS-、HCA+FIRS-、HCA+FIRS+ 等3 组,采用液相芯片分析技术检测脐血IL-6、IL-8、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)水平。结果 HCA 发生率、FIRS 及脑损伤发生率分别为53.4%、20.4%、38.8%。HCA-FIRS-、HCA+FIRS-、HCA+FIRS+ 组脑损伤发生率分别为21%、41% 和76%(P<0.01)。胎盘2 级和3 级炎症及炎症的2 期和3 期均是早产儿脑损伤的危险因素(P<0.01)。HCA+FIRS+ 组IL-8、TNF-α 及G-CSF 水平明显高于另外2 组,且HCA+FIRS- 高于 HCA-FIRS- 组(P<0.05)。结论 胎盘炎症合并FIRS 与早产儿脑损伤密切相关,且胎盘炎症程度越重、进展越快,早产儿脑损伤发生风险越高。IL-8、TNF-α 及G-CSF 可能在胎盘炎症合并FIRS 的早产儿脑损伤发生过程中起重要介导作用。     

胎儿炎症反应综合征

胎儿炎症反应综合征是胎儿体内先天免疫系统被激活的一种状态,为生后72 h的新生儿炎症,其定义为以下几项中＞2项:(1)呼吸过快(＞60次/min),伴有呼吸困难或氧饱和度下降；(2)体温不稳(＞37.9℃或＜36℃)；(3)毛细血管充盈时间＞3 s；(4)白细胞计数＞34×109/L或＜4×109/L;(5) CRP＞10mg/L;(6) IL-6或IL-8 ＞70 g/ml;(7) 16S rRNA基因PCR检测阳性.胎儿炎症反应综合征可由感染和非感染因素诱发,显著的特点就是针对外来的侵害胎儿免疫系统过度激活,导致炎症介质、细胞因子的失控性释放,多种炎症介质、细胞因子直接或间接激活凝血系统及干扰机体的抗凝系统,致凝血机制失常,多个系统参与的炎症反应贯穿这一过程.胎儿炎症反应综合征能导致早产、围生儿死亡、脑白质损伤、坏死性小肠结肠炎、影响胎肺的成熟及多器官的损害,为减少胎儿的损伤,对胎儿炎症反应综合征的恰当处理和预测是必要的.     

宫内感染与早产儿肺部疾病研究进展

宫内感染是引发早产儿肺部疾病不良结局的重要原因之一。早产儿肺部组织发育尚未成熟,暴露于宫内炎性环境时,病原体可触发局部甚至全身炎症反应,导致胎儿或新生儿肺组织受到不同程度的破坏,可引发早产儿支气管肺发育不良、新生儿肺炎、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征等疾病,影响其生存质量。该文就有关宫内感染在早产儿肺部疾病中的致病机制及研究进展...     

高频振荡通气治疗足月新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征

新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS）不同于早产儿肺透明膜病（hyaline membrane disease,HMD）,是新生儿危重急症之一。在国外新生儿重症监护病房中病死率较高。上世纪90年代对ARDS有了逐步深入的认识,并提出了急性肺损伤（acute lung injury．ALI）的概念,认为ALI和ARDS同属于一个病理生理过程,ARDS是ALI发展的严重阶段,是全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）在肺部的表现。     

宫内感染与新生儿脑损伤北大核心CSCD

宫内感染是导致新生儿脑损伤及神经系统功能障碍的重要危险因素。病毒、细菌和原虫可感染子宫腔并导致胎儿和新生儿脑损伤。炎症反应是宫内感染致新生儿脑损伤的重要致病因素,不同孕期宫内感染导致不同类型脑损害。临床医师应重视孕期宫内感染的预防,有必要进一步加强临床和基础研究,探索宫内感染致新生儿脑损伤的有效干预措施。     

宫内感染与新生儿脑损伤

宫内感染是导致新生儿脑损伤及神经系统功能障碍的重要危险因素。病毒、细菌和原虫可感染子宫腔并导致胎儿和新生儿脑损伤。炎症反应是宫内感染致新生儿脑损伤的重要致病因素,不同孕期宫内感染导致不同类型脑损害。临床医师应重视孕期宫内感染的预防,有必要进一步加强临床和基础研究,探索宫内感染致新生儿脑损伤的有效干预措施。     

全身炎症反应综合征患儿凝血、止血障碍及干预

全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）是一个动态的过程，是机体对病因刺激发生的炎症反应和继而发生的抗炎反应失衡的一种表现。若炎症反应失控，不断自动放大，最后可导致多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS），甚至器官功能衰竭而死亡。在这个动态过程中，许多生理、生化、代谢通路被激活，其中凝血过程被激活后引起的凝血系统紊乱起着非常关键的作用，而凝血系统激活又可促进SIRS的发展和恶化，因而认为SIRS就是失控的炎症、凝血和纤溶同时发生的过程。     

新生儿感染性休克17例死亡病例分析

新生儿感染性休克（脓毒症休克）为重症病例,死亡率高,须尽早判断、及时诊治,国外己制订出新生儿全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）的诊断标准,用以从病理生理学角度去早期发现脓毒症（sepsis）及多脏器功能衰竭（MSOF）病例,本研究拟通过对新生儿感染性休克死亡的17例死亡病例进行分析,以探讨感染性休克的严重性及与SIRS、MSOF的关系.     

白细胞介素-1受体拮抗剂阿那白滞素用于危重症患儿继发性噬血细胞综合缈脓毒症／多器官功能障碍／巨噬细胞活化综合征治疗研究

目的 继发性噬血细胞综合征、巨噬细胞活化综合征以及脓毒症炎症表现相同,常可导致多器官功能障碍综合征而需重症监护治疗。本文主要阐述应用重组白细胞介素-1受体拮抗剂,即阿那白滞素（Kineret）减少全身炎症反应的相关经验。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.