不同机械通气方式联合肺表面活性物质对新生儿急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征疗效比较

目的 比较高频振荡通气+肺表面活性物质 （HFOV+PS）、常频机械通气+肺表面活性物质 （CMV+PS）、常频机械通气 （CMV）3种治疗方式对新生儿急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征 （ALI/ARDS）的临床疗效。方法 纳入ALI/ARDS新生儿136例 （ALI73例,ARDS63例）,其中HFOV+PS组45例,CMV+PS组53例,CMV组38例,前两组应用肺表面活性物质气管内滴入 （70~100mg/kg）。分别检测机械通气0h、12h、24h、48h、72h的PaO2、PaCO2、PaO2/FiO2、氧合指数 （OI）、呼吸指数 （RI）。结果 机械通气12h、24h、48h时HFOV+PS组的PaO2高于CMV+PS组和CMV组,PaCO2低于CMV+PS组和CMV组 （P < 0.05）;在机械通气12h、24h、48h、72h时HFOV+PS组PaO2/FiO2高于CMV+PS组和CMV组,OI、RI低于CMV+PS组和CMV组 （P < 0.05）;HFOV+PS组机械通气时间、用氧时间均低于CMV+PS组和CMV组 （P < 0.05）;3组气漏、颅内出血发生率及治愈率比较差异无统计学意义。结论 与单纯CMV以及CMV联合PS治疗相比,HFOV联合PS更可改善ALI/ARDS新生儿的肺功能,缩短通气时间及用氧时间,且不增加并发症的发生。     

肺泡表面活性物质对新生儿急性肺损伤氧合功能的影响

目的 研究肺泡表面活性物质（pulmonary surfactant,PS）对新生儿急性肺损伤、急性呼吸窘迫综合征氧合功能的影响.方法 纳入符合急性肺损伤、急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断标准的新生儿98例,分为PS治疗组30例及常规治疗组68例,PS治疗组经气管插管注入PS 70 ～ 100 mg/kg,其余治疗同常规治疗组.结果 两组新生儿的性别、胎龄、出生体重、肺损伤程度差异无统计学意义;PS治疗组在急性肺损伤、急性呼吸窘迫综合征治疗后6h、12h、24 h、48 h的PaO3/FiO2、呼吸机有效指数均高于常规治疗组,而氧合指数、呼吸指数均低于常规治疗组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;PS治疗组在急性肺损伤、急性呼吸窘迫综合征治疗后机械通气时间[（66±13）h、（82 ±26）h]和用氧时间[（86±13）h、（103±25）h）]均较常规治疗组[（80 ±18）h、（101 ±36）h和（104±16）h、（125 ±29） h]缩短,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 应用PS治疗新生儿急性肺损伤、急性呼吸窘迫综合征可改善肺顺应性及氧合功能,缩短机械通气及氧疗时间,有利于改善预后.     

肺表面活性物质治疗新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效

目的 观察肺表面活性物质(PS)治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)新生儿的疗效.方法 将66例ARDS新生儿随机分为对照组和观察组.对照组予机械通气和常规治疗;观察组在此基础上,应用PS制剂猪肺磷脂注射液1剂.观察二组肺氧合功能改变.对二组患儿住院天数、机械通气天数、用氧天数和呼吸机参数[包括吸气峰压(PIP)、呼气末正压(PEEP)、平均呼吸道压(MAP)和吸入氧体积分数(FiO2)]进行比较.结果 观察组经PS治疗后,Pa(O2)和动脉血氧分压/肺泡氧分雎比值[a/A p(O2)]较对照组明显增高,而氧合指数(OI)较对照组明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05).观察组呼吸机参数PIP、MAP和FiO2均明显低于对照组,二组比较具有显著件差异(Pa<0.005);观察组PEEP与对照组比较,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05).观察组用氧天数、机械通气天数和住院天数均明显短于对照组,二组比较具有显著性差异(Pa<0.05).结论 PS替代治疗能明显改善ARDS新生儿的氧合功能,降低呼吸机参数,缩短用氧时间、机械通气时间和住院天数,减少并发症的发生.     

肺表面活性物质治疗早产儿肺出血的临床观察

目的 观察肺表面活性物质(pulmonary surfactant,PS)治疗早产儿肺出血的疗效.方法 将52例肺出血早产儿分为对照组和PS组.对照组予机械通气和常规治疗;PS组在此基础上,应用PS制剂(猪肺磷脂注射液)200 mg/kg.观察两组患儿治疗后6、24、72 h肺氧合功能的改变,并对两组患儿的住院天数、机械通气天数、用氧天数、治愈率、病死率进行比较.结果 PS组和对照组在性别、胎龄、出生体重、发病日龄、出生Apagar评分及新生儿危重病例评分方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);治疗组经PS治疗后,动脉肺泡氧分压比值及氧合指数在各时间点(6h、24 h、72 h)较治疗前均有明显改善(P＜0.05),而对照组仅在治疗后72 h较治疗前有明显改善(P ＜0.05);PS组用氧天数、机械通气天数、住院天数和病死率均明显小于对照组,治愈率明显高于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 PS治疗能明显改善肺出血早产儿的肺氧合功能,缩短用氧时间、机械通气时间和住院天数,提高治愈率,减少病死率.     

肺表面活性物质治疗重症胎粪吸入综合征的疗效

目的探讨外源性肺表面活性物质（PS）治疗重症胎粪吸入综合征（MAS）患儿的疗效。方法将40例重症MAS患儿随机分成治疗组和对照组,每组各20例。对照组仅用呼吸机及常规治疗,治疗组在呼吸机及常规治疗的同时应用PS治疗。观察监测二组的肺氧合功能、病程及预后。结果治疗后不同时期,治疗组氧合指数均低于对照组,差异有显著性（Pa〈0.05）;动脉/肺泡氧分压比值（a/APO2）高于对照组,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;治疗组机械通气、用氧和住院时间均显著少于对照组（Pa〈0.05）。结论PS治疗能有效改善MAS患儿的肺氧合功能,可缩短应用机械通气及用氧时间及病程。     

高频振荡通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征30例疗效及安全性观察

目的 探讨高频振荡通气（HFOV）治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）的疗效及安全性。方法 2012年1月至2014年12月在安庆市立医院就诊的原发性NRDS患儿59例,分为观察组30例和对照组29例。分别给予高频振荡通气（HFOV）及常规机械通气（CMV）。比较两组治愈率、 并发症发生率、 机械通气时间、 吸氧时间等指标; 以及行机械通气治疗前后吸入氧浓度（FiO2）、 氧分压（PaO2）、 二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、 动脉/肺泡氧分压比值（a/APO2）和氧合指数（OI）的差异。结果 两组治愈率和并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。观察组机械通气时间、 吸氧时间、 胸片恢复正常时间和住院时间均较对照组显著缩短（P＜0.01）。观察组各时间点PaO2、 a/APO2水平显著高于对照组（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）,PaCO2、FiO2和OI水平显著低于对照组（P＜0.01）。结论 HFOV可有效改善NRDS患儿的血气指标和氧合指数, 加速CO2排出, 快速纠正低氧血症, 缩短疗程。     

高频振荡通气与常频机械通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患儿血管外肺水及临床疗效影响

目的 探讨高频振荡通气（high-frequency oscillation ventilation,HFOV）与常频机械通气（conventional-frequency ventilation,CFV）对急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患儿血管外肺水指数（extravascular lung water index,EVLWI）及临床疗效的影响。方法 将26例接受机械通气的ARDS患儿分为HFOV治疗组（12例）及CFV治疗组（14例）,所有患儿均采用限制性液体管理策略,合理使用抗生素,适当镇静及营养支持等综合治疗,呼吸机治疗均采用肺保护性通气策略维持SpO2在90％以上。监测患儿接受机械通气后24h、72 h两个时间段的EVLWI、氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）及患儿总机械通气时间。结果 HFOV组患儿在机械通气治疗后24 h、72 h EVLWI分别为132.4 ±13.7,11.8 ±2.1和149.2±14.2,9.3±2.4,较CFV组（123.4±12.6,15.2±2.9和131.5±17.4,12.7±3.1）显著改善（P＜0.05）;PaO2/FiO2分别为132.4±13.7和149.2±14.2,较CFV组（123.4±12.6和131.5±17.4）明显提高（P＜0.05）;同时机械通气天数减少（P＜0.05）。结论 与CFV相比,HFOV明显改善ARDS患儿氧合指数及EVLWI,并缩短机械通气时间。     

国产外源性肺表面活性物质治疗新生儿重症感染性肺炎多中心前瞻性临床研究

目的 研究国产外源性肺表面活性物质（珂立苏）对新生儿重症感染性肺炎的治疗效果。方法 研究对象为来自中国5家医院的208例重症感染性肺炎新生儿,在入院时根据家长意愿给予常规治疗（对照组,81例）和珂立苏治疗+常规治疗（珂立苏组,127例）,比较两组患儿入院时对氧的依赖程度、治疗前后动脉血气分析结果及肺脏超声表现的变化、机械通气时间、住院时间、住院费用、并发症及预后等。结果 入院时珂立苏组吸入氧浓度明显高于对照组,动脉血氧分压明显低于对照组,二氧化碳分压明显高于对照组,氧合指数明显低于对照组（P < 0.01）。治疗1 h后,两组患儿动脉血气和氧合状态均得到改善,且珂立苏组改善状况显著优于对照组（P < 0.05）。补充珂立苏后4~6 h,患儿肺部实变程度显著减轻。与对照组比较,珂立苏组机械通气时间、住院时间均明显缩短,而两组患儿并发症发生率差异无统计学意义,预后均良好。结论 珂立苏治疗能显著改善新生儿重症感染性肺炎患儿的氧合状态,减轻肺实变程度,缩短患儿机械通气时间和住院时间,值得临床推广应用。     

肺表面活性物质对新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征患儿血清Th1/Th2平衡的影响

目的：探讨肺表面活性物质(PS)对新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）患儿血清Th1/Th2平衡和血清IgE浓度的影响。方法：纳入NRDS患儿共58名,其中未接受PS治疗、只给予机械通气和其他一般治疗的患儿 20例作为对照组;除机械通气及一般治疗外,入院1 h内应用牛肺表面活性剂治疗的患儿38例作为PS组。采用ELISA法检测两组患儿在治疗前及治疗后24、48、72 h血清中白细胞介素4（IL-4）、γ干扰素（IFN-γ）及IgE的浓度,同时记录动脉血气、呼吸系统顺应性等呼吸机参数。结果：PS组机械通气时间、氧暴露时间明显低于对照组（均P<0.05）。在治疗后24、48、72 h,PS组肺顺应性显著高于对照组,氧合指数显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后48和72 h,PS组IFN-γ血清浓度分别为120±46、141±40 ng/L,显著低于对照组（48和72 h分别为229±59、282±43 ng/L）;IL-4血清浓度分别为263±48、417±49 pg/mL,显著高于对照组（48和72 h分别为152±45、201±46 pg/mL）,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后72 h,PS组血清IgE浓度（115±44 ng/mL）显著低于对照组（199±43 ng/mL）（P<0.05）。结论：PS不仅缩短机械通气和氧暴露时间,还可以调节血清IFN-γ、IL-4、IgE水平,影响Th1/Th2平衡,从而抑制肺部炎症反应,减轻肺损伤。     

INSURE策略治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临床研究

目的：研究气管插管-肺表面活性物质（PS）-拔管使用鼻塞式气道正压通气（INSURE）策略治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）的有效性和安全性,以及减少肺损伤机制的初步探讨。方法：将2010年3月至2012年3月入院并同意使用PS的NRDS患儿64例随机采用INSURE治疗（观察组）和常频通气（CMV）治疗（对照组）,每组各32例。比较两组呼吸功能、上机时间、用氧时间、合并症及转归,测定两组白介素-10（IL-10）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和血清铁蛋白（SF）的表达差异。结果：治疗后48 h 观察组氧合指数较对照组明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发生率明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）,氧疗时间明显缩短（P＜0.05）。两组上机时间、气胸、颅内出血、坏死性小肠结肠炎、支气管肺发育不良、肺出血的发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。观察组TNF-α和SF水平在6 h、24 h、48 h、72 h较对照组明显降低（P＜0.05）,IL-10水平较对照组明显增高（P＜0.05）。结论：INSURE策略能更好地改善NRDS患儿氧合功能,减少VAP的发生率,缩短了用氧时间,这可能与其减少TNF-α、SF产生,抑制抗炎因子IL-10减少有关。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.