脐动脉血pH值在新生儿窒息中的意义和价值

目的：由于Apgar评分的局限性,有可能造成新生儿窒息的误诊和漏诊,为弥补其不足,探讨脐动脉血pH值在新生儿窒息诊治中的意义和价值。方法：对经胎心电子监护异常的单胎足月新生儿140例,出生后立即采集脐动脉血进行pH值测定,同时给予生后1 min及5 min Apgar评分,对于62例1 min Apgar≤7分者,窒息复苏后立即转入儿科病房观察治疗,进行血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（CTnI）和脏器损伤指标的检测,并进行统计学分析。结果：脐动脉血pH值与出生后1 min和5 min Apgar评分呈正相关(r=0.513和0.478,均P＜0.01),Apgar评分愈低,脐动脉血pH值愈低,各分值组之间差异有显著性（P＜0.01）。出生后1 min及5 min Apgar评分与血清CTnI呈负相关（r=-0.614和-0.569,均P＜0.01）。脐动脉血pH值＞7.20,7.00~7.20,＜7.00相对应的血清CTnI值分别为（31.82±8.63）ng/L,（53.24±11.18）ng/L和（79.36±18.51）ng/L,随脐动脉血pH值的降低, 血清CTnI值明显升高(P＜0.01)。脏器损伤的发生率随Apgar评分的降低而升高（P＜0.05）,两者呈负相关(r=-0.548和-0.496,均P＜0.01)。脐动脉血pH值＞7.2,7.00~7.20,＜7.00相应的脏器损伤发生率分别为36.4％,60.0％及83.3％,脏器损伤的发生率随脐动脉血pH值的降低而升高（P＜0.05）, 两者呈负相关(r=-0.578,P＜0.05)。结论：①脐动脉血pH值和Apgar评分具有相关性,可作为诊断新生儿窒息的敏感指标之一,与Apgar评分相互补充。②脐动脉血pH值对于诊断新生儿窒息,判断病情轻重及预后评估具有重要临床意义。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（7）：521-524］     

多普勒组织成像法评价窒息新生儿左心收缩功能

目的 探讨多普勒组织成像法（DTI）评价窒息新生儿左心收缩功能。方法 足月窒息新生儿根据出生时Apgar评分分成重度窒息组（Apgar评分≤3分）共31例，轻度窒息组（Apgar评分4-7分）共31例，在出生后24、48、72h内分别通过超声心动图检测左室射血分数（LVEF），然后转入DTI模式测定二尖瓣前叶收缩期运动速度（s），并与正常新生儿组30例相对照，同时检测心肌肌钙蛋白（cTnI）。结果 重度组LVEF在24h明显低于48h和72h（P〈0．001），亦明显低于轻度组和对照组（P〈0．01），除此之外，3组之间及3组各时段之间LVEF差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。DTI重度组、轻度组的s在3个时段均明显低于对照组（P〈0．001），且重度组s在24h亦明显低于48h和72h（P〈0．001），除此之外3组之间及3组各时段之间（s），差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。重度组cTnI在3个时段明显高于轻度组及对照组（P〈0．01），而轻度组与对照组比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 新生儿窒息时左心收缩功能降低，DTIs较LVEF更能反映窒息新生儿左心收缩功能的变化。     

脐动脉血血气分析与Apgar评分评估新生儿窒息的临床意义研究

目的 了解脐动脉血血气分析与Apgar评分在新生儿窒息诊断中的临床意义。方法对广东省江门市新会区妇幼保健院2012年4月至2013年1月出生的足月单胎新生儿采集脐动脉血进行血气分析,结合羊水性状、脏器损害及Apgar评分进行统计分析。结果 研究期间共分娩足月单胎新生儿3958例,成功采集脐动脉血3900例。生后1 min Apgar评分和脐动脉血pH值、PO2均呈正相关,与PCO2呈负相关（r分别为0.334,0.219,-0.227,P均〈0.05）。重度窒息新生儿脐动脉血气pH、PO2、BE、HCO-3均低于轻度窒息组和对照组,PCO2高于轻度窒息组和对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,对照组和轻度窒息组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。pH≤7.2组的新生儿窒息发生率、羊水浑浊发生率及脏器损害发生率均高于pH≥7.25组（7.7%比0.3%,68.0%比9.6%,8.3%比1.0%,P〈0.01）。结论 临床联合Apgar评分和脐动脉血血气分析可早期发现新生儿器官功能损害,是提供支持治疗可靠而简便易行的指标。     

新生儿1分钟Apgar评分差异的主观因素分析

目的探讨主观因素对新生儿1 min Apgar评分的影响。方法选择2011年10月至2013年9月在我院产科出生的新生儿为研究对象,婴儿出生后,由产科医生、儿科医生、麻醉科医生、助产人员、产科护士共5名医护人员在同一时间内进行1 min Apgar评分,将评分结果分为5组进行记录和分析。结果共对1300例新生儿进行1 min Apgar评分,5组医护人员评分结果完全相同的仅367例（28.2%）;产科医生组评分最高,平均8.7分,儿科医生组评分最低,平均8.1分;在窒息发生率方面,产科医生组窒息发生率最低,为11.9%,助产人员组窒息发生率最高,为19.7%;单病例最大评分差距相差5分。结论主观因素对1 min Apgar评分有一定影响,需制定一套新的诊断标准以减少主观因素的影响,取消单一依靠Apgar评分诊断新生儿窒息是解决这一问题的最好方法。     

新生儿窒息程度与心电图ST-T改变相关性分析

目的 探讨新生儿窒息程度与心电图ST-T异常的关系.方法 将92例窒息新生儿作为研究对象,并根据出生后1 min Apgar评分分为轻度、重度两组;同时将正常产及剖宫产的足月新生儿45例作为对照组;分别对3组新生儿于出生后第1天、第3天、第7天行常规心电图检查,并对其结果进行分析.结果 生后第1天轻度窒息组、对照组新生儿ST-T异常发生率分别为95.7％与44.4％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);生后第1天、第3天、第7天重度窒息组新生儿ST-T异常发生率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);生后第3天、第7天重度窒息组新生儿ST-T异常发生率高于轻度窒息组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 新生儿窒息会对心肌细胞造成损伤,且损伤程度与窒息程度呈正相关.     

新生儿生后早期外周动脉血气分析评估缺氧损伤的意义

目的探讨生后早期外周动脉血气分析对于新生儿窒息病情评判的临床价值。方法选取2012年3月至2013年4月本院新生儿科收治的足月窒息新生儿为观察组,其中1 min Apgar评分4-7者为轻度窒息组,≤3分者为重度窒息组,同期随机选取无窒息的足月新生儿为对照组,各组新生儿均在生后1 h内取右手桡动脉血进行血气分析并比较。将窒息组按外周动脉血气pH值分为〉7.25、7.0-7.25、〈7.0三组,比较各组发生脏器功能受损的比例。结果轻度窒息组98例,重度窒息组24例,对照组86例。各组新生儿性别、胎龄、出生体重、分娩方式、取血时间等差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。对照组pH值和BE值均高于轻、重度窒息组[pH：（7.38±0.06）比（7.16±0.08）、（7.10±0.09）,BE：（-4.1±0.5）mmol/L比（-11.1±4.6）mmol/L、（-14.4±2.6）mmol/L,P〈0.05],轻、重度窒息组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。窒息组患儿中,外周动脉血气pH值〉7.25组、7.0~7.25组和〈7.0组发生脏器功能受损的比例分别为53.3%、88.9%、100%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 Apgar评分的轻重程度不能完全代表窒息的程度,生后1 h内外周动脉血气分析检测是弥补其不足的一项客观指标。     

新生儿脐血pH和BE影响因素的研究

目的通过大样本收集新生儿脐血血气,研究脐血血气统计学参考值范围与不同影响因素的相关关系。方法选择2012年5～11月广东省妇幼保健院和新会妇幼保健院产科出生的新生儿进行前瞻性研究,选取其中1rainApgar评分〉7分者的脐血血气结果进行统计分析,了解正常新生儿脐血血气的统计学参考值范围;重点分析影响新生儿脐血pH和BE的因素。结果2000例新生儿中,1min Apgar评分≤7分11例,〉7分1989例,低Apgar评分组pH〈7．2的比例为45．5％,正常Apgar评分组pH〈7．2的比例为3．5％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）;1800例足月单胎、体重适于或大于胎龄新生儿中,1794例1min Apgar评分〉7分者脐血pH和BE的统计学参考值范围分别是7．34±0．14（X±1．96S）和-3．53±6．57（X±1．96s）。单因素分析显示,宫内窘迫组、妊娠期并发症组pH值均低于对照组,剖宫产组pH和BE值均高于阴道分娩组,脐带绕颈组pH值降低,双胎组BE值高于单胎组;羊水性状对pH、BE值均无影响。多因素分析显示,宫内窘迫、分娩方式均对脐血血气有影响。结论足月单胎、体重适于或大于胎龄新生儿中,1min Apgar评分〉7分者脐血pH值和BE值的统计学参考值范围分别是7．34±0．14和-3．53±6．57;Apgar评分与脐血血气分析具有一致性,但单独使用Apgar评分诊断早产儿窒息可能会增加窒息的误诊率;宫内窘迫可能会增加新生儿酸中毒的发生率,不同分娩方式对脐血血气pH、BE值均有影响。     

窒息新生儿心率变异性的临床研究

目的 探讨窒息新生儿心率变异性(heart rate variability,HRV)与心肌损害的相关性.方法 对53例窒息新生儿与40例健康新生儿进行24h全程动态心电图记录,对24h窦性心律进行HRV时域分析,时域分析指标包括:正常窦性R-R间期的标准差(SDNN);全程记录中每5分钟R-R间期平均值的标准差(SDANN);全程记录中每5分钟R-R间期标准差的平均值(SDNNindex);相邻R-R间期差值的均方根值(rMSSD);正常R-R间期标准差＞50 ms的百分比(PNN50).结果 (1)窒息新生儿与正常对照新生儿24h最快心率、最慢心率、平均心率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);轻、重度窒息新生儿间以上指标比较差异也有统计学意义(P＜0.05);重度窒息3种心率指标明显降低.(2) HRV时域分析中,轻、重度窒息新生儿SDNN、SDANN与正常对照新生儿比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),轻、重度窒息SDNN、SDANN、SDNNindex、rMSSD及PNN50 5项指标组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).SDNNindex、rMSSD及PNN503组间未见明显差异.结论 新生儿窒息心肌损害会导致心脏自主神经功能受损并影响心率的变化,受损程度与窒息缺氧严重程度有关.     

新生儿困难复苏相关危险因素分析

目的分析新生儿困难复苏的相关危险因素。方法以2011年1月至2015年10月分娩的活产满28周窒息儿(1分钟Apgar评分0~7分)为研究对象,经复苏后,以5分钟Apgar评分8~10分新生儿为5分钟复苏顺利组,0~7分新生儿为5分钟复苏困难组,进行相关危险因素的分析;5分钟复苏困难新生儿继续复苏后,20分钟Apgar评分8~10分的新生儿列为20分钟复苏顺利组,0~7分新生儿为20分钟复苏困难组,再进行危险因素分析。结果纳入1分钟窒息新生儿743例,其中5分钟复苏困难新生儿130例,另外613例复苏顺利,早产、低出生体质量、1分钟Apgar评分0~3分、产时感染性发热、胎盘异常、妊娠后期阴道出血、双胎输血综合征、胎儿畸形与5分钟复苏困难有明显的相关性(P均0.05)。5分钟复苏困难新生儿继续复苏后,20分钟复苏困难新生儿32例,与复苏顺利组新生儿98例比较,两组在1分钟Apgar评分0~3分、5分钟Apgar评分0~3分方面比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。1分钟窒息新生儿中的2例前置血管和8例胎儿水肿新生儿,在5分钟和20分钟仍复苏困难。结论窒息新生儿复苏影响因素较多,其中前置血管、胎儿水肿所致窒息复苏困难。     

婴儿型高压氧舱防治新生儿窒息后多脏器损伤155例报告

高压氧治疗疾病日益受到重视,近年来在新生儿领域中应用越来越广泛。我院于1998年引进婴儿型高压氧舱来防治新生儿窒息后多脏器损伤,效果显著,现报告如下。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　新生儿窒息程度按Apgar评分法进行评分,1min 0～3分者或生后5min≤6分者视为重度窒息,1min 4～7分为轻度窒息,常规检查胎儿头皮血或脐带血pH均≤7 2 5 ,评分至少需2人在场。收治的窒息患儿2 38例于12h内急查颅脑CT ,除外颅内活动性出血,随机分为治疗组15 5例,窒息原因:妊高症33例,脐带绕颈4 5例,宫缩乏力4 3例,胎膜早破14例,巨大儿7例,前置胎盘2例,原发性高…     

Resilience in Families with a Child with Cancer

The aim of this study was to identify and explore resilience factors associated with family adaption after a child had been diagnosed with cancer. Using a cross-sectional survey research design, parents (n = 26), and children (n = 25) from the same families independently completed six self-report questionnaires, as well as responded to an open-ended question about those qualities that helped their family through the period following the diagnosis. The most significant results came from the children's data. According to these results, connectedness within the family, the experience of control over life events, family routines, positive, and supportive communication, redefinition of crisis situations, and lastly, a passive appraisal of crisis situations, were positively linked to better family adaptation. The identified factors should be strengthened and developed in families finding themselves in a similar situation.     

Therapeutic experience with hepatoblastoma associated with trisomy 18

Trisomy 18 is often fatal, but patients with this disease can now have longer survival due to proactive treatment intervention. However, hepatoblastomas may develop in these patients. In this study, we report four cases of hepatoblastoma associated with trisomy 18. All of the patients had congenital heart disease and three had undergone intracardiac surgical repair. Tumor growth was relatively slow in all cases, and there were no problems with chemotherapy tolerability and surgical resection. Three of the patients are currently disease‐free and the fourth is alive with remaining of the tumor. These cases suggest that combined chemotherapy and surgical resection may be an option to treat hepatoblastoma associated with trisomy 18 when cardiac pulmonary function is relatively stable.     

Colonization with Clostridium difficile in Children with Cancer

Objective

Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus. Usually it does not cause disease unless a patient who is colonized with toxin-producing strains has been treated with antibiotics, particularly those that change the anaerobic flora of the large intestine.

Methods

We investigated in a prospective study intestinal colonization of C. difficile and its toxins in children with malignancy that used different antibiotics and cytotoxic drugs.

Findings

One hundred fifty-two patients were included in this prospective study. Stool samples were obtained within the first 48 hours after admission and cultured for C. difficile; cytopathic effect of C. difficile was detected on HELA cells, also ELISA test was performed for detection of toxins A and B. 25% of patients had positive culture for C. difficile; 36/38 (92%) revealed positive cytopathic effect on HELA cells. No significant relation was found between age, gender, history of antibiotic consumption and C. difficile positive culture and cytopathic effect on HELA cells. The only relation was seen between cotrimoxazol usage and cytopathic effect on HELA cells (P=0.03).

Conclusion

Although the rate of C. difficile colonization (25.6%) and toxigenic strains (23.7%) in admitted children in hematologic ward is high, the rate of ELISA positive test for toxin A+B was not correspond with culture and cytopatic effect on HELA cell. With respect to sensitivity and specificity of ELISA test, possibility for existence of toxin C with cytopathic effect is high in this type of patients.     

Tyrosinemia associated with perinatal infection with cytomegalovirus.

A premature infant presented with elevated concentrations of tyrosine in blood and urine, evidence of hepatocellular damage, demineralization of the bones, and a renal Fanconi syndrome. This is the clinical picture found in hereditary tyrosinemia. The infant also had a perinatal infection with cytomegalovirus.     

Treatment with Probucol of Children with Familial Hypercholesterolemia

ABSTRACT. Nine children with familial hypercholesterolaemia, age range 2 to 12 years, were treated with a low cholesterol diet and probucol (10 mg/kg/day). The year before, the children received, as only treatment, a low fat-cholesterol diet. During this period their mean plasma total cholesterol level fell from 8.2±1.45 mmol/l to 7.17±0.84 mmol/l (12.6%). This level was further reduced to 5.92±0.63 mmol/l (17.1%) after the addition of probucol. Plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lowered in absolute terms but not in relation to total cholesterol. No apparent side effects were observed. However, the use of probucol should be restricted for the moment to severe cases of hypercholesterolaemia as the long-term excretion of the drug in children is not yet known.     

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia

Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia is defined as a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by leukoerythroblastosis, tear drop erythrocytes, extramedullary hematopoesis and varying degree of myelofibrosis. It may be idiopathic or secondary to a large number of conditions. Here is a rare case of myelofibrosis occurring in a patient with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.