全盆腔脏器切除术治疗局部进展期直肠癌

１９８９年～１９９５年，作者对２０例局部进展期直肠癌进行了全盆腔脏器切除术（ＴＰＥ）。手术死亡１例（５％），合并症发生率为６５％。１９例随访３～４２个月，死亡的７例平均生存１４．１个月；６例复发。本组结果提示，对局部进展期直肠癌常规治疗效果往往不佳，ＴＰＥ可缓解症状，延长生存。作者还就ＴＰＥ手术适应证和手术方法要点进行讨论。     

全盆腔脏器切除术治疗局部直肠癌

１９８９年－１９９５年，作者对２０例局部进展期直肠癌进行了全盆腔脏器切除术（ＴＰＥ）。手术残废例（５％），合并症发生率为６５％。１９例随３－４２个月，死亡的７例平均自下而上１４．１个月；６例复发。本组结果提示，对局部进展期直肠癌常规治疗效果往不，ＴＰＥ中缓解症状，延长生存。作者还就ＴＰＥ手术适应证和手术方法要点进行讨论。     

全盆腔脏器切除术治疗直肠癌术后盆腔局部复发

目的评价全盆腔脏器切除术(total pelvic exenteration，TPE)治疗盆腔局部复发直肠癌(locally recurrent rectal cancer，LRRC)的疗效。方法对1989-2003年行TPE治疗的35例直肠癌患者的临床资料进行分析。结果行TPE30例、保肛TPE2例、TPE联合骶、尾骨切除2例、TPE联合半骨盆切除1例。根治性切除率80％，手术死亡率3％，术后盆腔再复发率48％。全组术后5年生存率16％，根治性切除组为19％，无淋巴结转移者5年生存率24％，有淋巴结转移者为0。结论TPE手术成功的关键在于严格的适应证选择和作到真正的根治性切除。     

经耻骨入路低位前切除术治疗低位直肠癌的体会(附34例分析)

经耻骨入路低位前切除术治疗低位直肠癌34例,疗效满意。作者认为,该术式暴露良好,能保证手术的彻底性,顺利完成吻合。安全远切缘应以3cm为基本长度,但确切长度应以术中冰冻病检结果为准。除肿瘤远端肠管切除不够和盆腔清扫不够彻底外,癌细胞种植亦是局部复发的重要原因,本组有2例于半年内复发(5.8％),5年存活22例(76％)。     

后盆腔切除术治疗直肠癌合并宫颈癌1例

1　病例资料　　患者 ,女性 ,40岁。因大便带血 1年并肛周疼痛 4个月于1999年 10月 2 1日入院。查体 :肛诊胸膝位进指 5ｃｍ可触及环周质硬肿物 ,触痛、活动度小、仅能通过指尖 ,未扪及上极 ,指套染血迹。肛诊涂片查到腺癌细胞。双合诊 :阴道后壁与肿物关系密切 ,阴道粘膜光滑 ,宫颈触痛。行术前充分准备 ,在全麻下行直肠癌后盆腔切除、乙状结肠造口术。术后病理诊断 :直肠下段溃疡型低分化粘液腺癌 ,侵透外膜 ,淋巴结 3/ 5转移宫颈细胞局部癌变。术后给予放化疗为主的综合治疗。2　讨　　论　　直肠癌并肠外原发癌临床上较少见 ,占全部病例…     

新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术治疗复发直肠癌

目的 探讨新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术对复发直肠癌的临床治疗价值。方法 对35例复发直肠癌患者,采用新辅助治疗方案。常规分次放疗,放疗总剂量（DT）46Gy,每周5次,每次2Gy。全身化疗2个疗程,每次予以奥沙利铂130mg／m^2,第1天静脉点滴;甲酰四氢叶酸钙（CF）200mg／m^2,第1～3天静脉点滴;氟脲嘧啶（5-Fu）500mg／m^2,第1～3天静脉点滴。治疗结束后4～6周进行盆腔脏器切除手术。结果 经新辅助治疗后,病理完全缓解6例,肿瘤平均缩小38．4％,65．7％的病例T期下降。全组无手术死亡,R0切除率为88．5％,手术并发症发生率为13．3％。本组总的3年生存率为82．8％;5年生存率为48．5％;其中获得R。切除的患者,3年生存率为90．3％,5年生存率为54．6%。结论 新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术是治疗复发直肠癌的有效方法。通过降低肿瘤病期,提高手术切除率,从而提高患者生存率。     

应用盆腔脏器联合切除术治疗局部复发型直肠癌

目的 评价盆腔脏器联合切除术对局部复发型直肠癌的治疗意义。方法 对我院33例局部复发型直肠癌应用盆腔脏器联合切除术治疗的病例进行回顾性总结。结果 33例患中17例接受全盆腔脏器切除术治疗，14例接受后盆腔脏器切除术；2例为直肠癌合并输尿管下段切除。29例（87．9％）手术为根治术，手术死亡率3．0％。盆腔受累最多的器官是骶前组织和阴道。术后约88．9％的患疼痛症状消失。8例（24．2％）再次复发，并再用手术。全组2、3、4年生存率分别为36．4％、21．2％、18．2％。结论 积极的盆腔脏器联合切除术可以明显改善局部复发型直肠癌的预后，提高术后生活质量。     

经腹肛拖出式直肠癌切除术治疗早、中期低位直肠癌21例分析

目的 探讨早、中期低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌功能的理想手术方式。方法 采用经腹肛拖出式直肠癌切除术治疗早、中期低位直肠癌21例。结果 全组无手术死亡，术后1例发生肛门外拉出肠管部分坏死。骶前感染1例，无肠回缩、吻合口瘘。平均随访 28（6-50）个月，无局部复发。术后18个月发现肝脏转移灶1例，现仍无癌生存20例，吻合口狭窄2例。本组术后2周拉出肠段修整后排便次数较多。1月后控制大便能力明显改善。大便3-5次/d,3月后大便基本正常。1-2次/d。结论 在严格掌握手术适应证的条件下，经腹肛拖出式直肠癌切除术可作为治疗早、中期低位直肠癌并保留肛门功能的一种可靠术式。     

盆腔脏器切除术治疗复发直肠癌

目的：探讨盆腔脏器切除术治疗复发直肠癌的疗效。方法：对1984年至2000年复发直肠癌患49例行盆腔脏器切了作术的临床资料及生存资料进行分析，结果：全组无手术死亡，R0切除率为91．8％，手术并发症发生率为12．2％，本组总的3年生存率为82．4％，5年生存率为48．7％，其中45例获得R0切除患的3年生存率为83．5％，5年生存率为59．5％，17例行全盆腔脏器切除术患的3年生存率为72．7％，5年生存率为45．5％，结论：盆腔脏器切除术是治疗复发直肠癌的有效方法，严格选择病例，确保R0切除，妥善重建泌尿和消化通道及妥善覆盖盆腔，是获得满意疗效，降低术后并发症发生率的关键。     

Patterns of recurrence following pelvic exenteration and external radiotherapy for locally advanced primary rectal adenocarcinoma

Background: Local recurrence remains the main site of failure after pelvic exenteration for locally advanced primary rectal adenocarcinoma. This is a report on the patterns of recurrence in a group of such patients treated with pelvic exenteration and radiotherapy. Methods: Between 1980 and 1992, we treated 49 patients. Thirty-one received preoperative radiotherapy (pre-RT), 4,500 cGy. Six weeks later, we performed posterior pelvic exenteration (PPE) in 21 patients, and total pelvic exenteration (TPE) in 10. Nine patients received postoperative radiotherapy (post-RT), 5,000 cGy after a PPE. Nine patients had surgery only, PPE (n=7) and TPE (n=2). Results: Surgical mortality occurred in 16% of those patients who received pre-RT. The median follow-up was 52 months. Recurrences occurred in 23% of those patients who received pre-RT (local, one; local/distant, one; distant, four); in 88% of those patients treated with surgery only (local/distant, four; distant, four); and in 11% of those treated with post-RT (distant, one). The 5-year survival for patients who received radiotherapy was 66 versus 44% for those treated with surgery only. Conclusion: Local control of locally advanced primary rectal adenocarcinoma requiring a pelvic exenteration is improved by the addition of radiotherapy. When recurrences do occur they are predominantly at extrapelvic sites.Results of this study were presented at The 48th Annual Cancer Symposium of the Society of Surgical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, March 23–26, 1995.     

新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术治疗复发直肠癌

目的探讨新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术对复发直肠癌的临床治疗价值。方法对35例复发直肠癌患者,采用新辅助治疗方案。常规分次放疗,放疗总剂量(DT)46Gy,每周5次,每次2Gy。全身化疗2个疗程,每次予以奥沙利铂130mg/m2,第1天静脉点滴;甲酰四氢叶酸钙(CF)200mg/m2,第1~3天静脉点滴;氟脲嘧啶(5-Fu)500mg/m2,第1~3天静脉点滴。治疗结束后4~6周进行盆腔脏器切除手术。结果经新辅助治疗后,病理完全缓解6例,肿瘤平均缩小38.4%,65.7%的病例T期下降。全组无手术死亡,R0切除率为88.5%,手术并发症发生率为13.3%。本组总的3年生存率为82.8%;5年生存率为48.5%;其中获得R0切除的患者,3年生存率为90.3%,5年生存率为54.6%。结论新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术是治疗复发直肠癌的有效方法。通过降低肿瘤病期,提高手术切除率,从而提高患者生存率。     

Posterior pelvic exenteration for primary rectal cancer

BACKGROUND: Indications for and the prognosis of posterior pelvic exenteration (PPE) in rectal cancer patients are not clearly defined. The aim of this study was to analyse the indications, complications and long-term results of PPE in patients with primary rectal cancer. METHODS: A retrospective review included patient demographics, tumour and treatment variables, and morbidity, recurrence, and survival statistics. These results were compared with a group of female patients who underwent standard resection for primary rectal cancer in the same period (non PPE group). RESULTS: The series included 30 women with an average age of 56.7 years (range 22-78). Tumour location was recorded in three cases in the upper rectum, 13 cases in the medium rectum and 14 cases in the lower rectum. A sphincter-preserving procedure was performed in 70% of the patients. Mean operative time was 4.2 h (range 2-7.5 h). Overall major morbidity rate in this series was 50% and mean hospital stay was 19.7 days (range 9-60 days). There was no hospital mortality. Pathological reports showed direct invasion of uterus, vagina or rectovaginal septum in 19 cases, involvement of perirectal tissue in 25 cases and positive lymph nodes in 18 cases. Comparison between PPE and non PPE groups showed no differences in mean tumour diameter, histological grade and tumour stage, but patients in the first group were younger. Although low tumours were seen more frequently in the PPE group (P = 0.003), the rate of sphincter-preserving procedure was comparable in both groups. Operative time was longer (P = 0.04) and morbidity was higher (P = 0.0058) in the PPE group. Local recurrence with or without distant metastases for the whole series was 30%. Five-year survival rate for patients who underwent curative resections (TNM I-III) was 48% in the PPE group vs 62% in the non PPE group (P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: In the present series, PPE prolonged operative time, increased postoperative complications and showed a trend toward poor prognosis in recurrence and survival. However, PPE offers the only hope for cure to patients with a primary rectal cancer that is adherent or invades reproductive organs.     

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目的 评价盆腔脏器联合切除术（PE）对局部进展期直肠癌的疗效。方法 对12年中79例局部进展期直肠癌PE术后结果进行回顾性总结。结果 全盆腔脏器切除术（TPE）46例，其中保肛TPE5例，TPE联合骶骨切除1例，TPE联合半骨盆切除1例，后盆腔脏器切除术（PPE）33例。根治性切除65例（82．8％），合并症发生率48．6％，手术死亡2例（2．5％），根治术后再复发36例（58．1％），术后1、3、5年生存率75．8％、39．3％、35．8％。根治性切除与大体根治切除术后3年、5年生存率分别为44．2％、40．8％与11．1％、0。结论 PE是目前治疗局部进展期直肠癌有效的方法，积极的根治性切除病灶，可以有效提高其治愈率，改善生活质量。     

The role of pelvic exenteration in the management of recurrent rectal cancer

BACKGROUND: Use of extirpative surgery in the setting of recurrent rectal cancer is controversial given the poor overall outcome of such patients and the morbidity associated with exenteration. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients treated for recurrent rectal cancer from 1990 to 2002 was performed. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients underwent pelvic exenteration. Seventeen underwent potentially curative resection, 5 were for palliation only. There was 1 operative death. Fifteen suffered at least 1 complication; 9 suffered multiple complications. Ten patients required readmission to the hospital. The overall disease-free interval was 11 months. Potentially curative and palliative resections resulted in median survivals of 20.4 and 8.4 months, respectively (P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: While patients may derive oncologic and palliative benefits from exenteration, the price in terms of operative morbidity remains high. Newer measures of operative morbidity are necessary to better appraise the value of this radical approach to recurrent rectal cancer.     

乙状结肠造口改行结肠代膀胱在直肠癌术后局部复发全盆腔脏器切除术中的应用

目的 观察直肠癌术后局部复发行全盆腔脏器切除术中将原乙状结肠造口改行结肠代膀胱的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析自2009～2013年因腹会阴联合切除术后盆腔局部复发而行全盆腔脏器切除的12例的临床资料.该组患者均截取10～12 cm长的原有乙状结肠造口肠管改行结肠代膀胱,近端行横结肠襻式造口.术后1年为临床疗效观察终点.结果 该组行全盆腔脏器切除术平均手术时间为(348±47) min,术中平均失血量约为(630±110) ml.3例患者术后近期发生结肠代膀胱相关并发症,其中出血2例,黏膜部分坏死1例.患者术后1年生存率为66.7％(8/12).术后1年内随访超声检查均未发现输尿管扩张、肾积水.结论 应用原有乙状结肠造口改行结肠代膀胱的方法简单、手术时间短、泌尿造口相关并发症少,适应于选择性的直肠癌术后复发行全盆腔脏器切除的患者.