21例低位直肠癌保肛术后吻合口漏的分析

目的探讨低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术后吻合口漏的诊疗方法及发生原因。方法回顾性分析437例中下段直肠癌患者行低位保肛术后的临床资料。结果发生吻合口漏21例（4.9%）,12例经保守治疗获愈,9例先后行横结肠造瘘二期手术还纳造口获愈;无死亡病例。结论直肠癌低位保肛术吻合口漏的发生与患者年龄、术前肠道准备、肥胖、糖尿病及低蛋白血症等因素密切相关（P〈0.05）,而与性别、肿瘤距肛缘距离无关,且多数可通过充分引流及营养支持治愈,因而术中常规附加近端结肠造瘘并非必要。     

末端回肠置管造瘘术防治直肠癌同期放化疗后术后吻合口漏

目的探讨末端回肠置管造瘘术防治直肠癌同期放化疗术后吻合口漏临床效果。 方法选取2013年6月至2015年12月收治的中低位局部晚期直肠癌患者16例,均接受术前放化疗,治疗结束后5～8周行直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术(TME),在TME术中行末端回肠置管造瘘术,观察其术后吻合口漏的发生情况及恢复指标。 结果本组患者16例,术后发生吻合口漏2例,占12.5%,予生长抑素及保守治疗后吻合口漏愈合。未发生吻合口漏14例,占87.5%,吻合口愈合良好,术后第10～14天出院。 结论末端回肠置管造瘘术可有效减少及治疗直肠癌同期放化疗术后吻合口漏,具有安全性和可行性,可在临床推广应用。     

新辅助化放疗对局部进展期直肠癌低位前切除后吻合口愈合的影响

目的 探讨新辅助化放疗对局部进展期直肠癌低位前切除术后吻合13愈合的影响.方法 收集2001年5月至2007年8月的低位直肠癌(距肛缘≤6 cm)患者192例.全部病例均经术前化放疗.放疗40～46 Gy/20～23次,每周5次,每次2 Gy.放疗结束后休息六周.放疗同时进行化疗,口服卡培他滨1250 mg/(m~2·d),每日2次口服,直至手术.手术遵循TME原则进行.分析低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏发生情况.结果 全部病例完成术前化放疗.17例术前复查肿瘤完全消失(8.9%),未再进行手术治疗.手术前复查无一例发现肿瘤有进一步发展或转移.24例术后病理提示肿瘤完全消失,故肿瘤完全消失者共41例(21.4%).175例患者均按TME原则进行直肠癌根治术.保肛手术166例,保肛率为95.3%.其中低位直肠癌前切除术(LAR,双吻合器)134例,Parks术32例.腹会阴切除术6例.Hartmann术3例.在所有保肛患者中,发生吻合口漏9例,发生率为5.1%.LAR(双吻合器)术后发生吻合口漏6例,发生率为4.4%,其中直肠阴道漏4例.Parks术后吻合口漏3例,发生率为9.4%,其中直肠阴道漏1例.两组保肛手术吻合口漏发生率无显著差异(P＞0.05).吻合口漏发生时间为术后2～10 d,均经相应处理后获得良好结果 .结论 合理运用新辅助化放疗不会明显增加低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏的发生.     

腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口瘘的危险因素及预防

探讨腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口瘘的危险因素及预防措施。选择我院2008年1月—2015年1月收治的103例腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术患者为研究对象,分析年龄、性别、术前白蛋白水平、直肠癌病理类型、TNM分期、Duke分期、肿瘤直径、肿瘤距肛缘距离、术前合并症与术后吻合口瘘的关系,探讨预防性回肠末端造口、大口径肛管引流减压、术中游离脾曲及盆腔引流对术后吻合口瘘的预防作用。共7例患者发生吻合口瘘,发生率6.80%。单因素分析表明年龄≥60岁、术前合并糖尿病或肠梗阻、Duke分期C或D、肿瘤距肛缘的距离7 cm与吻合口瘘相关(P0.05),而性别、术前白蛋白水平、病理类型、TNM分期、肿瘤直径和术前合并高血压与吻合口瘘不相关(P0.05)。Logistics回归分析表明年龄、术前合并糖尿病或肠梗阻、Duke分期、肿瘤距肛缘距离均为吻合口瘘发生的独立危险因素(P0.05);预防性回肠末端造口、大口径肛管引流减压、术中游离脾曲患者术后吻合口瘘发生率降低(P0.05),而盆腔引流对术后吻合口瘘发生率无明显影响(P0.05)。年龄、术前合并糖尿病或肠梗阻、Duke分期、肿瘤距肛缘的距离是腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口瘘发生的危险因素,预防性回肠末端造口、大口径肛管引流减压、术中游离脾曲可有效预防吻合口瘘。     

中低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术后吻合口瘘的危险因素分析

目的探讨中低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除(TME)术后吻合口瘘发生的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2004年6月至2014年6月期间我院行TME手术的446例中低位直肠癌患者的临床资料,TME术后发生吻合口瘘患者36例。采用χ2检验对危险因素进行单因素分析,采用logistic回归分析进行多因素分析。结果 36例TME术后发生吻合口瘘患者,其中22例行保守治疗后痊愈,14例患者行横结肠造瘘术后痊愈。单因素分析结果显示,患者年龄60岁、吻合口距肛门距离5 cm、术前血红蛋白110 g/L、术前白蛋白35 g/L、合并糖尿病、新辅助放化疗、未手工加强缝合是TME术后发生吻合口瘘的危险因素(P0.05);进一步的多因素分析结果显示,术前血红蛋白110 g/L、白蛋白35 g/L、合并糖尿病、新辅助放化疗及吻合口距肛门距离5 cm是中低位直肠癌TME术后发生吻合口瘘的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论中低位直肠癌TME术后发生吻合口瘘的风险较高,患者的基础状态、吻合口局部情况、术中操作等因素均可影响吻合口瘘的发生,应给予足够的重视。一般而言,大部分的吻合口瘘可通过保守治疗治愈,在保守治疗无效的情况下,可行结肠造瘘进行处理。     

全直肠系膜切除与双吻合器技术在低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用

目的探讨全直肠系膜切除(TME)与双吻合器技术(DST)在低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用价值。方法TME联合DST行保肛手术治疗低位直肠癌患者16例,并随访患者局部复发率和排尿及性功能的变化。结果本组1例术后吻合口漏,并发盆腔感染,再次手术行乙状结肠永久造瘘而治愈。1例切口感染,余无并发症发生,无手术死亡。术后随访6~48个月,无复发病例。无1例出现排尿及性功能障碍。结论TME联合DST是低位直肠癌保肛手术的首选术式,是保持盆腔脏器功能、治疗低位直肠癌的有效方法。     

自制双管冲洗引流预防直肠癌TME术后吻合口漏的效果观察

为探讨自制双管冲洗引流预防直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术（TME）术后吻合口漏的效果,将行TME治疗的84例直肠癌患者随机分为观察组和对照组,各42例。观察组经肛门放置自制的双管于肠道吻合口上方冲洗引流肠腔内容物或气体,对照组肠腔内不放置任何引流管,对比两组患者术后吻合口漏的发生率。结果显示,两组患者均顺利完成手术。观察组术后未发生吻合口漏,对照组术后发生吻合口漏5例（11．9％,5／42）。观察组术后吻合口漏发生率明显低于对照组,P〈0．05。对照组发生吻合口漏的5例患者中,4例经保守治疗后痊愈,1例行近端肠造口转流术痊愈。结果表明,自制双管冲洗引流能有效预防直肠癌TME术后吻合口漏的发生,而且取材方便,制备简单,值得临床推广应用。     

全直肠系膜切除术在低位直肠癌中的应用

为探讨低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术（TME）在保肛、防止肿瘤局部复发中的作用,对行低位直肠癌TME43例患者的手术方法、疗效和并发症进行回顾性分析。结果显示,43例采用TME手术,术后无死亡病例,吻合口漏3例,无吻合口狭窄,术后局部复发3例,复发率为6．9％。结果表明,在低位直肠癌手术中应用TME可降低直肠癌局部复发率,不增加并发症。     

中低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术后吻合口漏的防治

为探讨中低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术（TME）后吻合口漏的防治措施,回顾分析71例行TME的中低位直肠癌患者资料,就术后吻合口漏的防治做一总结。结果显示,全部患者均手术成功,无死亡病例。术后发生吻合口漏6例,其中1例行造口术,其余5例经保守治疗痊愈。结果表明,采取积极的防治措施,可治愈中低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏。     

全直肠系膜切除术的临床实践

目的 评价全直肠系膜切除术在直肠癌手术中的价值。方法 回顾性分析148例中下段直肠癌接受全直肠系膜切除术的情况。结果 148例平均失血150ml(50～600m1)．平均手术时间4．3h，保肛103例(69．6％)，其中Dixon术96例，改良Bacon术7例。术后发生吻合口漏3例(2．9％)，全组发生切口感染(包括会阴切口、造瘘口)5例(3．4％)。随访2年以上的病例117例，局部复发8例(6．8％)，其中保肛86例中局部复发2例(2．3％)，非保肛31例中局部复发6例(19．4％)，无尿潴留及性功能丧失．无手术死亡。结论 全直肠系膜切除术使直肠癌患者更容易达到治愈，局部控制及保留括约肌，保留性功能和膀胱功能的标准，且出血少．不增加手术时间及吻合口漏和切口感染。     

直肠癌术后直肠阴道瘘的危险因素分析

目的 探讨直肠癌术后直肠阴道瘘的危险因素与临床对策.方法 回顾分析1997～2008年1123例女性直肠癌手术患者的临床资料,应用SPSS软件对数据进行统计处理,采用X2检验.结果 34例(3.03%,34/1123)术后出现直肠阴道瘘.直肠阴道瘘发生与患者有无绝经、肿瘤距肛缘的距离、肿瘤位于直肠壁的部位、吻合方式密切相关(P<0.05),而与患者年龄、肿瘤T分期、术前放疗、预防性造口等无明显相关.34例患者中12例经保守治疗后自愈,余22例患者均在瘘后3月局部炎症消退后行修补术,在修补直肠阴道瘘的同时行近端肠造口使粪便转流.结论 直肠癌术后直肠阴道瘘与患者有无绝经、肿瘤距肛缘的距离、肿瘤位于直肠壁的部位、吻合方式密切相关.熟悉其病因,加强围手术前准备,选择正确的手术时机和手术方式可降低直肠阴道瘘的发生率.     

低位前切除并直肠全系膜切除术吻合口瘘的危险因素研究

目的 探讨低位前切除(LAR)并直肠全系膜切除(TME)术治疗中低位直肠癌发生吻合口瘘的危险因素。方法1992年9月-2000年12月,156例直肠癌病人行低位前切除(LAR)并直肠全系膜切除(TME)术,肿瘤距肛缘3～12cm。临床资料实施前瞻性方法研究,分析吻合口瘘的影响因素。结果 吻合口距肛缘平均3.6 cm(1～5 cm)。吻合口瘘率10.3％。女性(p=0.01)、近段肠造口(p=0.01)与吻合口瘘率显著低有关。而未行近段肠造口在男性病人与显著增加的吻合口瘘有关,女性则否。结论 低位前切除并直肠全系膜切除术治疗中低位直肠癌,为预防低位吻合口瘘在男性病人应常规行近段肠造口,而女性造口多不需要,只有在吻合技术不理想时可选择造口术。     

Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision

BACKGROUND: This study aims to analyze the risk factors for anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection with the technique of total mesorectal excision (TME). METHODS: From September 1993 to November 1998, 196 patients with rectal cancer from 3 to 12 cm from the anal verge were treated with low anterior resection with TME. The data were entered in a prospective manner, and the factors that might affect anastomotic leakage were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean level of anastomosis was 3.6 cm from the anal verge (range 1 to 5 cm). The leakage rate was 10.2%. Female gender (P = 0.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3 to 14.3; odds ratio 4.3) and presence of a diversion stoma (P = 0.01; 95% CI 1.4 to 14.2; odds ratio 4.5) were independent significant factors for lower anastomotic leakage. The absence of a stoma was associated with significantly increased leakage in male (P = 0.001) but not in female (P = 0.51) patients. CONCLUSIONS: With low anastomosis after low anterior resection with TME, diversion stoma construction should be performed routinely in men. In women, the need for diversion can be more selective.     

Risk of permanent stoma after resection of rectal cancer depending on the distance between the tumour lower edge and anal verge

The distance between the anal verge and lower edge of rectal cancer is one of the most important factors affecting the feasibility of sphincter-preserving resection.The aim of the study was to assess the risk of permanent stoma after resection of rectal tumour depending on the distance between the tumour and the anal verge.Material and methods. The retrospective analysis covered 884 patients after resection of rectal cancer. The distance between the anal verge and the lowest edge of the tumour was measured during endoscopic examination. Surgical technique was similar in all cases. For statistical analysis, the chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used.Results. The overall rate of sphincter-preserving procedures was 71.8%, 90.1% of which were anterior resections. The greatest differences between the rate of anterior resections were noted for the segment between the 4th and the 5th centimetres: 30.1% for 4 cm vs 66.7% for 5 cm, p = 0.005. Overall, in 328 patients (37.1%) surgical treatment resulted in a permanent stoma. The number included: 246 (75.0%) patients after abdominosacral resection, 44 (13.4%) patients after the Hartmann procedure, three (0.9%) patients after proctocolectomy, and 28 (8.5%) patients after anterior resection, with a permanent stoma as a result of anastomotic leak. The overall rate of anastomotic leak was 11.7%. Formation of a defunctioning stoma in patients with a low-lying (6 cm from the anal verge) tumour reduced the risk of symptomatic anastomotic leak: 6.3% vs 20.5%; p = 0.049.Conclusions. Anterior resection of tumours located 6 cm from the anal verge is feasible in 90%. Anastomotic leak that requires reoperation increases the risk of permanent colostomy. In selected cases, formation of a defunctioning stoma after resection of low-lying rectal cancer can reduce the risk of permanent colostomy.     

术前经新辅助治疗的中低位直肠癌患者吻合口漏的预防和治疗

目的 探讨中低位直肠癌新辅助治疗后吻合口漏的预防和治疗.方法 回顾性分析2004年8月至2007年7月间50例低位直肠癌采用新辅助治疗保肛术后,吻合口漏的发生及治疗情况.结果 50例患者接受FOLFOX方案联合放疗的新辅助治疗后接受保肛手术.行预防性回肠末段造口的19例患者未发生吻合口漏,31例未行预防性回肠末段造口术中有4例术后发生吻合口漏,其中2例合并直肠阴道瘘,均经保守治疗治愈.结论 FOLFOX方案联合放疗的新辅助治疗,可提高中低位直肠癌手术的保肛率,保肛术后行回肠末段预防性造口,对吻合口漏的发生有预防作用.     

The indications for a diverting stoma in low anterior resection for rectal cancer: a prospective multicentre study of 222 patients from Japanese cancer centers

Aim The aim of the study was to determine the present state of diverting stoma construction in Japanese cancer centres and to investigate the relationship between symptomatic leakage and diverting stoma after low anterior resection for rectal cancer. Method Two hundred and twenty‐two consecutive patients undergoing low anterior resection for rectal cancer located within 10 cm from the anal verge were investigated in a prospective, multicenter study. Results The overall leakage rate was 9.0% (20/222). Of 31 cases with an anastomosis within 2.0 cm from the anal verge, 22 (71%) had a diverting stoma. Of cases anastomosed within 5.0 cm, the absence of a diverting stoma and tumour size were significantly related to an increased rate of leakage [leakage in 13 (12.7%) of 102 cases without a diverting stoma; in three (3.8%) of 80 cases with a diverting stoma]. Among anastomoses within 2.0 cm from the anal verge, leakage occurred in four (44.4%) of nine cases without and in none (0%) of 22 cases with a diverting stoma. Conclusion We recommend a diverting stoma for an anastomosis within 5.0 cm of the anal verge and strongly recommend it for a very low anastomosis within 2.0 cm.     

Risk factors for anastomotic failure after total mesorectal excision of rectal cancer

BACKGROUND: Anastomotic leakage is a major complication of rectal cancer surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors associated with symptomatic anastomotic leakage after total mesorectal excision (TME). METHODS: Between 1996 and 1999, patients with operable rectal cancer were randomized to receive short-term radiotherapy followed by TME or to undergo TME alone. Eligible Dutch patients who underwent an anterior resection (924 patients) were studied retrospectively. RESULTS: Symptomatic anastomotic leakage occurred in 107 patients (11.6 per cent). Pelvic drainage and the use of a defunctioning stoma were significantly associated with a lower anastomotic failure rate. A significant correlation between the absence of a stoma and anastomotic dehiscence was observed in both men and women, for both distal and proximal rectal tumours. In patients with anastomotic failure, the presence of pelvic drains and a covering stoma were both related to a lower requirement for surgical reintervention. CONCLUSION: Placement of one or more pelvic drains after TME may limit the consequences of anastomotic failure. The clinical decision to construct a defunctioning stoma is supported by this study.     

Anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal cancer: risk factors

Objective  The study aimed to identify risk factors for clinical anastomotic leakage (AL) after anterior resection for rectal cancer in a consecutive national cohort.
Method  All patients with an initial first diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma were prospectively registered in a national database. The register included 1495 patients who had had a curative anterior resection between May 2001 and December 2004. The association of a number of patient- and procedure-related factors with clinical AL after anterior resection was analysed in a cohort design.
Results  Anastomotic leakages occurred in 163 (11%) patients. In a multivariate analysis, the risk of AL was significantly increased in patients with tumours located below 10 cm from the anal verge if no faecal diversion was undertaken (OR 5.37 5 cm (tumour level from anal verge), 95% CI 2.10–13.7, OR 3.57 7 cm, CI 1.81–7.07 and OR 1.96 10 cm, CI 1.22–3.10), in male patients (OR 2.36, CI 1.18–4.71), in smokers (OR 1.88, CI 1.02–3.46), and perioperative bleeding (OR 1.05 for intervals of 100 ml blood loss, CI 1.02–1.07).
Conclusion  Anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for low rectal tumours is related to the level, male gender, smoking and perioperative bleeding. Faecal diversion is advisable after total mesorectal excision of low rectal tumours in order to prevent AL.     

Anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection for rectal cancer: comparison of stapled versus compression anastomosis

Purpose

Surgical technique and perioperative management in rectal cancer surgery have been substantially improved and standardized during the last decades. However, anastomotic leakage following low anterior resection still is a significant problem. Based on animal experimental data of improved healing of compression anastomosis, we hypothesized that a compression anastomotic device might improve healing rates of the highest-risk anastomoses.

Methods

All low anterior resections for rectal cancer performed or directly supervised by the senior author between January 2004 and June 2012 were analyzed. Only patients with a stapled or compression anastomosis located within 6 cm from the anal verge were included. Until December 2008, circular staplers were employed, while since January 2009, a novel compression anastomotic device was used for rectal reconstruction exclusively.

Results

Out of 197 patients operated for rectal cancer, a total of 96 (34 females, 35.4 %) fulfilled inclusion criteria. Fifty-eight (60.4 %) were reconstructed with circular staplers and 38 (39.6 %) using a compression anastomotic device. Significantly, more laparoscopic procedures were recorded in the compression anastomosis group, but distribution of gender, age, body mass index, American Society of Anaesthesiologists score, rate of preoperative radiotherapy, tumor staging, or stoma diversion rate were similar. Anastomotic leakage was observed in seven cases (7/58, 12.1 %) in the stapled and twice (2/38, 5.3 %) in the compression anastomosis group (p?=?0.26).

Conclusions

In this series, rectal reconstruction following low anterior resection using a novel compression anastomotic device was safe and (at least) equally effective compared to traditional circular staplers concerning leak rate.