超急性脑梗塞的磁共振诊断

目的：探讨磁共振检查一常规扫描、快速液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)技术、弥散加权成像(DWI)及磁共振血管造影(MRA)在超急性脑梗塞诊断中的应用价值。方法：应用磁共振常规T1、T2WI、FLAIR序列、单次激发平面回波三向同性DWI和MRA对18例发病6h内的脑梗塞患者进行检查。结果：13例患者在常规MPI未发现病灶；其中5例FLAIR表现病灶区稍高信号；DWI成像均显示缺血灶，呈高信号，随b值增高病灶区信号强度逐渐上升，表现弥散系数(ADC)图病灶表现低信号。另有5例T2WI发现多发高信号灶，FLAIR呈低信号或低信号周边有高信号环，为陈旧性梗塞，DWI可同时显示T2WI未显示的新鲜梗塞灶及T2WI高信号的陈旧性梗塞灶，在ADC图上新鲜梗塞灶呈低信号，陈旧性梗塞呈等或高信号。MRA显示病灶区供血动脉阻塞、变细、局部狭窄或远端分支减少。结论：DWI及ADC图对超急性脑梗塞较常规MRI具有更高的敏感性和特异性，FIAIR序列亦较常规T2WI检出病变更敏感，MRA可直接显示阻塞血管的部位及程度，四者结合能快速、准确地诊断超急性脑梗塞，直接显示病变部位、范围、程度，为临床选择治疗方案提供较多信息。     

磁共振DWI、FLAIR序列和MRA在急性缺血性脑中风的临床应用

目的:探讨磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)、FLAIR序列和磁共振血管成像(MRA)对急性缺血性脑中风的诊断价值。方法:选择97例急性脑中风患者,其中超急性期23例,急性期74例。全部患者均行脑MRI常规T1WI、T2WI序列、FLAIR序列、DWI和3D TOF MRA检查。结果:97例超急性及急性期脑中风的DWI阳性检出率为100%,FLAIR序列和3D TOFMRA的阳性检出率分别为75.3%和52.6%,常规T1WI、T2WI序列的阳性检出率分别为20.6%和34.0%。结论:对于早期脑梗死病灶,DWI比FLAIR序列敏感性高,更易于发现病灶,FLAIR序列对于脑白质变性以及脑室、脑池、脑沟周围病变观察满意,MRA在分析脑中风病因方面可提供更多的影像学信息,DWI、FLAIR序列和MRA是对常规序列的重要补充,值得临床推广应用。     

膝关节软骨损伤的MR诊断及与关节镜结果对照

目的分析不同MR扫描序列对关节软骨损伤的诊断能力，为关节软骨损伤的临床诊断和治疗提供可靠的影像学依据。方法对临床拟行膝关节镜检查的膝关节疼痛患者进行术前MR成像，对MR图像进行二维和三维重建处理。结果与关节镜对照，34例膝关节软骨损伤患者的MR检查结果：脂肪抑制三维稳态进动快速成像序列(fat-saturated three-dimensional fast imaging with steady-state procession，FS-3D-FISP)敏感度为91．4％、特异度为97％、Kappa值为0．818，脂肪抑制二维快速小角度激发成像序列(fat-saturated tow-dimensional fast low angle shot，FS-2D-FLASH)敏感度为77．1％、特异度为98％、Kappa值为0．531，SE-T1WI序列敏感度为70％、特异度为99％、Kappa值为0．518。本组无明确急性外伤史的关节软骨损伤病例中有77．6％在病变部位出现与损伤软骨区相对应的软骨下骨及骨髓内片状T1WI低信号影，FS-3D-FISP及FS-2D-FLASH序列呈高信号。结论FS-3D-FISP序列对关节软骨损伤病变的准确性明显优于FS-2D-FLASH和SE-T1WI，与关节镜诊断结果之间具有良好的一致性。软骨下骨及骨髓内的异常信号是关节软骨损伤重要的间接征象。关节软骨损伤的三维成像有利于临床术前对重度膝关节软骨损伤进行立体定位诊断。     

横纹肌溶解症的MRI诊断

目的 探讨横纹肌溶解症(rhabdomyolysis,RML)的MRI特点,以及MRI对该病的诊断与早期诊断价值.资料与方法 搜集12例经临床和MRI证实为RML患者的资料,对其临床特点和MRI表现进行回顾性分析.结果 发生在臀中肌者5例,臀大肌者3例,四肢肌肉者4例.5例常规T1WI、T2WI均表现为等信号,其余7例T2WI为稍高信号,T1WI为稍低或等信号.所有病例T2WI脂肪抑制序列均呈高信号;增强后病变区有不同程度片、絮状强化;5例磁共振血管成像示病变区供血动脉走行自然.结论 MRI可以清楚显示RML的MR信号改变、部位及累及范围,具有早期诊断价值,对于早期治疗及预防并发症的发生具有指导性意义.     

磁共振弥散加权成像对急性脑梗塞的诊断价值

目的：评价磁共振弥散加权成像对急性脑梗塞的诊断价值及对急性和非急性脑梗塞的鉴别诊断价值。方法：对临床怀疑急性脑中风35例患者，进行常规T2WI和DWI检查，并采用盲法进行对照观察。对DWI图像上出现的异常高信号的病变部位进行准确定位，并判断病变部位与临床症状与体征是否相符，对DWI图像上出现的异常高信号与FSE序列T2WI像上的表现进行对照观察。结果：35例在DWI像上均出现异常信号，其中3例是在发病后6h内进行MRI检查，而在常规T2WI像上未显示异常信号；2例是在发病后12h内进行检查，而在常规T2WI像上仅表现稍高信号；10例患者在发病后12～24h内进行检查，20例患者在发病后24-72h进行检查，在T2WI和DWI像上均出现异常高信号；其中8例在FSE T2WI像上表现为多发脑梗塞病灶，而在DWI像上显示为单一异常高信号。在DWI像上诊断急性脑梗塞的敏感性及特异性均为100％。结论：DWI图像比常规T2WI图像对诊断急性脑梗塞有较高的敏感性及特异性，能发现常规T2WI像不能发现的超早期脑梗塞，并能鉴别急性和非急性脑梗塞，故DWI图像在诊断急性脑梗塞具有十分重要的诊断价值。     

磁敏感加权成像在脑内微出血影像诊断中的价值

目的：探讨磁敏感加权成像（SWI）在脑微出血（CMBs）影像诊断中的价值。方法：对232例拟诊脑血管病患者行常规MR头颅平扫T2WI、T2FLAIR、T1WI、DWI序列及SWI序列,对常规序列显示的CMBs数目、敏感性与SWI序列比较并进行统计学处理。结果：28例有脑内微出血,SWI序列共检出CMBs 186个,T2WI序列共检出CMBs 38个,CMBs病灶检出敏感性为20.4%;T1WI序列共检出CMBs 21个,CMBs病灶检出敏感性为11.3%。T2FLAIR共检出CMBs 41个,CMBs病灶检出敏感性为22%,DWI序列共检出CMBs 24个,CMBs病灶检出敏感性为12.9%,多序列CMBs检出数目比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;SWI序列与T1WI、T2WI、T2FLAIR、DWI序列CMBs检出敏感性比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;28例中,22例有高血压病史,同时合并出血性卒中患者14例,缺血性卒中患者8例,混合性卒中患者6例。结论：SWI序列对CMBs的检出敏感性高于常规序列,CMBs病灶的检出可以反映脑内微血管病变程度,对脑卒中的治疗及预后判断具有较为重要的临床应用价值。     

磁共振弥散成像对急性脑梗死的诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振弥散成像对超急性、急性脑梗死的诊断价值。方法对80例疑似急性期脑梗死患者,行磁共振常规T1WI、T2WI、水抑制序列(FLAIR)、弥散加权扫描(DWI)。结果80例中,超急性期脑梗死10例,急性期32例,超急性期、急性期脑梗死在DWI上表现为高信号,T2WI上为等信号或部分稍高信号,ADC图上表现为低信号。MRI扫描未见异常2例。结论磁共振弥散成像对超急性期、急性期脑梗死病变较常规MRI敏感,在多发梗死灶中可以发现责任病灶、为临床选择治疗方案提供依据。     

3T磁共振多参数成像胰岛素瘤检出效能初探

目的:评价3T磁共振多参数成像对内源性高胰岛素血症患者胰岛素瘤的检出敏感度,并分析胰岛素瘤在不同序列磁共振的信号特点和对比度.方法:31例内源性高胰岛素血症患者术前行3T磁共振检查,包括T1-Dixon序列、T2-HASTE不压脂序列、T2-BLADE压脂及不压脂序列及自由呼吸多b值DWI序列.两名放射科医师独立地前瞻性分析各序列胰岛素瘤的信号特点及肿瘤与胰腺实质的对比度.结果,31例患者均接受手术,并经病理证实为胰岛素瘤.29例肿瘤通过术前前瞻性阅片准确检出,敏感度为93.5％.肿瘤-胰腺实质主观对比度最高的序列是自由呼吸DWI(b值=800s/mm2),其次是T1-Dixon同相位,而T2WI肿瘤-胰腺实质对比度普遍较低.T1-Dixon压脂相的对比噪声比(CNR)最高.6例肿瘤在T1WI及T2WI对比度均较低,而在DWI上显示为边界清楚的高信号结节.结论:3T磁共振对胰岛素瘤定位能力良好.T1-Dixon同相位和高b值DWI的肿瘤-胰腺实质对比度最高.DWI可协助检出T1及T2信号对比度较低的肿瘤.     

磁敏感加权成像在显示肝细胞癌包膜中的作用

目的 探讨肝细胞癌及其包膜在磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)序列上的表现,并与常规磁共振T1WI、T2WI序列比较.方法 连续收集经手术切除病理证实的肝细胞癌患者43例,所有病例均于术前行CT平扫和增强扫描、常规磁共振T1WI、T2WI序列成像和SWI成像.由2位高年资放射科医师独立对T1WI、T2WI、SWI图像和CT平扫及动态增强扫描图像上肝细胞癌及其包膜的影像特点进行评估,并计算肝细胞癌包膜的显示率,最后与手术大体标本以及病理切片结果对比.结果 SWI像上肝细胞癌表现等信号7例,高信号36例;在SWI_phase像上表现为等信号13例,低信号30例;在SWI_mag像上表现为等信号7例,高信号36例;在SWI_mip像上表现为等信号7例,高信号36例.肿瘤内可见多发斑点状或片状低信号影,肿瘤内静脉血管表现为圆形或圆柱形低信号影,边界较清晰,可以在连续层面观察到.SWI序列和T1WI、T2WI序列显示肝细胞癌包膜环状低信号影分别为29例和5例,SWI序列上肿瘤包膜的显示率明显高于T1、T2序列(67.4%和11.6%).结论 SWI序列在显示肝细胞癌的包膜上明显优于常规T1WI、T2WI序列,是常规扫描序列的有益补充.     

磁共振动态增强和DWI在肝结节性病变与小肝癌诊断中的应用分析

目的探讨磁共振动态增强和弥散加权成像(DWI)在肝结节性病变与小肝癌诊断中的应用价值。方法对在本院接受诊断与治疗的肝脏占位性病变患者分别采用磁共振动态增强检查和DWI检查。结果肝癌和小肝癌的常规扫描T1WI呈现信号低,T2WI和DWI上呈高或略高信号,LAVA动脉期强化显著,门静脉期强化下降,延迟期信号低,呈现出典型的"快进快出"式。而肝结节性病变在DWI上呈略高信号,T1WI上为低或稍低信号,T2WI上呈高或略高信号,动脉期有强化,门脉及延时期强化消退。本组120例患者经磁共振常规扫描、动态增强扫描及DWI共计检查出168个病灶,其中动态增强扫描共检出病灶142个,检出率为84.52%(142/168);DWI共检出病灶137个,检出率为81.55%(137/168);经统计学分析发现动态增强扫描与DWI单独应用在病灶检出方面比较无明显差异(2=0.87,P0.05)。而动态增强扫描与DWI联合应用检出情况明显优于动态增强扫描或DWI单独应用,且差异具有统计学意义。结论动态增强扫描联合DWI有助于提高肝结节性病变与小肝癌的检出率,有利于早期治疗。     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.