瘢痕子宫合并前置胎盘40例临床分析

目的:分析瘢痕子宫合并前置胎盘的高危因素、诊断及处理方法,提高对凶险型前置胎盘(PPP)的认识.方法:回顾分析2009年1月至2013年1月我院收治的40例瘢痕子宫合并前置胎盘患者的临床资料,其中胎盘附着于子宫切口部位者(即PPP)25例(研究组),附着于其他部位者15例(对照组).比较两组患者的产时和产后情况.结果:PPP患者的胎盘植入率、产后出血量及子宫切除率均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:PPP可发生严重产时大出血,产前要做好抢救预案,产时积极有效控制出血是治疗成功的关键.     

瘢痕子宫合并前置胎盘的分娩预后

目的：探讨不同瘢痕子宫合并前置胎盘的分娩预后情况。方法：选择我院2011年1月到2013年6月收治的瘢痕子宫合并前置胎盘产妇50例,其中中央性前置胎盘40例,部分性前置胎盘10例,观察产妇与新生儿预后情况。结果：所有产妇都采用剖宫产结束分娩,部分性前置胎盘产妇的产后出血、胎盘粘连、胎盘植入的发生率都明显低于中央性前置胎盘产妇（P〈0．05）。产妇都顺利分娩新生儿,不过部分性前置胎盘产妇分娩新生儿的早产、低体重儿与低Apgar评分发生率也明显低于中央性前置胎盘产妇分娩的新生儿（P〈0．05）。结论：瘢痕子宫合并前置胎盘需要采用剖宫产干预,中央性前置胎盘的产妇与新生儿预后比较差,要积极加强对症处理。     

凶险性前置胎盘20例临床分析

目的:探讨凶险性前置胎盘的诊治及与孕妇年龄、流产次数和剖宫产次数的关系.方法:2006年6月至2012年12月我院收治前置胎盘患者226例,其中凶险性前置胎盘20例,比较凶险性前置胎盘组(20例)和非凶险性前置胎盘组(206例)在孕妇年龄、流产次数和剖宫产次数的差异,回顾性分析20例凶险性前置胎盘的诊治情况.结果:①凶险性前置胎盘组孕妇年龄≥35岁、流产次数≥3次、剖宫产次数≥2次的发生率明显高于非凶险性前置胎盘组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).②术前诊断凶险性前置胎盘的准确率为100.0％,20例凶险性前置胎盘B超诊断胎盘植入的敏感度为88.9％ (8/9),特异度为90.9％(10/11),MRI检查敏感度为100.0％ (3/3),特异度为100.0％(5/5).③20例凶险性前置胎盘均采用手术治疗,其中2例因术中出现失血性休克立即行子宫切除,其余18例术中生命体征平稳,均先采用保守性手术,3例因保守性手术治疗无效行子宫切除,子宫切除率为25.0％ (5/20).结论:凶险性前置胎盘术前应通过超声及MRI进行充分评估有无胎盘植入,从而制定相应的手术方案;在病情允许的情况下可先行保守性手术,如无效时应及时行子宫切除.高龄孕妇、多次剖宫产及多次人工流产史与凶险性前置胎盘有关.     

前置胎盘剖宫产并发空气栓塞1例

患者29岁，住院号10759，孕3产1。因孕37周，阴道流血2次，血量增多2h，于2002年10月1日急诊人院。末次月经2002年1月14日，停经后无明显早孕反应，孕4月余开始有胎动，孕6个月因无痛性阴道流血，在外院诊断“前置胎盘”而治疗(具体用药不详)，近半月出现双下肢水肿，休息后不消退。人院前2d无明显诱因出现下腹部胀痛     

前置胎盘伴瘢痕子宫分娩结局分析

目的:探讨不同类型的前置胎盘伴瘢痕子宫的分娩结局。方法:选取陕西省核工业215医院2012年1月—2015年12月收治的279例前置胎盘伴瘢痕子宫患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,按前置胎盘类型分为完全性前置胎盘组(72例)、部分性前置胎盘组(95例)、边缘性前置胎盘组(67例)、低置前置胎盘组(45例),分析4组分娩结局。结果:完全性前置胎盘、部分性前置胎盘患者的产后出血率分别均高于边缘性前置胎盘和低置前置胎盘患者(P0.05);完全性前置胎盘组的剖宫产、胎盘植入、胎盘粘连、子宫切除的发生率均高于边缘性前置胎盘组和低置前置胎盘组(P0.05);完全性前置胎盘组早产率高于部分性前置胎盘组、边缘性前置胎盘组和低置前置胎盘组(P0.05);完全性前置胎盘组新生儿体质量低于部分性前置胎盘组、边缘性前置胎盘组和低置前置胎盘组(P0.05),部分性前置胎盘组新生儿体质量低于边缘性前置胎盘组和低置前置胎盘组(P0.05),4组新生儿的1 min、5 min Apgar评分和围生儿病死率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:完全性前置胎盘患者的不良妊娠结局、早产儿发生率较高,应加强监测并采取及时的救治措施。     

前置胎盘35例临床分析

前置胎盘是胎盘附着位置异常引起的高危妊娠，可致晚期妊娠大量出血，如处理不当将危及母儿生命。现将我院2002年6月～2004年6月分娩的35例前置胎盘做回顾性分析如下。     

前置胎盘：我们面临的挑战

 前置胎盘是产科严重出血和子宫切除的主要原因。由于十几年来我国初次剖宫产率非常高,随着二胎政策的开放,产科出现一个不得不面对的严重临床问题：“瘢痕子宫覆盖其上的前置胎盘”,即凶险型前置胎盘。除了关注“前置胎盘”+“剖宫产史”引起的凶险型前置胎盘以外,还需关注孕前进行子宫肌瘤剔除术尤其是肌瘤剔除时进入宫腔的孕妇,如果胎盘着床在瘢痕之处,也要关注胎盘植入问题。凶险型前置胎盘常常会伴有胎盘植入子宫肌层甚至会累及膀胱、肠管等周围器官,在产前、产时和产后发生严重出血,在临床处置时常常需要其他学科的支持（如泌尿外科、普外科、ICU等）,若处理不当会引起严重不良结局,故而给产科临床带来巨大的挑战。     

前置胎盘剖宫产子宫切口选择的临床研究

目的比较前置胎盘剖宫产子宫下段横切口和子宫下段纵切口对产时并发症、产后出血量及围产期结局的影响。方法以行子宫下段横切口剖宫产者为对照组(117例),以子宫下段纵切口剖宫产术为研究组(142例),分别记录两组研究对象剖宫产术时并发症、产时和产后24小时累计出血量、产后出血发生率及围产期结局。结果年龄、孕产次、孕周及前置胎盘类型和胎盘附着位置等有关因素比较无显著性(P＞0.05)。两组间的术时出血量、产后出血发生率、子宫切口撕裂发生率、宫腔填纱条和子宫切除率、围产期结局的比较差异十分显著(P＜0.01)。结论前置胎盘行子宫下段纵切口剖宫产术不仅可以减少术中出血量、产后出血率,而且避免子宫切口撕裂、宫腔填纱条和剖宫产术时子宫切除率也明显减少,是前置胎盘剖宫产结束妊娠的首选切口。     

凶险性前置胎盘不同胎盘附着部位对妊娠结局的影响

目的：探讨不同胎盘主体附着部位对凶险性前置胎盘妊娠结局的影响。方法：回顾性分析2017年12月—2021年4月广西壮族自治区人民医院诊断为凶险性前置胎盘的患者234例。根据胎盘主体附着部分为3型：Ⅰ型为后侧壁向前包绕型（86例）,Ⅱ型为前侧壁向下生长型（126例）,Ⅲ型为胎盘宫颈外口浸润型（22例）。比较3组患者术中出血量、手术时间、术后住院时间、子宫切除率和胎盘植入率。结果：Ⅲ型为患者的术中出血量、手术时间、术后住院时间、子宫切除率和胎盘植入率大于Ⅰ、Ⅱ型患者,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）,Ⅱ型患者子宫切除率大于Ⅰ型患者,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：凶险性前置胎盘患者胎盘主体附着部位与妊娠结局存在相关性。在凶险性前置胎盘患者中,宫颈外口浸润型胎盘妊娠结局较差。     

Intraoperative aortic balloon occlusion in patients with placenta previa and/or placenta accreta: a retrospective study

Objective

To introduce the primary experience of using aortic balloon catheters during cesarean section for placenta previa and/or placenta accreta.

前置胎盘患者再次剖宫产术中发生产后出血的15例临床病例分析

目的:总结既往处理经验,结合文献复习,摸索针对前置胎盘患者施行再次剖宫产术的更好的临床路径。方法:回顾分析1999年1月至2011年12月在我院产科行再次剖宫产术中合并前置胎盘和产后出血的15例患者的临床资料。患者年龄26～43岁;既往有2次剖宫产史者2例,1次者13例;终止妊娠孕周为30～40周。15例患者中产前B超提示前置胎盘者12例,其中孕期或产前有阴道出血症状者9例。手术按常规步骤进行。结果:(1)15例患者中13例为完全性前置胎盘,胎盘主体位于前壁者8例、后壁者7例;2例为边缘性前置胎盘。胎盘完全或部分粘连者13例,其中9例存在不同程度的胎盘植入,1例胎盘部分直接侵入膀胱;(2)术中平均出血量2564ml(400～12500ml),中位出血量1100ml。11例患者术中发生休克,3例患者继发弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)。出血后采取促宫缩剂治疗及手术方法,包括局部缝合开放的血窦,缝扎子宫动脉下行支,填塞宫纱,Blynch缝合及子宫次全切除术。2例术中同时行膀胱修补术;(3)13例患者术中止血成功,2例术后加行双侧子宫动脉栓塞术。患者预后均良好。结论:前次剖宫产史的患者如合并前置胎盘、胎盘粘连或植入,术前、术中和术后都极易并发大出血,应引起临床医生的重视。     

前置胎盘剖宫产时环形间断缝合止血方法的探讨

目的探讨环形间断缝合在前置胎盘剖宫产术时出血的止血效果。方法对54例前置胎盘剖宫产术病例进行总结。结果用环形间断缝合方法止血的9例病人手术时间少于子宫切除组(P＜0.05),出血及输血少于子宫切除组,但无统计学差异(P＞0.05),成功止血,保留子宫,且未发生术后合并症。结论环形间断缝合术是前置胎盘胎盘剥离面引起出血的有效止血方法之一。     

凶险型前置胎盘128例临床分析

目的 探讨凶险型前置胎盘的临床特点。方法 回顾性分析中国医科大学附属盛京医院产科2009年8月至2014年8月收治的128例凶险型前置胎盘患者（观察组）与384例普通型前置胎盘患者（对照组）的临床资料,并进行比较。结果 观察组发生胎盘粘连（22.6%）、胎盘植入（44.5%）、子宫切除（20.3%）、产后出血（51.6%）及输血（42.2%）的比例明显高于对照组（分别为16.7%、5.2%、1.8%、11.7%、4.9%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组新生儿结局比较,观察组早产儿发生率（53.9%）明显高于对照组（39.3%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 凶险型前置胎盘严重威胁母儿生命安全,严格掌握剖宫产指征,降低剖宫产率,是减少凶险型前置胎盘发生的关键环节。     

Association of caesarean delivery for first birth with placenta praevia and placental abruption in second pregnancy

Objective  To quantify the risk of placenta praevia and placental abruption in singleton, second pregnancies after a caesarean delivery of the first pregnancy.
Design  Retrospective cohort study.
Setting  Linked birth and infant mortality database of the USA between 1995 and 2000.
Population  A total of 5 146 742 singleton second pregnancies were available for the final analysis after excluding missing information.
Methods  Multiple logistic regressions were used to describe the relationship between caesarean section at first birth and placenta praevia and placental abruption in second-birth singletons.
Main outcome measures  Placenta praevia and placental abruption.
Results  Placenta praevia was recorded in 4.4 per 1000 second-birth singletons whose first births delivered by caesarean section and 2.7 per 1000 second-birth singletons whose first births delivered vaginally. About 6.8 per 1000 births were complicated with placental abruption in second-birth singletons whose first births delivered by caesarean section and 4.8 per 1000 birth in second-birth singletons whose first births delivered vaginally. The adjusted odds ratio (95% CIs) of previous caesarean section for placenta praevia in following second pregnancies was 1.47 (1.41, 1.52) after controlling for maternal age, race, education, marital status, maternal drinking and smoking during pregnancy, adequacy of prenatal care, and fetal gender. The corresponding figure for placental abruption was 1.40 (1.36, 1.45).
Conclusion  Caesarean section for first live birth is associated with a 47% increased risk of placenta praevia and 40% increased risk of placental abruption in second pregnancy with a singleton.     

中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入59例临床分析

目的:探讨中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入的高危因素及围生期处理。方法:回顾性分析2000年1月~2009年12月四川大学华西第二医院产科收治的896例中央性前置胎盘患者(其中59例并发胎盘植入)的临床资料。结果:(1)我院近10年来中央性前置胎盘的发生率为2.26%(896/39726),中央性前置胎盘中并发胎盘植入的发生率为6.58%(59/896);(2)中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入的高危因素包括:孕妇年龄≥35岁、流产次数≥2次、剖宫产史;(3)中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入者产时产后出血量明显多于未并发胎盘植入者(2χ=70.944,P=0.000),并发胎盘植入者平均出血量高达2846.19m l;(4)所有中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入者均采用手术治疗,其中子宫切除率为25.42%(15/59),保守性手术为局部缝扎、局部切除、宫腔填塞、B-Lynch缝合和子宫动脉结扎等,而未并发胎盘植入者子宫切除率为0.96%(8/837)。结论:(1)对高龄的、有剖宫产史或多次流产史的中央性前置胎盘患者应警惕并发胎盘植入;(2)为减少中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入因严重的产时产后出血对母儿造成的危害,强调终止妊娠前的充分准备;(3)治疗上保守性手术和子宫切除都很重要。     

Antenatal diagnosis of placenta previa accreta in patients with previous cesarean scar

AIM: To determine the accuracy of transabdominal and transvaginal gray-scale and color Doppler in diagnosing placenta previa accreta in patients with previous cesarean sections. METHODS: Twenty-one patients who had undergone previous cesarean sections and were confirmed to have partial or total placenta previa in the current pregnancy were subjected to ultrasound examinations after the 28th week of gestation. Specific ultrasound features were looked for on gray-scale ultrasound and color Doppler examination of the placenta and its interphase with the uterus and the bladder. RESULTS: Seven of the 21 patients had ultrasound evidence of placenta accreta and all were later confirmed to have placenta previa accreta intraoperatively. The gray-scale positive findings were present in six out of the seven patients. The most prominent gray scale feature to suggest placenta accreta was the presence of multiple lakes that represent dilated vessels extending from the placenta through the myometrium. All seven patients had features of placenta accreta when examined with color Doppler. The most prominent color Doppler feature present in all seven patients was the presence of interphase hypervascularity with abnormal vessels linking the placenta to the bladder. The sensitivity and specificity of antenatal ultrasound diagnosis of placenta previa accreta was 100%. CONCLUSION: Antenatal diagnosis of placenta previa accreta can be made with a thorough ultrasound examination of the placenta in patients with previous cesarean scar and placenta previa.     

Conservative management of placenta previa complicated by abnormal placentation

Abstract

Objective: Abnormal implantation of placenta previa is life-threatening condition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the conservative management of pregnancies with such complication on maternal morbidity rate and the chance for uterine preservation (fertility).

Methods: Eleven patients with abnormal implantation of placenta previa were analyzed prospectively. This complication was diagnosed antenatally by two-dimensional ultrasound and color flow Doppler. The following outcomes were analyzed: need for blood transfusion, admission and duration of stay in intensive care unit, infections, coagulopathies, time between cesarean section and delivery of placenta, hysterectomy and preservation of uterus.

Results: Among the 20 085 women who had a singleton gestation, 11 (0.054%) were identified with placenta previa with abnormal placentation. In five patients (group A), hysterectomy was performed because of hemorrhage or placenta ablation. In six patients (group B), conservative management succeeded and placenta were preserved. In group A, placenta were delivered earlier (2?d–8 weeks) in comparison with group B (6–15 weeks). Estimated blood loss during the delayed delivery of placenta was higher in the group with hysterectomy (respectively, 450–1600 and 300–500?ml).

Conclusions: Conservative management of placenta previa with abnormal implantation decreases the risk of severe hemorrhage at the time of delivery and can preserve fertility.     

Perception and attitude of women with previous caesarean section towards repeat caesarean delivery

Objective.?To explore the perception and attitude of women with previous caesarean section towards repeat caesarean section.

Method.?Observational study of women with prior caesarean delivery using an anonymous semi-structured questionnaire. Information elicited include the socio-demographic characteristics, outcome of the last caesarean delivery, experience of complications or domestic violence, acceptance of repeat caesarean section if advised by the doctor and the reason for any refusal.

Results.?One hundred thirty-nine parturients participated in the study. Seventy-seven percent had 1 previous caesarean delivery while 24.46% will decline a repeat caesarean section. Major reasons for refusal were postoperative pain, cultural aversion, fear of death, and cost of caesarean delivery. The rate of acceptance was significantly higher amongst those with more than one prior caesarean section while the rate of refusal was significantly higher amongst those who experienced perinatal death in the last caesarean delivery. Twelve percent experienced domestic violence (almost entirely psychological) mainly from the spouse or his relatives.

Conclusion.?A significant proportion of women with previous caesarean delivery will decline a repeat caesarean section if medically indicated. There is need for bahavior change communication involving the community, improved postoperative pain management, and better counseling especially on safety of the procedure.