淋巴细胞性垂体炎的MRI表现

目的 描述淋巴细胞性垂体炎的MRI表现，探讨MRI的诊断价值和限度及其与垂体腺瘤的鉴别诊断。方法 对5例临床以多饮、多尿及头痛为主要症状前来就诊，手术病理诊断为淋巴细胞性垂体炎患者的术前MR影像及其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 5例淋巴细胞性垂体炎患者MRI均表现为垂体增大，垂体蒂增粗，正常神经垂体T1WI高信号消失，病变均呈明显强化，其中2例为均匀强化，3例强化不均匀。2例可见海绵窦及相邻硬脑膜受侵犯。结论 对于垂体增大合并中枢性尿崩症，伴或不伴有腺垂体功能低下的患者要考虑淋巴细胞性垂体炎的诊断。     

淋巴细胞性垂体炎的MRI诊断及鉴别诊断

目的探讨磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)诊断和鉴别诊断淋巴细胞性垂体炎(lymphocytic hypophysitis,LyH)的价值。资料与方法对32例病理或临床诊断为LyH的MRI表现及其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 31例垂体后叶短T1信号消失;22例垂体柄增粗,9例垂体增大、垂体柄增粗;4例合并海绵窦及邻近硬脑膜受累;1例垂体轻度增大。增强扫描4例均匀强化,28例明显欠均匀强化。结论对于垂体后叶短T1信号消失,垂体柄增粗,伴或不伴有垂体增大,临床有尿崩及垂体功能低下时应考虑LyH的诊断。     

淋巴细胞性垂体炎MRI诊断

目的：探讨淋巴细胞性垂体炎的影像学特征表现,探讨淋巴细胞性垂体炎与垂体其它肿瘤,炎症的鉴别诊断。方法：回顾性分析8例经我院诊断及诊断性治疗后确诊患者。结果：淋巴细胞性垂体炎影像学表现为垂体增大,垂体柄增粗,增强扫描呈明显均匀强化,其中1例垂体内信号不均匀,呈局限性坏死信号。结论：MRI能清晰显示病变的范围与特征,具有重要的诊断价值。     

垂体少见疾病的MRI诊断及鉴别诊断

目的探讨垂体少见疾病的MRI特点,提高对垂体少见疾病的认识。资料与方法回顾性分析10例经临床或病理证实的垂体少见疾病的MRI表现,包括Rathke＇s囊肿3例,垂体增生3例,淋巴细胞性垂体炎3例,颗粒细胞瘤1例。结果Rathke＇s囊肿表现为垂体内边界光滑、信号均匀的囊性病变。垂体增生表现为垂体增大,垂体柄增粗,明显均匀一致的强化。淋巴细胞性垂体炎3例,表现为垂体增大,垂体柄增粗,与垂体信号相仿,2例信号均匀,1例信号不均匀,增强扫描病变明显强化;1例有邻近的硬膜强化。颗粒细胞瘤表现为垂体柄均匀增粗,明显均匀一致的强化。结论MRI能清楚地显示病变的范围和特点,具有重要的诊断和鉴别诊断价值。     

儿童孤立性垂体柄朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症的MRI表现

目的探讨孤立性垂体柄朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症(LCH)的临床和MRI表现,提高对本病的认识和诊断水平。资料与方法回顾性分析13例孤立性垂体柄LCH患儿的临床及MRI资料,所有病例均经手术或穿刺活检证实为LCH,均行垂体MRI平扫及增强扫描。结果临床特点:13例患儿均以中枢性尿崩症为首发症状,且均为孤立性垂体柄LCH,临床及影像检查提示未累及其他系统。MRI表现:初次MRI及复查MRI,13例患儿垂体后叶T1WI正常高信号均消失。初次MRI显示,垂体柄呈结节状增粗7例,均匀增粗4例,漏斗部呈结节状增粗2例,动态增强扫描呈渐进性强化、直至明显强化。4例行MRI随访,3例分别于治疗后第6个月、第9个月、第10个月随访MRI基本正常;1例病情反复,治疗后第11个月随访MRI显示病变基本消失,第25个月随访MRI显示病变较第一次明显。结论儿童孤立性垂体柄LCH常以中枢性尿崩症为首发症状,垂体后叶T1WI正常高信号消失,同时有垂体柄增粗,应该考虑本病。MRI随访能很好地监测病灶的变化。     

垂体柄病变的MRI影像与临床特征分析

目的 探讨MRI在垂体柄病变影像诊断中的价值及限度。方法 选取并分析经病理证实的21例垂体柄病变的MRI特征和临床表现。结果 21例中生殖细胞瘤7例，朗格汉斯组织细胞增多症(langerhans cell histiocytosis, LCH)6例，淋巴细胞漏斗神经垂体炎(lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis, LINH)5例，颗粒细胞瘤2例，Erdheim-Chester病(ECD)1例。21例MRI表现为垂体柄不同程度增粗或肿块，以垂体柄上部为主，增强呈明显强化。病灶最大横径为(6.68±2.97) mm。17例垂体后叶高信号消失，1例神经垂体异位。21例患者均有中枢性尿崩症，其中13例患者出现垂体前叶功能减低，以继发性性腺功能减退最常见。结论 MRI可以早期发现垂体柄病变，但对肿瘤及炎性病变的定性诊断尚需进一步研究。     

鞍区生殖细胞瘤MRI影像分析(附11例报告)

目的:分析鞍区生殖细胞瘤的MRI表现及临床特征。方法:选择经病理或临床实验室检测及试验性治疗证实的11例鞍区生殖细胞瘤患者作为研究对象,结合文献回顾性分析鞍区生殖细胞瘤治疗前MR影像表现。结果:11例患者均表现为垂体柄增粗和垂体后叶正常短T1高信号消失,9例有中枢性尿崩症。MRI图像:T1WI肿瘤呈等信号,但在T2WI上信号不均匀表现为多样性。3例肿瘤延伸入第三脑室并囊变坏死,1例肿瘤沿四脑室及侧脑室播散转移。结论:青少年女性出现的鞍区实性病变,T2上信号不均匀,有显著强化,伴垂体柄增粗,垂体后叶短T1高信号消失,高度提示生殖细胞瘤,影像与临床结合有利于早期诊断,改善生殖细胞瘤预后。     

垂体脓肿的CT和MR表现

目的:分析垂体脓肿的CT和MR表现特征,以提高诊断的准确性。方法:对经过手术病理证实的12例垂体脓肿的CT和MR资料,结合文献进行回顾性分析。结果:CT平扫呈等或低密度,MR平扫T1WI呈等低或等高混杂信号,T2WI呈高信号或高低混杂信号,7例MR增强后呈均匀薄环状强化。12例中3例见正常垂体,3例垂体柄增粗强化,2例伴邻近脑膜轻度强化,5例伴副鼻窦炎。结论:垂体脓肿症状、体征及CT和MRI表现与其他鞍区囊性病变不易鉴别,但是根据增强前后的特征性表现,有可能在术前作出正确诊断。     

颅内生殖细胞瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的探讨颅内生殖细胞瘤的CT和MRI表现。方法经手术病理及放疗证实的颅内生殖细胞瘤19例,回顾性分析其治疗前CT和MRI图像。结果19例肿瘤中,12例位于松果体区,3例位于基底节区及丘脑,4例位于鞍区。松果体区肿瘤MRI呈长T1、等或长T2信号,边缘光滑,出血少见,CT呈均匀等密度或稍高密度,松果体钙化常被肿瘤包埋,增强呈均匀显著强化。鞍区肿瘤垂体柄增粗,垂体后叶正常短T1信号消失,肿瘤T1WI呈等信号,T2WI上信号可以表现为等或高信号,CT上肿瘤实体部分呈高密度,增强扫描有明显强化。基底节及丘脑肿瘤,呈弥漫性生长,瘤体较大,信号及密度不均匀,边缘欠清晰,出血多见,增强呈斑片或花环样强化。结论颅内生殖细胞瘤,根据发生性别、年龄和MR及CT影像表现具有一定特点,在多数情况下可做出术前诊断。     

垂体脓肿MRI分析

目的 探讨垂体脓肿的MRI表现,提高对垂体脓肿的认识和诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析8例经手术病理和临床抗炎治疗证实的垂体脓肿的临床及MRI资料,并结合文献分析其MRI特征性表现.8例中,男3例,女5例,平均年龄53.3岁(36~62岁).病程7 d~4个月.结果 MRI平扫均显示垂体增大,T1WI等信号6例,稍高信号2例;T2WI等信号4例,高信号2例,等高混杂信号2例;1例行DWI检查显示脓肿为高信号.增强后8例均表现为周边环形强化,6例壁厚并略呈分层状,7例垂体柄增粗并明显强化.结论 垂体脓肿具有较典型的MRI征象.     

MRI诊断脑转移瘤的价值

目的 探讨MRI诊断脑转移瘤的价值。方法 分析36例脑转移瘤患的临床及MRI资料，全部病例均行非增强及增强MRI检查。结果 多发颅脑转移瘤29例，其中3例为弥漫性脑转移瘤。单发脑转移瘤7例。脑转移瘤发生在幕上21例，幕下4例，幕上及幕下均有11例。4例伴有邻近脑膜受累。非增强MRI病灶上多数为长T1长T2信号，增强MRI上病灶均有强化，以环状强化为多见。增强MRI比非增强MRI发现转移瘤病灶将近高1倍。结论 增强扫描是MRI诊断脑转移瘤所必须的。结合临床病史和MRI特征，对大多数病例可做出准确诊断。     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的MRI诊断(附15例分析)

目的 :探讨MRI对脑静脉窦血栓 (VST)的诊断价值。方法 :回顾性分析 15例VST患者的完整临床和影像学资料。全部行MR检查 ,其中 9例行增强扫描 ,8例行脑静脉MRA检查 ;12例曾行CT检查 ,其中 4例行增强扫描。结果 :上矢状窦受累 12例合并横窦血栓 11例 ,窦汇 7例、乙状窦 6例、下矢状窦、直窦受累 6例 ,海绵窦受累 1例。血栓在T1WI上均呈等、高不均匀信号 ,并出现脑组织肿胀 ,脑沟变浅 ,脑回模糊 ,在T2 WI上信号因发病时间不同而有所不同 ,8例T2 WI脑实质无异常信号 ,7例T2 WI脑实质出现异常信号。增强扫描 9例全部出现静脉异常强化。MRA表现为受累静脉窦信号较淡、边缘模糊且不规则的血流信号或血流信号完全消失。 12例CT检查中 2例见“空delta征” ,4例表现为梗塞、出血等不典型改变。结论 :MRI是诊断VST的首选检查方法 ,并对VST的预后评价有重要意义     

可复性后部脑病综合征的MR诊断

目的 提高对可复性后部脑病综合征(PRES)的MRI诊断及鉴别诊断的认识.资料与方法 回顾性分析8例经临床证实的PRES患者的临床及MRI表现.8例均行MRI检查,其中3例行钆喷替酸葡甲胺(Gd-DTPA)增强扫描,2例行磁共振血管造影(3D-TOF MRA)检查,1例行增强磁共振静脉成像(CE-MRV)检查,6例行扩散加权成像(DWI).结果 MRI显示病灶基本上呈双侧对称性分布,6例位于顶、枕叶皮层及皮层下,2例累及脑干.T_1WI呈等或略低信号,T_2WI及液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)呈高信号,注射Gd-DTPA后无明显异常对比强化,MRA未见明显异常,DWI显示病变扩散受限呈高信号,ADC图呈高信号或为正常.7例经对症处理后多次复查示所有病灶几乎完全吸收消失,临床症状好转;1例因多系统衰竭死亡.结论 MRI对PRES的病变范围显示清楚,具有一定的特征性,多种MR检查方法并结合治疗后复查可以明确该病的诊断.     

肾上腺节细胞神经瘤的影像学表现

目的探讨肾上腺节细胞神经瘤的影像学表现,以提高该病的诊断准确性.资料与方法回顾性分析15例经手术病理证实的肾上腺节细胞神经瘤的影像特点.结果15例肾上腺节细胞神经瘤中,11例行 CT 平扫及增强检查, CT 平扫8例呈均匀低密度,3例呈不均匀低密度;7例病灶内可见钙化,以散在点状或小斑块状钙化为主;增强扫描后2例病灶未见明显强化,9例病灶表现为不均匀轻、中度进行性强化,2例增强后可显示包膜.5例行 MRI 检查,病灶呈稍长 T1不均匀长 T2信号,反相位无信号减低,DWI 呈等低信号,4例增强后呈渐进性轻、中度强化,1例表现为较明显的不均匀团块状强化,4例T2WI 及增强后可显示完整包膜.结论肾上腺节细胞神经瘤一般表现为渐进性轻、中度强化,CT 可见散在点状钙化,MRI 可清晰显示包膜及内部组织成分,二者结合可对大多数病变作出正确的术前诊断.     

成人白血病中枢神经系统并发症的CT与MRI表现

目的 探讨成人白血病中枢神经系统并发症(CNSCL)的CT和MRI表现及其诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析18例经临床及手术病理证实的成人CNSCL的CT和MRI表现,其中急性淋巴细胞白血病7例,急性非淋巴细胞白血病10例,慢性粒单细胞白血病1例.CT平扫11例,其中增强1例;MR平扫16例,其中增强11例.结果 颅内受累14例:(1)颅内出血7例,其中脑内血肿4例,脑内血肿合并微出血1例,微出血2例.脑内血肿均为多发病灶.CT表现为团状高密度影;MRI表现为T1WI低信号或高低混杂信号,T2WI高信号或等高信号伴环状低信号环,病灶呈环形强化或无明显强化.脑微出血在磁敏感加权成像(SWI)上表现为多发斑点状及小条状低信号,其病灶检出率明显优于CT及MRI其他常规序列检查;7例中,伴脑梗死及蛛网膜下腔出血各1例.(2)颅内肿块5例:其中左额部内板下梭形病灶或跨颅板肿块2例,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高低混杂信号,并有明显均匀强化,均见脑膜尾征;鞍区肿块1例,CT示鞍区高密度影,MRI示鞍区T1WI稍低信号,T2WI高信号,有不均匀强化;右侧脑室体旁肿块1例,T1WI、T2WI均呈等信号,有明显均匀强化.左额顶叶壁厚囊性肿块1例,呈环形强化.(3)梗阻性脑积水1例,表现为中脑导水管以上脑室系统扩张.(4)脑膜病变1例,MRI表现为广泛脑膜增厚伴明显均匀强化.椎管内病变4例:其中胸腰椎左侧椎旁软组织肿块2例,侵犯椎管内,伴邻近肋骨骨质破坏1例;椎管内肿块1例,表现为胸椎管后方梭形T1WI等高信号,T2WI等低信号灶,无明显强化;胸髓信号异常1例,表现为胸髓条状T2WI及液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)序列高信号影.结论 成人CNSCL影像表现多种多样,CT与MRI对该病的诊断价值相辅相成;白血病患者疑脑内病变者,建议常规使用SWI检查,以尽早发现脑微出血,降低脑内血肿发生的风险.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the CT and MRI findings and their diagnostic value of central nervous system complications of leukemia (CNSCL). Methods The CT and MRI findings of 18 adult patients with CNSCL proved by clinical features or pathology were retrospectively analyzed. Among 18 cases,7 were acute lymphocytic leukemia, 10 acute non-lymphocytic leukemia and 1 chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Eleven cases underwent plain CT scan with one of them also receiving contrast-enhanced CT scan enhancement, 16 cases underwent plain MR scan with 11 of them receiving contrast-enhanced MR scan.Results Intracranial lesions in 14 cases: (1)intracranial hemorrhage was found in 7 cases, including intracerebral hematoma in 4 cases, micro-haemorrhage in 2 cases, and intracerebral hematoma accompanying by multiple intracerebral micro-haemorrhage foci in 1 case. All cases with intracerebral hematoma showed multiple lesions, which demonstrated high-density on CT images, and low or mixed signal on T1 WI, high- or intermediate signal with low-signal rim on T2 WI and ring enhancement or no evident enhancement. Microhaemorrhage manifested as multiple mini-mottling and strip hypointense foci on susceptibility weighted imaging, on which the detection rate of micro-haemorrhage foci was much higher than that on CT and other sequences of MRI. Among the 7 cases, one also had cerebral infarction and one subarachnoid hemorrhage.(2) Intracranial mass was found in 5 cases, among which two appeared as masses under or bestride cranium in the left frontal region with hypointensity on T1 WI, mixed signal on T2WI, strong homogeneous enhancement and dural tail sign;one showed a mass in saddle area, with high density on CT, slightly low signal on T1WI, high signal on T2WI and heterogeneous enhancement; one case displayed a mass near lateral ventricle with iso-intensity on T1 WI and T2WI and strong homogeneous enhancement; and one case manifested as cystic mass in the left fronto-apical lobe, with thick wall and ring enhancement (3)Obstructive hydrocephalus was found in 1 case, manifesting dilation of ventricles above the aquaeductus mesencephali. (4) Meningopathy was found in 1 case, manifesting diffuse thickening of meninges with strong homogeneous enhancement on MRI. Pathological changes of spinal canal was found in 4 cases among which two showed para-spinal mass involving vertebral canal and causing bone destruction of adjacent ribs; one case showed fusiform mass posterior to vertebral canal with high and intermediate signal on T1 WI and low and iso-signal on T2WI without enhancement; one showed zonale leison in thoracic cord with high signal on T2WI and fluid attenuated inversion recovery. Conclusion The radiologic manifestations of adult CNSCL are various and the role of CT and MRI for the diagnosis of CNSCL may complement each other. SWI is suggested as routine examination for patients of leukemia, in whom intracerebral lesions were suspected in order to find micro-haemorrhage as early as possible and reduce the risk of intracerebral hematoma occurrence.     

假瘤样炎性脱髓鞘病的 MRI 表现分析

目的：分析、总结假瘤样炎性脱髓鞘病（T IDD ）的M RI影像表现。方法回顾性分析10例经病理证实的 T IDD的M RI影像表现,10例均行M RI平扫及增强扫描。结果双侧额顶叶多发3例,单发7例,包括枕叶2例、基底节区2例、颈髓2例、左侧额顶叶1例。7例形态不规则,1例卵圆形,2例条带状。6例边界清楚,4例边缘模糊。单发病变直径1．7～5．6cm,平均（4．0±1．48） cm。8例瘤周轻度水肿,2例无水肿。长T1长T2信号8例,等T1长T2信号2例,FLAIR均呈高信号,3例DWI高信号,其中2例可见低信号区。3例可见出血。无囊变及钙化病例。增强扫描环形强化3例,不均匀明显强化2例,轻度强化及无强化各2例,1例半开环强化。结论 T IDD的M RI表现有一定特征,M RI具有较高的诊断价值。     

中枢神经系统白血病CT诊断

目的:探讨中枢神经系统白血病的CT表现,提高诊断水平。方法:总结经临床脑脊液细胞学检查找到白血病细胞共计17例CT表现,其中急性淋巴细胞白血病10例,急性非淋巴细胞白血病7例。CT平扫17例,增强扫描13例。结果:CT表现为脑池、沟消失,脑皮层区低密度,增强扫描呈斑片状及脑回样强化3例。脑实质内呈结节状及肿块状高密度影,周围伴水肿14例,增强扫描呈明显均匀强化。结论:结合临床,CT对中枢神经系统白血病诊断有帮助。     

Magnetic resonance imaging comparison of intra-articular cavernous synovial hemangioma and cystic synovial hyperplasia of the knee

Purpose: To identify and compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics, with and without intravenous contrast medium, of cavernous synovial hemangiomas and cystic synovial hyperplasia.

Material and Methods: Four cases of cavernous synovial hemangioma and five of cystic synovial hyperplasia of the knee were studied retrospectively. The patients (5 F and 4 M; 15-25 years of age) all had long-standing knee pain. At clinical examination we observed elastic swelling and pain without significant joint effusion. The patients underwent conventional radiography and MRI without and following intravenous contrast medium before arthroscopic biopsy.

Results: The radiographs were interpreted as negative in all patients. MRI examination without contrast medium revealed a similar multicystic appearance for both lesions. Following intravenous contrast agent administration, cavernous synovial hemangiomas demonstrated avid, rather homogenous enhancement, whereas cystic synovial hyperplasia demonstrated less intense, peripheral enhancement only. Arthroscopy with histological examination of the lesions confirmed the MRI diagnosis in every case.

Conclusion: In our experience, cavernous synovial hemangioma and cystic synovial hyperplasia have a similar appearance on unenhanced MRI, but can be reliably differentiated on the basis of enhancement characteristics following intravenous contrast administration.