肾移植术后引起疑似阿米巴肝脓肿的诊治体会

一例肾移植术后患者出现发热、右上腹痛、果酱样便、肝脓肿,明确诊断后,给予抗阿米巴治疗、脓肿穿刺引流及脓腔冲洗,观察患者预后。治疗26d后患者体温完全降至正常,脓肿逐渐缩小。及时诊断、避免误诊。是提高移植术后阿米巴感染治疗成功率的关键。     

Gallbladder-duodenal fistula presenting with liver abscess and upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Background. Bilio-enteric communications leading to liver abscess formation are encountered rarely and are therefore not easily suspected by the attending physician. Case outline. A bilio-enteric communication involving the gallbladder and the duodenum presented as a septic event with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a 71-year-old man who was wrongly thought to have undergone a previous cholecystectomy. A pyogenic bacterial liver abscess developed from the fistula in the absence of biliary obstruction. The patient was treated surgically with disconnection of the fistula and drainage of the abscess. Discussion. The liver abscess presumably arose as a consequence of contamination of the bile via the cholecysto-duodenal fistula. The previous operation is likely to have been a simple cholecystostomy.     

A case report of a lung abscess as a rare complication of a pyogenic liver abscess

Rationale:A hepatobronchial fistula and lung abscess following a pyogenic liver abscess is a rare entity and it is not easy to diagnose this condition based on the symptoms and chest radiography.Patient concerns:An 81-year-old man presented with productive cough and dyspnea.Diagnosis:Chest radiography indicated increased opacities in the right lower lung field with an air-fluid level suggestive of pneumonia complicated by a lung abscess. Chest and abdominal computed tomography revealed an abscess in the right lower lung field that bordered an abscess at segment 7 of the liver. Tubography confirmed a fistula between the liver and lung abscesses.Interventions:Due to communication between 2 abscesses, transhepatic approach was done instead of transpleural approach to avoid complications.Outcomes:A liver abscess complicated by a lung abscess was resolved following percutaneous transhepatic drainage of the liver abscess and antibiotic administration.Lessons:Though uncommon, the lack of suspicion of sub-diaphragmatic liver abscess often lead to a delay in diagnosis and proper treatment. Our case implies the importance of computed tomography in early diagnosis of liver abscess in case of lung abscess in the right lower lung field.     

A case of hepatocolic fistula after percutaneous drainage for a gas-containing pyogenic liver abscess

We describe a rare of gas-containing pyogenic liver abscess which penetrated the adjacent colon, forming a hepatocolic fistula, after percutaneous transhepatic abscess drainage (PTAD) had been performed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of hepatocolic fistula associated with a gasforming liver abscess in a diabetic patient, with radiological and surgical confirmation of the fistula.     

Predictive factors for early aspiration in liver abscess

AIM： To determine the predictive factors for early aspiration in liver abscess. METHODS： A retrospective analysis of all patients with liver abscess from 1995 to 2004 was performed. Abscess was diagnosed as amebic in 661 （68%） patients, pyogenic in 200 （21%）, indeterminate in 73 （8%） and mixed in 32 （3%）. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine predictive factors for aspiration of liver abscess. RESULTS： A total of 966 patients, 738 （76%） male, mean age 43 ± 17 years, were evaluated： 540 patients responded to medical therapy while adjunctive percutaneous aspiration was performed in 426 patients. Predictive factors for aspiration of liver abscess were： age≥ 55 years, size of abscess ≥5 cm, involvement of both lobes of the liver and duration of symptoms ≥ 7 d. Hospital stay in the aspiration group was relatively longer than in the non aspiration group. Twelve patients died in the aspiration group and this mortality was not statistically significant when compared to the non aspiration group. CONCLUSION： Patients with advanced age, abscess size 〉 5 cm, both lobes of the liver involvement and duration of symptoms 〉 7 d were likely to undergo aspiration of the liver abscess, regardless of etiology.     

Analysis of 69 patients with amebic liver abscess

All 69 patients with amebic liver abscess that we treated in 1981–1992 were studied retrospectively. Men predominated by a 101 ratio. Of our 227 patients with amebiasis, some 30% yearly had liver involvement. The incidence peaked in 1988, decreasing later but increasing again in 1992. Most patients were 30–50 years old, the overall mean age being 45 years (range, 22–79), and decreasing with time. Patients with the related factors of travel abroad, positive results of a test forTreponema pallidum hemagglutination, and homosexuality have increased in number in recent years. Fever, abdominal pain, and hepatomegaly were the most frequent findings, and 39 patients had neither bloody stools nor diarrhea. Only 8 patients had had amebiasis previously. A solitary abscess in the right lobe of the liver was found in 40 patients.Eniamoeba histolytica was found in the stool of 31 patients and in the pus of 39 patients. Sixty-one patients had positive results for an amebic serological test(s). The abscesses ruptured into the peritoneal cavity in 4 patients. All patients received metronidazole. Percutaneous or surgical drainage (or both) was done in 62 patients. The outcome was good, with 1 exception, and only 2 patients had recurrences.     

Ultrasound patterns and frequency of focal liver lesions after successful treatment of amoebic liver abscess

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency and morphology of residual liver lesions in patients successfully treated for amoebic liver abscess. METHODS: Retrospective ultrasound-based study of 240 adult males from an amoebiasis-endemic area in Vietnam with a documented clinical history of amoebic liver abscess. Subjects were re-examined by hepatic ultrasound 1-13 years after abscess treatment. RESULTS: In 17 subjects (7.1%) focal hypo- or isoechoic areas were identified within the liver with a diameter of 8-48 mm surrounded by a hyperechoic wall. These lesions were associated with positive amoeba serology, were located at the site of the previous abscess and their sonographic appearances corresponded to post-amoebic liver abscess residues. Residues were found in all groups of patients irrespectively of the time-span since the abscess was treated. However, lesions older than 7 years showed some degree of calcification. Otherwise, lesions were apparently inactive, as patients had no clinical symptoms or signs of inflammation and follow-up after one year revealed no changes in size or pattern. CONCLUSION: The vast majority of amoebic liver abscesses resolve to a sonographically normal parenchymal pattern. However, in a small proportion of cases characteristic residues remain. These residues do not require further treatment or diagnostic intervention and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of space-occupying liver lesions, in particular in patients from amoebiasis-endemic areas.     

Increased frequency of HLA-DR3 and complotype SCO1 in Mexican mestizo children with amoebic abscess of the liver

The increase of HLA-DR3 and complotype SCO1 previously found in Mexican mestizo adults with E. histolytica amoebic abscess of the liver, was also found in Mexican mestizo children of either sex with the same disease, when compared to the healthy control population (adults and/or children) of the same ethnic and socioeconomic background. This HLA and complotype pattern was not found in Mexican Mestizo patients with amoebic rectocolitis. No linkage disequilibrium was found between these and the other MHC determinants tested in this survey. Thus, HLA-DR3 and SCO1 may constitute primary, independent risk factors, not for any kind of amoebic tissue invasion (i.e. amoebic rectocolitis), but specifically for amoebic liver abscess, irrespective of age or sex. The possibility of linkage disequilibrium with other factors (i.e. the TNF family) within or close to the MHC that were not tested in this study, is discussed. Children with amoebic liver abscess revealed a significant increase in HLA-DR5, and the absence of HLA-DR6 when compared to adults with amoebic liver abscess, suggesting that at least in this ethnic group these class II HLA traits may contribute to some of the peculiarities of pediatric amoebic liver abscess as opposed to the adult version of this disease. HLA-DR3, SCO1, but also HLA-DR5 and HLA-DR6 have all been associated with certain forms of immune-dysfunction, and may thus contribute to some of the clinical and immunological features of this parasitic disease.     

Bronchoperitoneal fistula from a lung abscess

Fistula formation between the bronchi and peritoneal cavity is extremely rare. In previous reports, fistulas have occurred secondary to thoraco-abdominal trauma, subphrenic abscess, suppurative biliary tract obstruction, malignancy and iatrogenically through procedures such as biliary surgery or percutaneous biliary drainage. The direction of fistula formation has always been thought to be from the peritoneal cavity to the bronchi: there are no reports of a fistula with a bronchial origin. This case report presents a patient who presented with sepsis and a bronchoperitoneal fistula and pneumoperitoneum secondary to lung abscess.     

Management of anorectal horseshoe abscess and fistula

Over a 10-year period 69 patients were treated consecutively for posterior and anterior horseshoe abscesses and fistulas. Fifty-nine patients had posterior and ten had anterior abscesses or fistulas. There were 52 patients with acute abscess. Treatment consisted of incision and drainage, incision and drainage with primary fistulotomy, incision and drainage with primary fistulotomy and counter-drainage, and incision and drainage with insertion of seton. Seventeen patients with chronic fistulas were treated by primary fistulotomy with curettage, or incision and drainage with insertion of seton. Patients were followed from three months to ten years with a mean follow-up of three years. No incidences of incontinence were reported in this series. The overall rate of recurrence was 18 percent, and included only patients with posterior abscesses and fistulas. Recurrence was related to the failure to maintain prolonged drainage in the midline after primary fistulotomy. The use of seton for delayed fistulotomy appears to promote wound drainage and precludes premature wound closure. More liberal use of the seton in the treatment of horseshoe abscesses and fistulas is advocated. Read at the meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Houston, Texas, May 11 to 15, 1986. Supported in part by the Dorothy Rider Pool Health Care Trust Fund.     

Expression of cytokines and their regulation during amoebic liver abscess development

Amoebic liver abscess (ALA) is the most important extraintestinal complication of Entamoeba histolytica infection. Amoebic liver abscess development causes severe destruction of the liver tissue concomitant with a strong inflammatory reaction. We analyse the in situ expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, 1L-8 and IL-10 at different stages of ALA development in a susceptible animal model. Results showed that after inoculation, neutrophils (PMN) and some macrophages infiltrated the liver and were positive for TNF-α and IFN-γ at the acute phase of amoeba infection. The presence of these cytokines was transient and decreased as tissue damage progressed. In contrast, IL-1β and IL-8 were detected mainly in neutrophils and macrophages from the periods of acute infection to subacute and chronic infection and decreased when granulomas were formed. The IL-10 was expressed in PMN and mononuclear cells and only during a short period at the onset of acute infection. The qRT-PCR of mRNA revealed a relationship with the expression of the cytokines in cells found in the ALA. Furthermore, our data suggest that IL-10 does not regulate local production of these cytokines. Our results indicate that an exacerbated inflammatory milieu is established and contributes to liver tissue damage and probably supports the survival of the parasites.     

Treatment of amoebic liver abscess with metronidazole alone or in combination with ultrasound-guided needle aspiration: a comparative, prospective and randomized study

Thirty-nine patients with amoebic liver abscess (ALA), admitted to the Central Hospital of Hué (Vietnam), were evaluated in a comparative, prospective and randomized study for the treatment of ALA. Adult patients with an abscess located in the right liver lobe and an abscess diameter of 6 to 10 cm were included. Bacterial abscesses were excluded by microbiological examination of abscess fluid in all patients. Nineteen patients were treated with metronidazole for 10 days alone and 20 patients were punctured under ultrasound guidance with aspiration of abscess fluid in addition to drug administration. The clinical symptoms fever, pain in right upper abdomen and liver tenderness, and the laboratory parameters erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white blood cells, haemoglobin and C-reactive protein and the abscess size were determined on the day of admission and followed during an observation period of 38 days. Improvement of liver tenderness was significantly faster in the aspiration group during the first 3 days (P < 0.001), whereas all the other parameters showed no differences between the two groups. This minor benefit is obviously not sufficient to justify routine needle aspiration and advocates drug treatment alone for uncomplicated amoebic liver abscesses with a diameter up to 10 cm located in the right liver lobe.     

Liver abscess that developed after a long interval of transcatheter arterial embolization followed by formation of hepatoduodenal fistula

A 55‐year‐old male patient with hepatocellular carcinoma underwent transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). He became febrile and experienced pain at the right hypochondrial region 323 days later, which led to the discovery of a liver abscess that fistulated into the duodenal bulb. There have been no reports on the fistulation of liver abscesses into the digestive system following TAE. Rhodococcus equi was isolated as a causative agent, which distinguished the case further.     

The role of percutaneous transhepatic abscess drainage for liver abscess

To evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous transhepatic abscess drainage (PTAD) as an initial choice of treatment for liver abscess, the medical records of 28 patients with liver abscess were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were predominantly men (23 of 28) with a mean age of 59 years (range, 19—86 years). Their chief complaints were fever (86%), right hypochondralgia (32%), and jaundice (11%). Fifteen of the 28 patients (54%) had hepatobiliary and pancreatic carcinoma, and 31% had postoperative liver abscess. PTAD was performed in 23 patients and surgical drainage in 5. The overall success rate for PTAD was 83%. The success rate for PTAD for patients with multiple abscesses was 83% (5 of 6), compared with a success rate of 82% (14 of 17) for patients with solitary abscess. The prognostic factors for survival were cancer and sepsis and the mortality rate for patients with cancer was 40% (6 of 15) while the mortality rate for patients with sepsis was 56% (5 of 9). As a complication of drainage, 1 patient (4%) in the PTAD group had pleural abscess due to the transpleural puncture. Our findings support the use of PTAD as the primary treatment for liver abscess, as it is safe and effective irrespective of the number of abscesses and the patient's condition.     

Immunization with a tetramer derivative of an anti-inflammatory pentapeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica protects gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) against experimental amoebic abscess of the liver

Axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica produces a pentapeptide (Met-Gln-Cys-Asn-Ser) with several anti-inflammatory properties, including the inhibition of human monocyte locomotion (Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor (MLIF)). A construct displays the same effects as the native material. It remains to be seen if MLIF is used, or even produced in vivo by the tissue-invading parasite. If MLIF were to be relevant in invasive amoebiasis, immunizing against it could diminish this parasite advantage and prevent lesions. KLH-linked MLIF mixed with Freund's adjuvant was too aggressive an immunizing material to answer this question. However, immunization with a tetramer of MLIF (but not a scrambled version of MLIF) around a lysine core (MLIF-MAPS), that displays increased antigenicity, yet lacks excessive innate immunity activation, completely protects gerbils against amoebic abscess of the liver caused by the intraportal injection of virulent E. histolytica. Liver abscesses caused by Listeria monocytogenes were not prevented. Invasive E. histolytica may produce the parent protein of MLIF in vivo, and if appropriately cleaved, it may play a role in invasive amoebiasis. MLIF may join new vaccination strategies against amoebiasis.     

替硝唑治疗阿米巴肝脓肿的疗效观察

目的观察替硝唑对阿米巴肝脓肿的临床疗效。方法以每日顿服替硝唑２．０ｇ，５日疗法治疗３３例阿米巴肝脓肿患者，并与甲硝唑１４日疗法治疗３１例阿米巴肝脓肿患者进行比较。结果替硝唑组患者体温恢复正常时间（３．７±０．５天），平均住院天数（２４．３±１．５天）及总有效率（７８．８％）与甲硝唑组比较，差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。但替硝唑组患者脓腔缩小所需时间较短，肝区疼痛消失较早，不良反应亦比甲硝唑组较少（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论替硝唑是一种治疗阿米巴肝脓肿的新的良好药物     

Actinomycotic liver abscess: A rare complication of colonic diverticular disease

We present the first case of hepatic actinomycosis requiring both medical and surgical intervention due to liver dissemination from a primary colonic abscess. A 52-year-old white male had a computerised (CT) abdominal scan following an episode of collapse and was found to have peri-colonic and hepatic abscesses. Prior to this episode, he suffered with a two month history of fever, unexplained weight loss, and anaemia suggesting possible malignancy. He was treated with both radiological and surgical drainage of the abscesses, alongside the antibiotic cover and underwent an anterior colonic resection with primary anastomosis. There have been no previous reports of an actinomycotic liver abscess complicating colonic diverticular abscess. A multi-team approach is recommended when disseminated actinomycotic infection is encountered.     

Features distinguishing amoebic from pyogenic liver abscess: a review of 577 adult cases

Distinguishing amoebic from pyogenic liver abscesses is crucial because their treatments and prognoses differ. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 577 adults with liver abscess in order to identify clinical, laboratory, and radiographic factors useful in differentiating these microbial aetiologies. Presumptive diagnoses of amoebic (n = 471; 82%) vs. pyogenic (n = 106; 18%) abscess were based upon amoebic serology, microbiological culture results, and response to therapy. Patients with amoebic abscess were more likely to be young males with a tender, solitary, right lobe abscess (P = 0.012). Univariate analysis found patients with pyogenic abscess more likely to be over 50 years old, with a history of diabetes and jaundice, with pulmonary findings, multiple abscesses, amoebic serology titres <1:256 IU, and lower levels of serum albumin (P < 0.04). Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that age >50 years, pulmonary findings on examination, multiple abscesses, and amebic serology titres <1:256 IU were predictive of pyogenic infection. Several clinical and laboratory parameters can aid in the differentiation of amebic and pyogenic liver abscess. In our setting, amebic abscess is more prevalent and, in most circumstances, can be identified and managed without percutaneous aspiration.     

老年性细菌性肝脓肿的多层螺旋CT诊断及治疗

目的总结老年性细菌性肝脓肿的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)影像学特征及其治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2001年3月至2014年2月在灌南县中医院确诊为老年性细菌性肝脓肿的42例患者的临床资料,总结MSCT影像学特征及临床治疗特点。组间比较采用t检验。结果 42例患者中,37例病灶位于肝右叶,5例位于肝左叶;33例为单发病灶,9例病灶表现为多房或蜂窝状征象。MSCT平扫结果示,病灶均表现为较正常肝组织低的低密度灶,CT值约6~40 Hu;动脉期:39例病灶边缘环状强化,3例病灶边缘无强化。内科保守治疗15例,穿刺引流27例。15例行内科保守治疗的患者脓腔直径(3.7±2.1)cm,发热时间为(11.7±4.1)d,平均住院(22.6±5.3)d;27例行穿刺引流治疗的患者脓腔直径(6.3±2.8)cm,发热时间为(7.1±2.2)d,平均住院(13.7±3.1)d,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P值分别为0.021、0.026、0.006)。结论 MSCT检查能够准确显示脓肿位置、形态,结合患者病史可做出正确的诊断。B超或CT引导下穿刺引流治疗是一种有效、微创、安全的治疗方法,可有效控制发热,加快老年患者恢复。