二氢吡咯并恶嗪酮衍生物的合成和抗炎镇痛作用

目的 研究（1H）－3，4－二氢吡咯[2,1-c][1,4]恶嗪－1－酮（Ⅲ）类化合物抗炎镇痛作用的构效关系。方法 通过2－吡咯甲酸甲酯与1，2－二溴乙烷N－烃基化反应，制得1－（2－溴乙基）吡咯－2－甲酸甲酯（Ⅳ），经过氧化银处理，得到Ⅲ；通过Friedel-Crafts酰基化反应，合成Ⅲ的6－酰基衍生物Ⅴ1－Ⅴ8；用小鼠测试了所合成的化合物的抗炎镇痛活性。结果与结论 合成了8个目标化合物；药理实验表明，所合成的一些化合物具有明显的抗炎和／或镇痛活性，其中Ⅴ5活性最强。     

3,4-二氢吡咯[1,2-a]吡嗪-1-酮衍生物的合成及抗炎镇痛作用

目的研究(2H)-2-环己基-3,4-二氢吡咯[1,2-a]吡嗪-1-酮衍生物抗炎镇痛作用的构效关系。方法以2-吡咯甲酸甲酯为原料,经取代、环合,制备(2H)-2-环己基-3,4-二氢吡咯[1,2-a]吡嗪-1-酮(3);通过Friedel-Crafts酰基化反应,制得其6-酰基衍生物4a~4j。用小鼠测试了所合成化合物的抗炎和镇痛活性。结果与结论合成了10个未见文献报道的新化合物4a~4j,其结构经MS1、H-NMR分析确证。抗炎镇痛试验表明,有些化合物具有明显的抗炎和/或镇痛作用,其中化合物4d的活性与对照药布洛芬相当。     

二氢吡咯并噁嗪酮衍生物的合成和抗炎镇痛作用

目的研究 (1H) 3,4 二氢吡咯 [2 ,1 c][1,4 ]嗪 1 酮 (Ⅲ )类化合物抗炎镇痛作用的构效关系。方法通过 2 吡咯甲酸甲酯与 1,2 二溴乙烷N 烃基化反应 ,制得 1 (2 溴乙基 )吡咯 2 甲酸甲酯 (Ⅳ ) ,经过氧化银处理 ,得到Ⅲ ;通过Friedel Crafts酰基化反应 ,合成Ⅲ的 6 酰基衍生物Ⅴ1～Ⅴ8;用小鼠测试了所合成的化合物的抗炎镇痛活性。结果与结论合成了 8个目标化合物 ;药理实验表明 ,所合成的一些化合物具有明显的抗炎和 /或镇痛活性 ,其中Ⅴ5活性最强。     

3-芳基-2-甲基-1-吡咯并[1,2-a]吡嗪酮类衍生物的合成和抗炎镇痛作用

目的研究3-芳基-2-甲基-1-吡咯并[1,2-a]吡嗪酮(2)类化合物抗炎镇痛作用的构效关系.方法通过吡咯-2-甲酸甲酯与α-溴代芳基乙酮的烃基化反应,制得1-(2-氧代-2-芳基)乙基吡咯-2-甲酸甲酯(4),4与甲胺反应经过环合直接生成目的化合物2;用小鼠测试了所合成化合物的抗炎镇痛活性.结果与结论合成了15个目标化合物;小鼠试验表明,一些所合成的化合物具有明显的抗炎和/或镇痛作用,其中化合物2o的作用活性与阳性对照药布洛芬相似.     

二氢吡咯并(口恶)嗪酮衍生物的合成和抗炎镇痛作用

目的研究(1H)-3,4-二氢吡咯[2,1-c][1,4](口恶)嗪-1-酮(Ⅲ)类化合物抗炎镇痛作用的构效关系.方法 通过2-吡咯甲酸甲酯与1,2-二溴乙烷N-烃基化反应,制得1-(2-溴乙基)吡咯-2-甲酸甲酯(Ⅳ),经过氧化银处理,得到Ⅲ;通过Friedel-Crafts酰基化反应,合成Ⅲ的6-酰基衍生物Ⅴ1～Ⅴ8;用小鼠测试了所合成的化合物的抗炎镇痛活性.结果与结论 合成了8个目标化合物;药理实验表明,所合成的一些化合物具有明显的抗炎和/或镇痛活性,其中Ⅴ5活性最强.     

2-甲基-3-取代苯基吡咯并吡嗪酮类化合物的合成及抗癌活性研究

目的 寻找具有抗癌活性的新吡咯并吡嗪酮类化合物。方法 以吡咯、对氨基苯乙酮为原料,经Friedel-Crafts酰化、醇解、亲核取代、环合及醇解反应制得母体化合物2-甲基-3-对氨基苯基吡咯并[1,2-a]吡嗪-1(2H)-酮,再通过酰基化/磺酰基化和烷基化反应引入酰基和烷基即制得系列吡咯并吡嗪酮类化合物。结果 合成了8个未见文献报道的吡咯并吡嗪酮类化合物,其结构经¹H-NMR、MS和IR谱确证。结论 8个目标化合物的体外抗乳腺癌细胞、肝癌细胞和肺癌细胞的活性试验结果显示,化合物4、5 具有明显的抗癌活性。     

微生物来源白细胞介素1受体拮抗剂的研究Ⅱ．链霉菌660代谢产物的化学研究

从活性链霉菌660的发酵液中,经溶媒萃取,硅胶制备薄层层析及ODS等分离得到化合物4和化合物6,通过理化性质研究和UV、IR、MS、^1H-NMR、^13C-NMR、DEPT、^1H-^1H COSY、^1H-^13C COSY、HMBC等光谱分析确定化合物4为N－乙酰基酪胺（N-acetyltyramine),化合物6为3－丙基－7－甲基－六氢吡咯[1,2-a]并吡嗪－1,4－二酮（3－propyl-7-methyl-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione)。并对其活性进行研究。     

5-芳基-1,2-二氢-1-吡咯里嗪酮类化合物的合成及抗炎镇痛作用

目的 研究5-芳基-1，2-二氢-1-吡咯里嗪酮类化合物的抗炎镇痛作用构效关系，寻找高效低毒、具有抗炎镇痛活性的新型吡咯里嗪酮衍生物。方法 以吡咯里嗪酮为母体，设计并合成了5-芳基-1，2-二氢-1-吡咯里嗪酮类化合物。用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀法和小鼠醋酸扭体法测定了该类化合物的抗炎及镇痛活性。结果 用两条路线合成了10个目标化合物，经1H-NMR和MS确证其结构。小鼠试验表明，一些所合成的化合物具有明显的抗炎和／或镇痛作用。结论 化合物Ⅲ1及Ⅲ5的抗炎活性优于对照药布洛芬；化合物Ⅲ5的镇痛活性优于对照药布洛芬；其中化合物Ⅲ5的抗炎及镇痛活性均强于对照药布洛芬，值得进一步研究。     

2-取代苯基-1,2,4-三氮唑[5,1-a]并吡啶类衍生物的合成及其溶黄体活性

目的研究2－取代苯基－1，2，4－三氮唑[5,1-a]并吡啶类衍生物的合成及其抗早孕活性。方法 甲基取代吡啶胺化后，通过和取代苯甲腈缩合反应合成目标化合物，利用离体培养大鼠黄体细胞试验进行抗早孕活性筛选。结果 设计合成了14个未见文献报道的2－取代苯基－1，2，4－三氮唑[5,1-a]并唑啶类衍生物，均为新化合物。生物活性实验结果表明：除化合物7k以外，新合成的化合物都有一定溶黄体细胞的作用，其中化合物7b,71的作用更强，它们的ED50分别为0.5μg/mL和1.6μg/mL。结论 新合成的化合物具有一定的损伤黄体细胞的活性，值得进一步研究。     

氨甲基吡哩酮类化合物的合成及抗炎镇痛作用

以具有抗炎镇痛活性的２Ｈ－１,２－二氢－１－吡咯哩嗪酮（Ｉ,下称吡哩酮）为先导化合物,设计合成了１３个未见文献报道的氨甲基吡咯哩嗪酮类化合物。发现了一种合成５－氨甲基吡哩酮类衍生物的方法。对其中８个化合物进行抗炎镇痛作用实验,发现大部分化合物具有一定的抗炎镇痛作用,其中化合物Ｚ－５３的镇痛作用较强。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.