姜辣素拮抗掌叶半夏毒针晶刺激性毒性的机制研究

为探索姜辣素拮抗掌叶半夏毒针晶刺激性毒性的机制,该研究采用掌叶半夏毒针晶诱导的小鼠腹腔炎症模型,观察姜辣素对小鼠腹腔炎症渗出液中炎症介质PGE2的影响;采用大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞体外培养模型,以上清液中TNF-α和IL-1β为指标,研究姜辣素拮抗掌叶半夏毒针晶的致炎作用;采用扫描电镜法观察姜辣素拮抗掌叶半夏毒针晶刺激后巨噬细胞表面形态的改变;采用巨噬细胞-中性粒细胞共培养模型,考察姜辣素拮抗掌叶半夏毒针晶对中性粒细胞迁移的影响。结果显示,姜辣素可以显著抑制掌叶半夏毒针晶所致的小鼠腹腔渗出液中PGE2的生成;姜辣素可以显著抑制掌叶半夏毒针晶诱导巨噬细胞释放炎症因子,并具有一定的量效关系;扫描电镜显示,姜辣素可以显著抑制巨噬细胞吞噬掌叶半夏毒针晶及细胞膜破损,并能显著抑制掌叶半夏毒针晶诱导的中性粒细胞迁移。姜辣素拮抗掌叶半夏毒针晶刺激性毒性的机制可能是抑制了包括巨噬细胞激活、炎症因子释放、中性粒细胞迁移聚集的致炎毒性。     

半夏及掌叶半夏毒针晶中共性毒蛋白的研究

目的:寻找天南星科半夏属有毒中药半夏及掌叶半夏毒性物质基础毒针晶中的共有蛋白,研究刺激性相关蛋白的致炎效应。方法:采用溶液内双酶解方法将半夏与掌叶半夏毒针晶中的蛋白降解为混合肽段,采用液相色谱与串联质谱偶联分析降解后的肽段,将质谱分析数据与BIOWORKS软件搜索的NCBI绿色植物Viridiplantae蛋白库比对进行蛋白质检索分析。采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对半夏、掌叶半夏毒针晶蛋白进行分析,同时采用胶内酶解后液相色谱与串联质谱偶联的方法,分析并鉴定约13kDa蛋白。提取分离半夏中的凝集素蛋白,并采用中性粒细胞迁移试验和测定腹腔渗出液中PGE2的含量,考察毒针晶及凝集素的炎症刺激性效应。结果:半夏及掌叶半夏毒针晶中均含约13kDa的蛋白条带,此条带经鉴定为凝集素类蛋白,且此13kDa蛋白条带为毒针晶中的主要蛋白之一,凝集素类蛋白可诱导中性粒细胞向大鼠腹腔迁移,可显著增加小鼠腹腔渗出液中PGE2的含量。结论:天南星科有毒中药半夏及掌叶半夏毒针晶蛋白中均含有凝集素类蛋白,且此类凝集素蛋白具有显著的致炎作用,是半夏与掌叶半夏毒针晶中的共性毒蛋白。     

半夏凝集素蛋白与半夏毒针晶毒性的相关性研究

目的:研究半夏凝集素蛋白与半夏毒针晶毒性的相关性,揭示半夏产生毒性的机制。方法:采用大鼠腹腔炎症模型,以腹腔渗出液中PGE2含量为指标,研究半夏凝集素致炎作用的量-毒、时-毒曲线;采用家兔眼结膜刺激模型,以眼结膜的病理切片观察半夏凝集素与半夏毒针晶刺激性的相关性。结果:半夏凝集素可引起大鼠腹腔渗出液中PGE2、蛋白含量显著提高,呈剂量依赖性;半夏凝集素可显著加重半夏毒针晶对家兔眼结膜的刺激性,且随着半夏凝集浓度的升高,刺激性显著增强,但单给药半夏凝集素对家兔眼结膜无刺激性。结论:半夏凝集素蛋白具强烈的致炎作用。半夏产生强烈炎症刺激的机制是半夏刺入机体,凝集素蛋白随针晶进入机体组织,诱导炎症反应发生而产生刺激性。     

半夏毒针晶的致炎作用研究

目的探讨半夏毒针晶引起的刺激性炎症的机体表现及对相关炎症介质的影响。方法采用小鼠毛细管通透性实验、小鼠腹腔炎症实验及大鼠足跖肿胀实验,考察不同剂量半夏毒针晶的致炎效应及其量-效关系,并测定相关炎症介质的量。结果半夏毒针晶混悬液可使小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加,腹腔渗出液中炎症介质前列腺素E2(PGE2)、一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)的量增加;亦可引起大鼠足跖肿胀,并在一定剂量范围内表现为典型的量-效关系,还可使大鼠致炎足跖中炎症介质PGE2、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)的量显著增加。结论半夏毒针晶刺激性毒性在机体内表现为炎症反应。     

生姜解半夏毒的研究——生姜汁对半夏毒针晶所致炎性反应的影响

目的:研究生姜汁对半夏毒针晶所致炎性反应的影响。方法:采用腹腔注射半夏毒针晶所致小鼠腹腔炎症模型,观察生姜汁对小鼠毛细管通透性、腹腔渗出液的量、腹腔渗出液中蛋白质含量、白细胞数量和炎症介质PGE2含量的影响;采用半夏毒针晶诱导大鼠足跖肿胀模型,观察生姜汁对大鼠足跖肿胀的作用。结果:生姜汁能显著抑制半夏毒针晶腹腔注射所致的小鼠毛细管通透性增加,减少腹腔渗出液和白细胞数目,降低蛋白质和炎症介质PGE2的含量,也可减轻半夏毒针晶所致的大鼠足跖肿胀。结论:生姜汁可显著抑制半夏毒针晶所致的炎症反应。     

醋制老瓜头镇痛抗炎活性研究

目的: 研究醋制老瓜头二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇层萃取物抗炎、镇痛活性,明确活性部位。 方法: 将小鼠分为11组,分别为:阳性对照组、模型组、醋制老瓜头二氯甲烷萃取物,乙酸乙酯萃取物,正丁醇萃取物分别设低、中、高剂量组(按生药量计为400,800,1 600 mg·kg^-1),给药3 d后进行实验,以热板法、醋酸扭体法为镇痛实验模型,二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀、角叉菜胶致小鼠足肿胀、小鼠炎性组织前列腺素E₂(PGE₂)含量为抗炎实验模型,进行活性测定。 结果: 镇痛实验,热板法模型中醋制老瓜头各萃取层与模型组比较能显著延长热板所致的小鼠舔后肢的时间,扭体法模型中,醋制老瓜头各萃取层能显著减少醋酸致小鼠扭体反应的次数,并呈现一定的药物依赖性(P<0.05,P<0.01);抗炎实验,二甲苯致耳肿胀模型中醋制老瓜头各萃取层与模型组比较能不同程度地抑制二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀,角叉菜胶致鼠足肿胀模型中醋制老瓜头各萃取层能不同程度抑制角叉菜胶致鼠足肿胀,各萃取层能显著降低小鼠炎症组织中PGE₂含量(P<0.05,P<0.01)。 结论: 二氯甲烷层为醋制老瓜头镇痛、抗炎活性最强部位,醋制降毒后仍有较强生物活性,表现为延长小鼠舔后肢的时间,抑制二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀、角叉菜胶致足肿胀并显著降低小鼠炎症组织中PGE₂含量,其抗炎作用可能与PGE₂相关。     

半夏毒针晶的致炎效应与巨噬细胞的相关性研究

目的:研究半夏毒针晶刺激性毒性产生的机制.方法:采用小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞体外培养模型,以培养上清液中TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6为指标,研究半夏毒针晶致炎的量-毒,时-毒曲线;采用扫描电镜法观察经半夏毒针晶刺激后巨噬细胞表面形态学的改变;使用巨噬细胞-中性粒细胞共培养迁移模型,考察半夏毒针晶刺激巨噬细胞对中性粒细胞迁移的影响.结果:半夏毒针晶刺激巨噬细胞,可引起TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6含量显著升高,且具有剂量和时间依赖性;扫描电镜显示,半夏毒针晶可被巨噬细胞吞噬,细胞膜表面皱褶明显,伪足数量增多,细胞膜完整性下降,并能显著诱导中性粒细胞迁移.结论:巨噬细胞在毒针晶的致炎过程中起关键的介导作用.半夏毒针晶的毒性机制是毒针晶刺入组织,激活组织中的驻留巨噬细胞,引起吞噬、促炎细胞因子释放、中性粒细胞大量迁移,最终导致强烈的急性炎症反应.     

半夏姜制对动物胃肠道功能的影响

实验表明,姜矾半夏和姜煮半夏对大鼠胃液中PGE₂的含量和胃蛋白酶活性无明显影响;显著抑制小鼠胃肠运动。生半夏对小鼠胃肠运动呈显著促进,而对大鼠胃液中PGE₂的分泌,胃酸、胃蛋白酶的活性呈显著抑制,对胃粘膜损伤较大。     

柴胡注射液体外抑制PGE2释放的生物活性测定法

目的: 建立rrIL-1β体外干扰下丘脑神经细胞释放PGE₂离体模型,考察柴胡注射作用下该模型中PGE₂含量与药物作用浓度的相关性。 方法: 体外培养下丘脑神经细胞,加入rrIL-1β(40 μg·L^-1)刺激并于不同时间点收集细胞液,ELISA法检测各时间点收集的细胞液中PGE₂含量;体外培养下丘脑神经细胞,加入rrIL-1β刺激后,各组加入不同浓度柴胡注射液,ELISA法检测细胞上清液中PGE₂含量变化,分析加样浓度与对PGE₂抑制率的线性关系。 结果: rrIL-1β能刺激体外培养的下丘脑神经细胞释放PGE₂,并在10 h时达到峰值;柴胡注射液能够显著干扰离体模型中PGE₂的释放(P<0.01,P<0.05),且干扰作用与柴胡注射液作用浓度呈一定的线性相关(r=0.911,P<0.01)。 结论: rrIL-1β能够干扰体外培养的下丘脑神经细胞释放PGE₂,且对PGE₂的抑制生成作用与药物浓度相关性较好。     

半夏、掌叶半夏及禹白附凝集素蛋白的刺激性研究

目的:研究半夏凝集素(Pinellia ternata agglutinin,PTA),掌叶半夏凝集素(Pinellia pedtaisecta agglutinin,PPA),禹白附凝集素(Typhonium giganteum agglutinin,TGA)的刺激性作用。方法:SD雄性大鼠随机分为空白组,PTA,PPA及TGA高中低剂量组(300,200,100 mg.L-1),ip给药,4 h后处死大鼠,ip生理盐水,取腹腔液测中性粒细胞迁移数目,测定腹腔液中总蛋白,一氧化氮(NO),前列腺素E2(PGE2)的含量;家兔随机分为空白组,半夏,掌叶半夏及禹白附的凝集素组及毒针晶组,半夏,掌叶半夏及禹白附的针晶加其凝集素组,观察家兔眼结膜充血,水肿及分泌物,考察PTA,PPA,TGA的刺激性作用。结果:大鼠ip PTA,PPA,TGA后,与空白组腹腔液中性粒细胞迁移数目(633.33±233.81)×106/L比较,100 mg.L-1组PTA(1 083.33±116.9)×106/L,PPA(1 033.3±150.55)×106/L及TGA(1 133.33±103.28)×106/L均具极显著性差异(P<0.01),均可引起严重的中性粒细胞向腹腔迁移,且浓度升高,作用增强;大鼠腹腔液的总蛋白,NO及PGE2的含量显著升高,均可加重针晶刺激家兔眼结膜强烈水肿。结论:天南星科中具有刺激性毒性作用的半夏,掌叶半夏及禹白附所含凝集素蛋白具有刺激性作用,是其毒性刺激性成分。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属植物传统药物学调查

通过野外资源调查、整理各大标本馆标本原始记录和查阅文献记载等方法,系统整理、总结、归纳了列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属民族药用植物种类、功效及民间使用情况,结果表明列当属6种药用植物在4个少数民族间作为7种民族药应用,草苁蓉属2种药用植物在8个少数民族间作为10种民族药应用,肉苁蓉属2种药用植物在3个少数民族间作为3种民族药应用,且同种药用植物常作不同民族药;发现3属植物的传统疗效主要集中在补肾壮阳、止血和止痛3个方面,并且该传统疗效与现代药理研究结果基本吻合。因此深入研究植物种类丰富的列当属植物资源对缓解肉苁蓉植物资源匮乏局面和扩大药源具有积极意义。