Occupation and bladder cancer among men in Western Europe

OBJECTIVES: We examined which occupations and industries are currently at high risk for bladder cancer in men. METHODS: We combined data from 11 case-control studies conducted between 1976-1996 in six European countries. The study comprised 3346 incident cases and 6840 controls, aged 30-79 years. Lifetime occupational and smoking histories were examined using common coding. RESULTS: Odds ratios for eight a priori defined high-risk occupations were low, and with the exception of metal workers and machinists (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.02-1.32), were not statistically significant. Higher risks were observed for specific categories of painters, metal, textile and electrical workers, for miners, transport operators, excavating-machine operators, and also for non-industrial workers such as concierges and janitors. Industries entailing a high risk included salt mining, manufacture of carpets, paints, plastics and industrial chemicals. An increased risk was found for exposure to PAHs (OR for highest exposure tertile = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.07-1.4). The risk attributable to occupation ranged from 4.2 to 7.4%, with an estimated 4.3% for exposure to PAHs. CONCLUSIONS: Metal workers, machinists, transport equipment operators and miners are among the major occupations contributing to occupational bladder cancer in men in Western Europe. In this population one in 10 to one in 20 cancers of the bladder can be attributed to occupation.     

Occupation and bladder cancer: a cohort study in Sweden

In a follow-up study of occupational exposures and bladder cancer, an increased risk was observed after an adjustment for smoking, for physicians, administrators and managers, clerical workers and sales agents among men and assistant nurses among women. For physicians, the reason may be early diagnosis; for the other groups a sedentary type of work may have a role in bladder cancer aetiology.     

Are the known bladder cancer risk-factors associated with more advanced bladder cancer?

Risk factors for superficial and invasive bladder cancer were examined in a case-control study of 470 cases Identified in 1967–68 in the Brockton and Boston Standard Metropolitan Areas (MA, United States) and of 500 population-based controls. Histologic specimens were reviewed and classified as superficial or invasive, following a standardized protocol. The tobacco-associated risk for superficial bladder cancer was odds ratio (OR)=2.6 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.7–4.1) and the risk for invasive bladder cancer was OR=1.7 (CI=1.1–2.5). For subjects less than 60 years of age, the risks were greater for invasive tumors (OR=4.3, CI=1.2–15) than for superficial tumors (OR=0, CI=0.9–4.2), but this pattern for tobacco use was not found in older subjects. A strong trend of increased risk with increased amount of cigarettes smoked was shown only for invasive bladder tumors. No clear pattern of excess risk for invasive bladder tumors was seen for age at first use and years since last use of tobacco. The risk associated with occupational exposure to aromatic amine bladder carcinogens was OR=1.7 (CI=0.8–3.3) for superficial and OR=1.5 (CI=0.8–3.0) for invasive bladder cancer. For subjects less than 60 years of age, the risks were greater for invasive (OR=12.0, CI=2.1–65) than for superficial tumors (OR=4.3, CI=0.8–24), but this pattern for occupational exposure was not found in older subjects. Risk by age at first exposure to occupational aromaticamine, bladder carcinogens was similar for superficial and invasive tumors. Overall, there was no association between known bladder-cancer risk-factors and more advanced bladder cancer. The relative risk associated with cigarette smoking and occupational exposure to aromatic amines was higher for invasive than superficial cancer only for men less than 60 years of age.Drs Hayes and Zahm are with the Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. Authors are affiliated also with the Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KN, USA (Dr Friedell) and the Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA (Dr Cole). Address correspondence to Dr Hayes, Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, EPN 418, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.     

The contribution of cigarette smoking to bladder cancer in women (pooled European data)

Background: Using a combined analysis of 11 case–control studies from Europe, we have investigated the relationship between cigarette smoking and bladder cancer in women. Methods: Available smoking information on 685 female bladder cancer cases and 2416 female controls included duration of smoking habit, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and time since cessation of smoking habit for ex-smokers. Results: There was an increasing risk of bladder cancer with increasing duration of smoking, ranging from approximately a two-fold increased risk for a duration of less than 10 years (odds ratio (OR) = 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–3.1) to over a four-fold increased risk for a duration of greater than 40 years (OR = 4.1, 95% CI 3.0–5.5). A dose–response relationship was observed between number of cigarettes smoked per day and bladder cancer up to a threshold limit of 15–20 cigarettes per day, OR = 3.8 (95% CI 2.7–5.4), after which no increased risk was observed. An immediate decrease in risk of bladder cancer was observed for those who gave up smoking. This decrease was over 30% in the immediate 1–4 years after cessation, OR = 0.68 (95% CI 0.38–1.2). However, even after 25 years the decrease in risk did not reach the level of the never-smokers, OR = 0.27 (95% CI 0.21–0.35). Conclusion: The proportion of bladder cancer cases among women attributable to ever smoking was 0.30, (0.25–0.35) and to current smoking was 0.18 (0.14–0.22). These attributable proportions are less than those observed among men, although they are likely to increase in the future as the smoking-related disease epidemic among women matures.     

Physical activity and risk of bladder cancer among postmenopausal women

Physical activity is associated with decreased risk for many cancers. Studies on the association between physical activity and risk of bladder cancer are limited, and findings are inconsistent. Postmenopausal women (mean age = 63.3) were recruited into the Women's Health Initiative from 1993 to 1998. Self-reported baseline information on physical activity and other covariates were available in 141 288 participants. Incident bladder cancer cases were collected through 2018 and centrally adjudicated. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined by Cox proportional hazard regression models. Effect modification due to smoking was assessed. During an average of 18.5 years of follow-up, 817 bladder cancer cases were identified. Compared to physically inactive women, those who engaged in ≥15 MET-hours/week of total physical activity, ≥8.75 MET-hours/week of walking or ≥11.25 MET-hours/week of moderate to vigorous physical activity had lower risk of bladder cancer (HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.59-0.94, P for linear trend = .02; HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.63-0.98, P for linear trend = .03; and HR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.61-0.94, P for linear trend = .02, respectively). No effect modification was found by smoking status (P for interaction = .06, 0.91 and 0.27, respectively). We found that total physical activity, walking and moderate to vigorous physical activity were inversely associated with bladder cancer incidence among postmenopausal women in a dose-response manner. Physical activity may play a potential role in the primary prevention of bladder cancer. Further studies with objective measurements of physical activity are needed to confirm these findings.     

中国妇女行为危险因素与子宫颈癌发病关系的Meta分析

目的:应用Meta分析法研究行为因素在中国妇女子宫颈癌发病中的危险性。方法:用Review Manger 5.0对国内8篇最近文献的病例-对照研究结果进行固定(FEM)或随机效应模型(REM)的定量综合分析。结果:各因素合并比值比OR(95%CI)分别为:首次性交年龄<20岁,OR=2.32(1.41~3.80);首次怀孕年龄≤21岁,OR=2.96(1.36~6.42);孕次>3,OR=1.93(1.13~3.31);性伴侣数>2,OR=2.18(1.24~3.84);绝经,OR=2.62(1.76~3.91);主动或被动吸烟,OR=2.33(1.46~3.70);教育程度≤9年,OR=3.34(1.53~7.28)。结论:多行为因素Meta分析证实,首次性交年龄<20岁、首次怀孕年龄≤21岁、孕次>3、性伴侣数>2、绝经、主动或被动吸烟及教育程度≤9年与子宫颈癌的发生有关,是子宫颈癌发病的危险因素。而首次性交年龄20~22岁或≥23岁、首次生育年龄≤21岁、产次>2、口服避孕药及居住地与子宫颈癌发病无相关。     

Cigar, pipe, and cigarette smoking and bladder cancer risk in European men

Objective: Estimating the risk of bladder cancer from cigar and pipe smoking is complicated by a small number of non-cigarette smokers included in most relevant studies. Methods: We undertook a pooled analysis of the data on men from six published case–control studies from Denmark, France, Germany, and Spain, to assess the association between pipe and cigar smoking and bladder cancer, and to compare it with the risk from cigarette smoking. Complete history of tobacco smoking was ascertained separately for cigarettes, cigars, and pipe. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated after adjusting for age, study, and employment in high-risk occupations. Results: The pooled data set comprised 2279 cases and 5268 controls, of whom 88 cases and 253 controls smoked only cigars or pipe. The OR for pure cigarette smoking was 3.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9–4.2), that for pure pipe smoking was 1.9 (95% CI 1.2–3.1) and that for pure cigar smoking was 2.3 (95% CI 1.6–3.5). The increase in the OR of bladder cancer that was observed with duration of smoking was non-significantly lower for cigars than for cigarettes. Conclusion: Our results suggest that smoking of cigars and pipe is carcinogenic to the urinary bladder, although the potency might be lower than for cigarettes.     

八聚体转录因子4蛋白表达与非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的关系

目的 探讨八聚体转录因子4(Oct4)蛋白在非肌层浸润性膀胱癌中的表达情况,并分析其表达与患者临床病理特征及预后的关系.方法 采用免疫组化生物素酶标法检测87例非肌层浸润性膀胱移行细胞癌和15例癌旁正常组织中Oct4蛋白的表达情况,并结合临床资料分析Oct4蛋白的表达在膀胱癌患者中的意义.结果 正常组织中Oct4蛋白的表达水平明显低于肿瘤组织(P＜0.01).G1级、G2级、G3级膀胱癌的Oct4蛋白阳性表达率分别为40.7％、69.4％、91.7％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).所有患者随访3～78个月,其中63例出现复发,复发组与未复发组中Oct4蛋白的阳性表达率分别为77.8％和37.5％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.0l);21例复发患者出现进展,进展组与未进展组中Oct4蛋白的阳性表达率分别为71.4％和65.2％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).Oct4蛋白的表达与患者的年龄、性别、肿瘤的数目及大小无明显相关性(P＞0.05).结论 Oct4蛋白检测有助于早期发现膀胱肿瘤,并可用来判断肿瘤的恶性分化程度及检测患者术后的复发情况.     

Risk factors for breast cancer among young women in southern Iran

Age standardized incidence rates of breast cancer in developed countries is nearly threefold higher than in developing countries. Iran has had one of the lowest incidence rates for breast cancer in the world, but during the last four decades increasing incidence rates of breast cancer made it the most prevalent cancer in Iranian women. After adjustment for age, Iranian young women are at relatively higher risk of breast cancer than their counterparts in developed countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate some established risk factors of breast cancer in Iranian young women. A hospital-based case control study comprising 521 women with histologically confirmed, incident breast cancer and 521 controls frequency-matched by age and province of residence was conducted. Logistic regression performed to investigate associations of reproductive and anthropometric factors with breast cancer risk. In multivariate analysis, family history [odds ratio (OR): 1.61; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07-2.42], oral contraceptives (OC) usage (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.11-2.08), low parity (OR parity ≥ 3 vs. 1-2: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.23-0.49), employment (OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.05-3.23) and shorter period of breast feeding (OR ≥ 37 months vs. < 37: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.44-0.84) were related to a higher risk of breast cancer in young women. This was the first study focusing on risk factors of breast cancer in Iranian young women. The trend of decreasing parity and shortened duration of breast feeding along with OC usage might partly explain the rapid rising of breast cancer incidence in Iranian young women.     

大连市区1991—2010年膀胱癌流行趋势分析

目的：分析大连市区1991—2010年膀胱癌流行趋势,研究膀胱癌发病变化水平及流行特点,为流行病学研究提供基础信息。方法：利用1991—01—01～2010—12—31大连市中山区、西岗区、沙河口区、甘井子区和旅顺口区5区全人群203万常住人口（其中城市人口96．3％,市郊人口3．7％）恶性肿瘤数据库中的膀胱癌新发病例资料,分析组织学类型,计算粗发病率、世界人口调整发病率（简称世调率）、截缩率、累积率和年度变化百分率（annual percent change,APC）,进行年龄、时期和队列3个因素相互调整后的相对危险性（relative risk,RR）和95％CI的估计。结果：大连市区1991—2010年流行趋势概况,男女性粗发病率分别为14．1／10万和3．8／10万,世调率分别为10．4／10万和2．5／10万,35～〈65岁调整截缩率分别为11．75／10万和2．84／10万。0～〈75岁累积率分别为1．27％和0．30％,0～〈65岁累积率分别为0．48％和0．10％。时间趋势分析结果显示,男女性粗发病率的APC分别为＋6．93％和＋7．36％,P值均〈0．001;调整发病率的APC分别为＋3．36％和＋3．67％,P值均〈O．01。流行趋势分析结果显示,男女性年龄在≥35岁发病风险有增加趋势,P〈O．05;时期发生于2001—2005年和2006—2010年发病风险有增加趋势,P〈0．001;队列发生在1956年以后出生队列发病风险有降低趋势,P％0．05。结论：大连市区膀胱癌发病水平处于同期中国肿瘤登记城市地区较高水平。女性发病率的上升幅度高于男性。     

Occupational cancer mortality among urban women in the former USSR

Occupational cancer mortality was evaluated among approximately three million female pensioners from urban areas of the former USSR. In 1970, these women experienced 14,918 cancer deaths. Occupational data were obtained from death certificates and the 1970 USSR National Population Census. Thirty-five occupational groups, including nine predominantly professional or office-work groups and 26 groups involving physical labor, were evaluated. The expected mortality rates were based on the urban female population of the USSR in 1970. Data for all cancer sites combined, and cancers of the esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, lung, breast, cervix, and hematopoietic system are presented. Among all female pensioners, there were significant increases of all cancers combined (rate ratio [RR]=1.05), and cancers of the breast (RR=1.3), cervix (RR=1.3), and the hematopoietic system (RR=1.2), and a significant deficit of cancer of the esophagus (RR=0.8). Many well-established associations between cancer and occupation among men were observed among the study group of female pensioners, such as stomach and lung cancer among miners, and hematopoietic malignancies among scientists and physicians. Other associations, to be investigated further, also were observed, such as excess lung cancer among waitresses. The peak employment period for this cohort of women was during World War II and the postwar period, when Soviet women outnumbered men almost two-to-one. Consequently, many of the women held jobs that are typically held by men. Thus, this study provides valuable information on occupational risks to women that may be relevant in other countries where women increasingly are being employed in jobs traditionally held by men.Due to recent events, the United Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) no longer exists as a political entity. For simplicity and bistorical accuracy, bowever, the text generally refers to the USSR and Soviet institutions that were so named when the study was conducted.Drs Bulbulyan and Zaridze are with the Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Carcinogenesis, All-Union Oncological Research Center, Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia. Dr Zahm, to whom correspondence should be addressed, is with the Occupational Studies Section, Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza North, Room 418, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.     

Alcohol consumption and ovarian cancer risk in a population-based case-control study

Alcohol consumption has been investigated as a possible risk factor for ovarian cancer in several epidemiological studies, with inconsistent findings. Recent studies have suggested that the association between alcohol consumption and ovarian cancer may vary according to histologic subtype of ovarian cancer and type of alcohol consumed (e.g., wine, beer, or liquor). We examined these associations in a population-based case-control study comprised of 762 incident cases of epithelial ovarian cancer and 6,271 population controls from Massachusetts and Wisconsin aged 40-79 years. Women reported their usual alcohol consumption as young adults (20-30 years of age) and in the recent past. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. There was no significant association of ovarian cancer with increasing alcohol consumption either during ages 20-30 years (p trend 0.42) or in the recent past (p trend 0.83). Regular drinking of beer (1 drink/day or more) during ages 20-30 (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.07-2.26), though not liquor (OR 1.35, 95% CI 0.86-2.11) or wine (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.49-2.00), was associated with a statistically significant increase in risk of invasive tumors, whereas no significant relationships were observed for recent drinking, regardless of alcohol type. The elevated risk for early adult regular drinking was confined to serous invasive tumors (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.01-2.30), though results for other subtypes were based on sparse data and results were imprecise. In this study, neither total alcohol consumption as a young adult nor recently was associated with an increase in the risk of ovarian cancer.     

表浅性膀胱癌预后与癌肿数目、病理分级的关系

目的探讨表浅性膀胱癌肿块数目、病理分级与患者预后的关系。方法对122例表浅性膀胱癌进行回顾性分析。结果122例中,40例术后复发,术后5年内的复发率为32.79%。初诊时肿瘤为多发者即3个及3个以上肿瘤、G3级的肿瘤术后复发的平均时间、5年内的复发率分别高于单发或双发者、G1或G2级的肿瘤。结论膀胱癌肿瘤数目、细胞分级是影响表浅性膀胱癌预后的重要因素,多发肿瘤、G3级肿瘤可能在较短时间内复发,及时行膀胱切除更为妥当。     

The hypoxia-inducible genes VEGF and CA9 are differentially regulated in superficial vs invasive bladder cancer

Regulation by hypoxia may underlie the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in bladder cancer. We have compared the distribution of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA with a hypoxia marker, carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA IX). vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA was analysed by in situ hybridisation and CA IX by immunochemistry in 22 cases of bladder cancer. The relationship of microvessels to the distribution of CA IX was determined. In a separate series of 49 superficial tumours, CA IX immunostaining was compared with clinico-pathological outcome. In superficial and invasive disease there was overlap in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and CA IX, CA IX being more widespread. Both were expressed predominantly on the luminal surface, and surrounding areas of necrosis (invasive tumours). Expression of both factors was greater in superficial disease. Expression was absent within approximately 80 microm of microvessels. Unlike vascular endothelial growth factor, CA IX did not predict outcome in superficial disease. Differential responses to reoxygenation provide one explanation: vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA declined rapidly, while CA IX expression was sustained for >72 h. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA in bladder tumours is consistent with hypoxic regulation and suggests differential regulation in superficial vs invasive disease. The expression of CA IX on the luminal surface justifies investigation of its utility as a therapeutic target/prognostic indicator.     

浅表性膀胱癌根治术后发生尿道癌的危险因素分析

目的:探讨影响浅表性膀胱癌根治术后尿道癌发生的危险因素。方法:回顾分析2010年1月到2015年2月于我院行膀胱癌根治性切除术的60例浅表性膀胱癌患者临床资料,根据术后有无发生尿道癌分为尿道癌组10例,无尿道癌组50例,比较两组患者相关临床资料间的差异,并采用Cox回归模型进行分析得出影响浅表性膀胱癌根治性切除术后患者尿道癌发生的独立危险因素。结果:本组共发生10例（16.67％）尿道癌,病理类型均为尿路上皮癌,其中6例非原位新膀胱术中有4例双侧输尿管皮肤造瘘术,2例回肠膀胱术;23例肿瘤病灶≥2处;17例组织学分级为高分化尿路上皮癌。尿道癌组的无术前灌注化疗人数比例及侵及前列腺人数比例均高于非尿道癌组（P<0.05）。肿瘤侵及前列腺部尿道（HR=1.958,95％CI:1.151～3.331）、非原位新膀胱术（HR=2.123,95％CI:1.200～3.756）是浅表性膀胱癌根治性切除术后患者尿道癌发生的独立危险因素（P<0.05）,术前灌注化疗（HR=0.645,95％CI:0.336～0.863）是浅表性膀胱癌根治性切除术后患者尿道癌发生的保护因素（P<0.05）。结论:肿瘤侵及前列腺部尿道、非原位新膀胱术是浅表性膀胱癌根治性切除术后患者尿道癌发生的独立危险因素,术前灌注化疗是其保护因素,我们应当注重这些因素对有危险因素的患者行尿道切除及术前常规灌注化疗对于降低浅表性膀胱癌根治性切除术后患者尿道癌的发生有重要意义。     

膀胱癌的靶向药物治疗

全身化疗是能够改善膀胱癌生存的主要治疗方法,然而疗效有限,因此靶向药物治疗在膀胱癌中的应用逐渐引人关注.目前针对膀胱癌的靶向药物包括贝伐珠单抗、西妥昔单抗、舒尼替尼、吉非替尼、依维莫司和程序性死亡受体1及其配体抑制剂,其为晚期膀胱癌的治疗提供了新的方向.     

Delays in diagnosis and bladder cancer mortality

BACKGROUND:

Mortality from invasive bladder cancer is common, even with high‐quality care. Thus, the best opportunities to improve outcomes may precede the diagnosis. Although screening currently is not recommended, better medical care of patients who are at risk (ie, those with hematuria) has the potential to improve outcomes.

METHODS:

The authors used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐Medicare linked database for the years 1992 through 2002 to identify 29,740 patients who had hematuria in the year before a bladder cancer diagnosis and grouped them according to the interval between their first claim for hematuria and their bladder cancer diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to assess relations between these intervals and bladder cancer mortality, adjusting first for patient demographics and then for disease severity. Adjusted logistic models were used to estimate the patient's probability of receiving a major intervention.

RESULTS:

Patients (n = 2084) who had a delay of 9 months were more likely to die from bladder cancer compared with patients who were diagnosed within 3 months (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20‐1.50). This risk was not markedly attenuated after adjusting for disease stage and tumor grade (adjusted HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.14‐1.45). In fact, the effect was strongest among patients who had low‐grade tumors (adjusted HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.69‐2.64) and low‐stage disease (ie, a tumor [T] classification of Ta or tumor in situ; adjusted HR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.54‐2.64).

CONCLUSIONS:

A delay in the diagnosis of bladder cancer increased the risk of death from disease independent of tumor grade and or disease stage. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie these delays may improve outcomes among patients with bladder cancer. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

Occupation and Bladder Cancer Risk in a Population-based Case-control Study in New Hampshire

OBJECTIVE: To identify occupations with excess bladder cancer risk in New Hampshire, where bladder cancer mortality rates have been elevated for decades. METHODS: Lifetime occupational histories were obtained from interviews with 424 cases and 645 controls in a population-based case-control study.Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (Ors) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each occupation, adjusted for age and smoking. Analyses by duration of employment were carried out and interactions with smoking were examined. RESULTS: Male tractor-trailer truck drivers had an elevated risk for bladder cancer (OR = 2.4, CI = 1.4-4.1), with a significant positive trend in risk with increasing duration of employment (P (trend) = 0.0003). Male metal/plastic processing machine operators also had a significant excess (OR = 4.9, CI = 1.6-15.1), attributable mainly to molding/casting machine operators (OR = 16.6, CI = 2.1-131). Elevated risk was also observed for male fabricators, assemblers, and hand workers (OR = 1.8, CI = 1.0-3.4). Women in certain sales occupations (sales clerks, counter clerks, and cashiers) had a significant excess risk (OR = 2.2, CI = 1.3-3.9) and a significant trend with duration of employment (P (trend) = 0.016), as did female health service workers (OR = 4.1, CI = 1.6-10.7; P (trend) = 0.014). There was a positive interaction between smoking and employment as a health service worker (p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: These findings are generally consistent with previous studies. Elevated risks for male molding/casting machine operators, female salesworkers, and female health service workers, especially those with a history of smoking, require further investigation.     

膀胱癌肿瘤标志物及其检测方法的研究进展

 膀胱癌是国内泌尿系统最常见的恶性肿瘤,易复发,发病率正逐年增高。目前膀胱镜检查和尿细胞学检查仍是膀胱癌诊断和随访的金标准。然而,膀胱镜检查为侵入性检查且费用较高,同时细胞学检查的敏感性低。随着对肿瘤在分子生物学特性的进一步理解,许多膀胱肿瘤分子标志物被研究。肿瘤标志物在肿瘤诊断、侵袭、转移、疗效判断和预后预测等方面具有重要作用。就近年来膀胱癌肿瘤标志物检测的研究进展作一综述。     

膀胱癌组织中乳腺癌扩增基因1的表达及其意义

目的 探讨膀胱癌组织中乳腺癌扩增基因1（AIB1）基因的表达及其临床意义.方法 收集30例因膀胱癌行全膀胱切除术或经尿道膀胱癌电切术的标本,术前病理检查均为尿路上皮癌,采用免疫组织化学方法检测膀胱癌组织和癌旁组织中AIB1的表达情况.结果 膀胱癌组织AIB1的阳性表达率高于癌旁组织[43.3％（13/30）比3.3％（1/30）,x2=4.316,p＜0.05],高分期膀胱癌组织AIB1的阳性表达率高于低分期膀胱癌组织[T1、T2、L期分别为25.0％（2/8）、42.9％（6/14）、62.5％（5/8）,x2=4.623,P＜0.05].AIB1的表达与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤数目和病理分级无明显相关性（均P＞0.05）.结论 AIB1与膀胱癌关系密切,有可能成为判断膀胱癌预后的重要指标.